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Papers by Juanita Haagsma

Research paper thumbnail of Adjusting for comorbidity in incidence-based DALY calculations: an individual-based modeling approach

BMC Medical Research Methodology, May 6, 2020

Background: The co-occurrence of two or more medical conditions in the same individual is not unc... more Background: The co-occurrence of two or more medical conditions in the same individual is not uncommon. If disability-adjusted life year (DALY) calculations are carried out for each condition separately, multimorbidity may lead to an overestimation of the morbidity component, the Years Lived with Disability (YLD). Adjusting for comorbidity may be straightforward if all symptoms have same onset and duration; however, when the comorbid health states occur at different time points, an analytical solution to the comorbidity problem becomes more complex. The aim of this study was to develop an individual-based modelling (IBM) approach to adjust incidencebased disease burden estimation for multimorbidity that allows simulating hypothetical individuals and tracking their disease history, including possible comorbidities, over time. Methods: We demonstrated the IBM approach using an example of external comorbidity, i.e., colon cancer comorbid with healthcare-associated pneumonia (HAP) and by assuming an independent multiplicative model. First, each cumulative progression probabilities were converted to a daily transition probabilities. Second, disability weights for simultaneously experienced health states and duration in each health state were determined. Third, YLD, adjusted for comorbidity, was calculated at every time step. We simulated a cohort of 1000 colorectal cancer patients aged 65 years. Ninety-five percent uncertainty intervals around median YLD values were estimated by Monte Carlo methods. Results: The median estimated YLD per 1000 cases (due to both cancer and HAP) adjusted for co-morbidity was 545 YLD/1000 (95% interval: 513-585). The impact of not adjusting disability weights for co-existent health states varied from minimal to small; YLD for colorectal cancer would be overestimated only slightlyby 1.6 YLD/1000by not adjusting for concurrent HAP. YLD for those HAP patients who have concurrent early-stage colorectal cancer would be overestimated by 2.3 YLD/1000. Conclusions: The computation of disease burden in the presence of multimorbidity using the incidence-based DALY approach can be handled through IBM. Our approach can be extended to other, more complicated multimorbidity scenarios which are responsible for a high current global disease burden, such as tuberculosis and HIV infection.

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of Post-Concussion-Like Symptoms in the General Injury Population and the Association with Health-Related Quality of Life, Health Care Use, and Return to Work

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Feb 17, 2021

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Fall-related healthcare use and mortality among older adults in the Netherlands, 1997–2016

Experimental Gerontology, Jun 1, 2019

Fall-related injuries are a leading cause of morbidity among older adults, leading to a high heal... more Fall-related injuries are a leading cause of morbidity among older adults, leading to a high healthcare consumption and mortality. We aim to describe and quantify time trends of fall-related healthcare use and mortality among adults aged ≥65 years in the Netherlands, 1997-2016. Design: Data were extracted from the Dutch Injury Surveillance System, Dutch Hospital Discharge Registry, and Cause-of-Death Statistics Netherlands, by age, sex, diagnosis, injury location, and year. Measurements: Absolute numbers and age-standardized rates of fall-related Emergency Department (ED) visits, hospital admissions, and fatalities, as well as average length of hospital stay (LOS) were calculated. Results: Between 1997 and 2016, absolute numbers of fall-related ED visits increased by 48%, hospital admissions increased by 59%, and mortality showed an almost threefold increase. These absolute numbers doubled among adults aged ≥85 years. A shift in fall-related injury diagnosis was observed over the years with a growing share of skull/brain injuries. In contrast to the increase in absolute numbers, standardized incidence rates of ED visits decreased by 30% (p = 0.00), whereas incidence rates of hospital admissions and mortality did not significantly change over time. Furthermore, the absolute number of hospital admission days almost halved, due to a reduced average LOS from 18.5 (95% confidence interval (CI): 18.2-18.8) days (1997) to 6.1 (95% CI, 6.1-6.2) days (2016). Conclusion: Even though the standardized incidence rates of ED visits decreased in the past twenty years, the absolute number of fall-related ED visits increased. The number of hospital admissions has also increased, but the total number of admission days has almost halved during the same period. If the observed trends would continue, this may have implications for healthcare resource allocation, as the burden of care in EDs increases, and the admission duration reduces.

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence, pathophysiology, prediction and health-related quality of life of long COVID: study protocol of the longitudinal multiple cohort CORona Follow Up (CORFU) study

BMJ Open, Nov 1, 2022

Introduction The variety, time patterns and long-term prognosis of persistent COVID-19 symptoms (... more Introduction The variety, time patterns and long-term prognosis of persistent COVID-19 symptoms (long COVID-19) in patients who suffered from mild to severe acute COVID-19 are incompletely understood. Cohort studies will be combined to describe the prevalence of long COVID-19 symptoms, and to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms and impact on healthrelated quality of life. A prediction model for long COVID-19 will be developed and internally validated to guide care in future patients. Methods and analysis Data from seven COVID-19 cohorts will be aggregated in the longitudinal multiple cohort CORona Follow Up (CORFU) study. CORFU includes Dutch patients who suffered from COVID-19 at home, were hospitalised without or with intensive care unit treatment, needed inpatient or outpatient rehabilitation and controls who did not suffer from COVID-19. Individual cohort study designs were aligned and follow-up has been synchronised. Cohort participants will be followed up for a maximum of 24 months after acute infection. Next to the clinical characteristics measured in individual cohorts, the CORFU questionnaire on long COVID-19 outcomes and determinants will be administered digitally at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after the infection. The primary outcome is the prevalence of long COVID-19 symptoms up to 2 years after acute infection. Secondary outcomes are healthrelated quality of life (eg, EQ-5D), physical functioning, and the prevalence of thromboembolic complications, respiratory complications, cardiovascular diseases and endothelial dysfunction. A prediction model and a patient platform prototype will be developed. Ethics and dissemination Approval was obtained from the medical research ethics committee of Maastricht University Medical Center+ and Maastricht University (METC 2021-2990) and local committees of the participating cohorts. The project is supported by ZonMW and EuroQol Research Foundation. Results will be published in open access peer-reviewed scientific journals and presented at (inter)national conferences. Trial registration number NCT05240742.

Research paper thumbnail of The burden of disease of fatal and non-fatal burn injuries for the full spectrum of care in the Netherlands

Archives of Public Health

Background A comprehensive overview of the burden of disease of burns for the full spectrum of ca... more Background A comprehensive overview of the burden of disease of burns for the full spectrum of care is not available. Therefore, we estimated the burden of disease of burns for the full spectrum in the Netherlands in 2018, and explored whether the burden of disease changed over the past 5 years (2014-2018). Methods Data were collected at four levels: general practice, emergency department, hospital, and mortality data. For each level, years lived with disability (YLD), years of life lost (YLL), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALY) were estimated using a tailored methodology. Results Burns resulted in a total of 9278 DALYs in the Netherlands in 2018, comprising of 7385 YLDs (80%) and 1892 YLLs (20%). Burn patients who visited the general practice contributed most DALYs (64%), followed by deceased burn patients (20%), burn patients admitted to hospital (14%) and those treated at the emergency department (2%). The burden of disease was comparable in both sexes (4734 DALYs (51%) fo...

Research paper thumbnail of Burden of infectious disease studies in Europe and the United Kingdom: a review of methodological design choices

Epidemiology and Infection

This systematic literature review aimed to provide an overview of the characteristics and methods... more This systematic literature review aimed to provide an overview of the characteristics and methods used in studies applying the disability-adjusted life years (DALY) concept for infectious diseases within European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA)/European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries and the United Kingdom. Electronic databases and grey literature were searched for articles reporting the assessment of DALY and its components. We considered studies in which researchers performed DALY calculations using primary epidemiological data input sources. We screened 3053 studies of which 2948 were excluded and 105 studies met our inclusion criteria. Of these studies, 22 were multi-country and 83 were single-country studies, of which 46 were from the Netherlands. Food- and water-borne diseases were the most frequently studied infectious diseases. Between 2015 and 2022, the number of burden of infectious disease studies was 1.6 times higher compared to that published between 20...

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence, pathophysiology, prediction and health-related quality of life of long COVID: study protocol of the longitudinal multiple cohort CORona Follow Up (CORFU) study

BMJ Open

IntroductionThe variety, time patterns and long-term prognosis of persistent COVID-19 symptoms (l... more IntroductionThe variety, time patterns and long-term prognosis of persistent COVID-19 symptoms (long COVID-19) in patients who suffered from mild to severe acute COVID-19 are incompletely understood. Cohort studies will be combined to describe the prevalence of long COVID-19 symptoms, and to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms and impact on health-related quality of life. A prediction model for long COVID-19 will be developed and internally validated to guide care in future patients.Methods and analysisData from seven COVID-19 cohorts will be aggregated in the longitudinal multiple cohort CORona Follow Up (CORFU) study. CORFU includes Dutch patients who suffered from COVID-19 at home, were hospitalised without or with intensive care unit treatment, needed inpatient or outpatient rehabilitation and controls who did not suffer from COVID-19. Individual cohort study designs were aligned and follow-up has been synchronised. Cohort participants will be followed up for a maximum of ...

Research paper thumbnail of Methodological considerations in injury burden of disease studies across Europe: a systematic literature review

BMC Public Health

Background Calculating the disease burden due to injury is complex, as it requires many methodolo... more Background Calculating the disease burden due to injury is complex, as it requires many methodological choices. Until now, an overview of the methodological design choices that have been made in burden of disease (BoD) studies in injury populations is not available. The aim of this systematic literature review was to identify existing injury BoD studies undertaken across Europe and to comprehensively review the methodological design choices and assumption parameters that have been made to calculate years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD) in these studies. Methods We searched EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Central, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, and the grey literature supplemented by handsearching, for BoD studies. We included injury BoD studies that quantified the BoD expressed in YLL, YLD, and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) in countries within the European Region between early-1990 and mid-2021. Results We retrieved 2,914 results of which 48 performed...

Research paper thumbnail of The burden of injury in Central, Eastern, and Western European sub-region: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study

Background: Injury remains a major concern to public health in the European region, particularly ... more Background: Injury remains a major concern to public health in the European region, particularly among adults younger than 49 years. Previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study showed wide variation in injury death and disability adjusted life year (DALY) rates across Europe, indicating injury inequality gaps between sub-regions and countries. The objectives of this study were to: 1) compare GBD 2019 estimates on injury mortality and DALYs across European sub-regions and countries by cause-of-injury category and sex; 2) examine changes in injury DALY rates over a 20 year-period by cause-of-injury category, sub-region and country; and 3) assess inequalities in injury mortality and DALY rates across the countries. Methods: We performed a secondary database descriptive study using the GBD 2019 results on injuries in 44 European countries from 2000 to 2019. Inequality in DALY rates between these countries was assessed by calculating the DALY rate ratio between the hi...

Research paper thumbnail of Anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress symptoms among injury patients and the association with outcome after injury

European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2022

ABSTRACT Background Injury patients are at risk for mental health problems, which could result in... more ABSTRACT Background Injury patients are at risk for mental health problems, which could result in slower recovery and affect health-related quality of life (HRQoL), health care utilization, and return to work (RTW). Objective In this study, we determined the prevalence of symptoms indicative of probable depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and their association with HRQoL, health care utilization, and RTW in adult injury patients. Method Data on unintentional injuries in adult patients were retrieved from the Dutch Injury Surveillance System (DISS) and a six-month follow-up questionnaire that included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) to assess depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and items on HRQoL (measured with the EQ-5D-5 L and EQ visual analogue scale), health care utilization and RTW. Logistic regression analyses assessed the association between depression, anxiety, and PTSD and HRQoL, health care utilization, and RTW. Results At six months post-injury, 22% (n = 665/3060) of included patients had scores indicative of probable anxiety disorder (14%), depression (16%), and/or PTSD (6%). These patients had reduced EQ-5D utility scores [β: −0.26 (95% CI: −0.28, −0.23)] and were less likely to RTW [OR: 2.12 (95% CI: 1.34, 3.37)] compared to their counterparts. Both mental and physical health care utilization were significantly higher in patients with symptoms indicative of depression, anxiety, and/or PTSD. Conclusions In injury patients, there is a high occurrence of depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms, which is associated with lower HRQoL, higher health care utilization, and lower RTW rates. These results underline the importance of screening and treatment of these symptoms in this population to enhance good recovery of injury patients.

Research paper thumbnail of Eliciting National and Subnational Sets of Disability Weights in Mainland China: Findings From the Chinese Disability Weight Measurement Study

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021

Background The disability weight (DW) quantifies the severity of health states from disease seque... more Background The disability weight (DW) quantifies the severity of health states from disease sequela and is a pivotal parameter for disease burden calculation. We conducted a national and subnational DW measurement in China. Methods In 2020−2021, we conducted a web-based survey to assess DWs for 206 health states in 31 Chinese provinces targeting health workers via professional networks. We fielded questions of paired comparison (PC) and population health equivalence (PHE). The PC data were analysed by probit regression analysis, and the regression results were anchored by results from the PHE responses on the DW scale between 0 (no loss of health) and 1 (health loss equivalent to death). Findings We used PC responses from 468,541 respondents to estimate DWs of health states. Eight of 11 domains of health had significantly negative coefficients in the regression of the difference between Chinese and Global Burden of Disease (GBD) DWs, suggesting lower DW values for health states with mention of these domains in their lay description. We noted considerable heterogeneity within domains, however. After applying these Chinese DWs to the 2019 GBD estimates for China, total years lived with disability (YLDs) increased by 14¢9% to 177 million despite lower estimates for musculoskeletal disorders, cardiovascular diseases, mental disorders, diabetes and chronic kidney disease. The lower estimates of YLDs for these conditions were more than offset by higher estimates of common, low-severity conditions. Interpretation The differences between the GBD and Chinese DWs suggest that there might be some contextual factors influencing the valuation of health states. While the reduced estimates for mental disorders, alcohol use disorder, and dementia could hint at a culturally different valuation of these conditions in China, the much greater shifts in YLDs from low-severity conditions more likely reflects methodological difficulty to distinguish between health states that vary a little in absolute DW value but a lot in relative terms.

Research paper thumbnail of Burden of non-communicable diseases in Cyprus, 1990–2017: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

Archives of Public Health, 2021

Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) accounted for over 90% of all deaths in the Cypriot p... more Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) accounted for over 90% of all deaths in the Cypriot population, in 2018. However, a detailed and comprehensive overview of the impact of NCDs on population health of Cyprus over the period of 1990 to 2017, expressed in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), is currently not available. Knowledge about the drivers of changes in NCD DALYs over time is paramount to identify priorities for the prevention of NCDs in Cyprus and guide evidence-based decision making. The objectives of this paper were to: 1) assess the burden of NCDs in terms of years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and DALYs in Cyprus in 2017, and 2) identify changes in the burden of NCDs in Cyprus over the 28-year period and assess the main drivers of these changes. Methods We performed a secondary database descriptive study using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 results on NCDs for Cyprus from 1990 to 2017. We calculated the percentage change of a...

Research paper thumbnail of Burden of Disease Methods: A Guide to Calculate COVID-19 Disability-Adjusted Life Years

International Journal of Public Health, 2021

This publication is based upon work from COST Action CA18218 (European Burden of disease Network-... more This publication is based upon work from COST Action CA18218 (European Burden of disease Network-www.

Research paper thumbnail of Comparison of three different methods to estimate the burden of disease of burn injuries in Western Australia in 2011-2018

Burns, 2020

Background Priority setting and resource allocation in health care, surveillance and intervention... more Background Priority setting and resource allocation in health care, surveillance and interventions is based increasingly on burden of disease. Several methods exist to calculate the non-fatal burden of disease of burns expressed in years lived with disability (YLDs). The aim of this study was to assess the burden of disease due to burns in Western Australia 2011-2018 and compare YLD outcomes between three frequently used methods. Methods Data from the Burns Service of Western Australia was used. Three existing methods to assess YLDs were compared: the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) method, a method dedicated to assess injury YLDs (Injury-VIBES), and a method dedicated to assess burns YLDs (INTEGRISburns). Results Incidence data from 2,866 burn patients were used. Non-fatal burden of disease estimates differed substantially between the different methods. Estimates for 2011-2018 ranged between 610 and 1,085 YLDs per 100.000 based on the Injury-VIBES method; between 209 and 324 YLDs based on the INTEGRIS-burns method; and between 89 and 120 YLDs based on the GBD method. YLDs per case were three to nine times higher when the Injury-VIBES method was applied compared to the other methods. Also trends in time differed widely through application of the different methods. There was a strong increase in YLDs over the years when the Injury-VIBES method was applied, a slight increase when the INTEGRIS-burns method was applied and a stable pattern when the GBD method was applied. Conclusion This study showed that the choice for a specific method heavily influences the non-fatal burden of disease expressed in YLDs, both in terms of annual estimates as well as in trends over time. By addressing the methodological limitations evident in previous calculations of the non-fatal burden of disease, the INTEGRIS-burns seems to present a method to provide the most robust estimates to date, as it is the only method adapted to the nature of burn injuries and their recovery.

Research paper thumbnail of PIT12 Exploring the Relation Between the EQ-5D-5L Pain/Discomfort and Pain and Itching in a Sample of Burn Patients

Research paper thumbnail of Epidemiology of facial fractures: incidence, prevalence and years lived with disability estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

Injury Prevention, 2020

BackgroundThe Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) has historically produced estimates of causes ... more BackgroundThe Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) has historically produced estimates of causes of injury such as falls but not the resulting types of injuries that occur. The objective of this study was to estimate the global incidence, prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) due to facial fractures and to estimate the leading injurious causes of facial fracture.MethodsWe obtained results from GBD 2017. First, the study estimated the incidence from each injury cause (eg, falls), and then the proportion of each cause that would result in facial fracture being the most disabling injury. Incidence, prevalence and YLDs of facial fractures are then calculated across causes.ResultsGlobally, in 2017, there were 7 538 663 (95% uncertainty interval 6 116 489 to 9 493 113) new cases, 1 819 732 (1 609 419 to 2 091 618) prevalent cases, and 117 402 (73 266 to 169 689) YLDs due to facial fractures. In terms of age-standardised incidence, prevalence and YLDs, the global rates were 98 ...

Research paper thumbnail of Falls in older aged adults in 22 European countries: incidence, mortality and burden of disease from 1990 to 2017

Injury Prevention, 2020

IntroductionFalls in older aged adults are an important public health problem. Insight into diffe... more IntroductionFalls in older aged adults are an important public health problem. Insight into differences in fall-related injury rates between countries can serve as important input for identifying and evaluating prevention strategies. The objectives of this study were to compare Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates on incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to fall-related injury in older adults across 22 countries in the Western European region and to examine changes over a 28-year period.MethodsWe performed a secondary database descriptive study using the GBD 2017 results on age-standardised fall-related injury in older adults aged 70 years and older in 22 countries from 1990 to 2017.ResultsIn 2017, in the Western European region, 13 840 per 100 000 (uncertainty interval (UI) 11 837–16 113) older adults sought medical treatment for fall-related injury, ranging from 7594 per 100 000 (UI 6326–9032) in Greece to 19 796 per 100 000 (UI 15 536–24 233...

Research paper thumbnail of The global burden of falls: global, regional and national estimates of morbidity and mortality from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Injury Prevention, 2020

BackgroundFalls can lead to severe health loss including death. Past research has shown that fall... more BackgroundFalls can lead to severe health loss including death. Past research has shown that falls are an important cause of death and disability worldwide. The Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (GBD 2017) provides a comprehensive assessment of morbidity and mortality from falls.MethodsEstimates for mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were produced for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017 for all ages using the GBD 2017 framework. Distributions of the bodily injury (eg, hip fracture) were estimated using hospital records.ResultsGlobally, the age-standardised incidence of falls was 2238 (1990–2532) per 100 000 in 2017, representing a decline of 3.7% (7.4 to 0.3) from 1990 to 2017. Age-standardised prevalence was 5186 (4622–5849) per 100 000 in 2017, representing a decline of 6.5% (7.6 to 5.4) from 1990 to 2017. Age-standardised mortality rate was 9.2 (8.5–9.8) per 100 0...

Research paper thumbnail of Burden of injury along the development spectrum: associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Injury Prevention, 2020

BackgroundThe epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseas... more BackgroundThe epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates.MethodsInjury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm—the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational...

Research paper thumbnail of Epidemiology of injuries from fire, heat and hot substances: global, regional and national morbidity and mortality estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

Injury Prevention, 2019

BackgroundPast research has shown how fires, heat and hot substances are important causes of heal... more BackgroundPast research has shown how fires, heat and hot substances are important causes of health loss globally. Detailed estimates of the morbidity and mortality from these injuries could help drive preventative measures and improved access to care.MethodsWe used the Global Burden of Disease 2017 framework to produce three main results. First, we produced results on incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, deaths, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life years from 1990 to 2017 for 195 countries and territories. Second, we analysed these results to measure mortality-to-incidence ratios by location. Third, we reported the measures above in terms of the cause of fire, heat and hot substances and the types of bodily injuries that result.ResultsGlobally, there were 8 991 468 (7 481 218 to 10 740 897) new fire, heat and hot substance injuries in 2017 with 120 632 (101 630 to 129 383) deaths. At the global level, the age-standardised mortality caused by fire, heat and...

Research paper thumbnail of Adjusting for comorbidity in incidence-based DALY calculations: an individual-based modeling approach

BMC Medical Research Methodology, May 6, 2020

Background: The co-occurrence of two or more medical conditions in the same individual is not unc... more Background: The co-occurrence of two or more medical conditions in the same individual is not uncommon. If disability-adjusted life year (DALY) calculations are carried out for each condition separately, multimorbidity may lead to an overestimation of the morbidity component, the Years Lived with Disability (YLD). Adjusting for comorbidity may be straightforward if all symptoms have same onset and duration; however, when the comorbid health states occur at different time points, an analytical solution to the comorbidity problem becomes more complex. The aim of this study was to develop an individual-based modelling (IBM) approach to adjust incidencebased disease burden estimation for multimorbidity that allows simulating hypothetical individuals and tracking their disease history, including possible comorbidities, over time. Methods: We demonstrated the IBM approach using an example of external comorbidity, i.e., colon cancer comorbid with healthcare-associated pneumonia (HAP) and by assuming an independent multiplicative model. First, each cumulative progression probabilities were converted to a daily transition probabilities. Second, disability weights for simultaneously experienced health states and duration in each health state were determined. Third, YLD, adjusted for comorbidity, was calculated at every time step. We simulated a cohort of 1000 colorectal cancer patients aged 65 years. Ninety-five percent uncertainty intervals around median YLD values were estimated by Monte Carlo methods. Results: The median estimated YLD per 1000 cases (due to both cancer and HAP) adjusted for co-morbidity was 545 YLD/1000 (95% interval: 513-585). The impact of not adjusting disability weights for co-existent health states varied from minimal to small; YLD for colorectal cancer would be overestimated only slightlyby 1.6 YLD/1000by not adjusting for concurrent HAP. YLD for those HAP patients who have concurrent early-stage colorectal cancer would be overestimated by 2.3 YLD/1000. Conclusions: The computation of disease burden in the presence of multimorbidity using the incidence-based DALY approach can be handled through IBM. Our approach can be extended to other, more complicated multimorbidity scenarios which are responsible for a high current global disease burden, such as tuberculosis and HIV infection.

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of Post-Concussion-Like Symptoms in the General Injury Population and the Association with Health-Related Quality of Life, Health Care Use, and Return to Work

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Feb 17, 2021

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Fall-related healthcare use and mortality among older adults in the Netherlands, 1997–2016

Experimental Gerontology, Jun 1, 2019

Fall-related injuries are a leading cause of morbidity among older adults, leading to a high heal... more Fall-related injuries are a leading cause of morbidity among older adults, leading to a high healthcare consumption and mortality. We aim to describe and quantify time trends of fall-related healthcare use and mortality among adults aged ≥65 years in the Netherlands, 1997-2016. Design: Data were extracted from the Dutch Injury Surveillance System, Dutch Hospital Discharge Registry, and Cause-of-Death Statistics Netherlands, by age, sex, diagnosis, injury location, and year. Measurements: Absolute numbers and age-standardized rates of fall-related Emergency Department (ED) visits, hospital admissions, and fatalities, as well as average length of hospital stay (LOS) were calculated. Results: Between 1997 and 2016, absolute numbers of fall-related ED visits increased by 48%, hospital admissions increased by 59%, and mortality showed an almost threefold increase. These absolute numbers doubled among adults aged ≥85 years. A shift in fall-related injury diagnosis was observed over the years with a growing share of skull/brain injuries. In contrast to the increase in absolute numbers, standardized incidence rates of ED visits decreased by 30% (p = 0.00), whereas incidence rates of hospital admissions and mortality did not significantly change over time. Furthermore, the absolute number of hospital admission days almost halved, due to a reduced average LOS from 18.5 (95% confidence interval (CI): 18.2-18.8) days (1997) to 6.1 (95% CI, 6.1-6.2) days (2016). Conclusion: Even though the standardized incidence rates of ED visits decreased in the past twenty years, the absolute number of fall-related ED visits increased. The number of hospital admissions has also increased, but the total number of admission days has almost halved during the same period. If the observed trends would continue, this may have implications for healthcare resource allocation, as the burden of care in EDs increases, and the admission duration reduces.

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence, pathophysiology, prediction and health-related quality of life of long COVID: study protocol of the longitudinal multiple cohort CORona Follow Up (CORFU) study

BMJ Open, Nov 1, 2022

Introduction The variety, time patterns and long-term prognosis of persistent COVID-19 symptoms (... more Introduction The variety, time patterns and long-term prognosis of persistent COVID-19 symptoms (long COVID-19) in patients who suffered from mild to severe acute COVID-19 are incompletely understood. Cohort studies will be combined to describe the prevalence of long COVID-19 symptoms, and to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms and impact on healthrelated quality of life. A prediction model for long COVID-19 will be developed and internally validated to guide care in future patients. Methods and analysis Data from seven COVID-19 cohorts will be aggregated in the longitudinal multiple cohort CORona Follow Up (CORFU) study. CORFU includes Dutch patients who suffered from COVID-19 at home, were hospitalised without or with intensive care unit treatment, needed inpatient or outpatient rehabilitation and controls who did not suffer from COVID-19. Individual cohort study designs were aligned and follow-up has been synchronised. Cohort participants will be followed up for a maximum of 24 months after acute infection. Next to the clinical characteristics measured in individual cohorts, the CORFU questionnaire on long COVID-19 outcomes and determinants will be administered digitally at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after the infection. The primary outcome is the prevalence of long COVID-19 symptoms up to 2 years after acute infection. Secondary outcomes are healthrelated quality of life (eg, EQ-5D), physical functioning, and the prevalence of thromboembolic complications, respiratory complications, cardiovascular diseases and endothelial dysfunction. A prediction model and a patient platform prototype will be developed. Ethics and dissemination Approval was obtained from the medical research ethics committee of Maastricht University Medical Center+ and Maastricht University (METC 2021-2990) and local committees of the participating cohorts. The project is supported by ZonMW and EuroQol Research Foundation. Results will be published in open access peer-reviewed scientific journals and presented at (inter)national conferences. Trial registration number NCT05240742.

Research paper thumbnail of The burden of disease of fatal and non-fatal burn injuries for the full spectrum of care in the Netherlands

Archives of Public Health

Background A comprehensive overview of the burden of disease of burns for the full spectrum of ca... more Background A comprehensive overview of the burden of disease of burns for the full spectrum of care is not available. Therefore, we estimated the burden of disease of burns for the full spectrum in the Netherlands in 2018, and explored whether the burden of disease changed over the past 5 years (2014-2018). Methods Data were collected at four levels: general practice, emergency department, hospital, and mortality data. For each level, years lived with disability (YLD), years of life lost (YLL), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALY) were estimated using a tailored methodology. Results Burns resulted in a total of 9278 DALYs in the Netherlands in 2018, comprising of 7385 YLDs (80%) and 1892 YLLs (20%). Burn patients who visited the general practice contributed most DALYs (64%), followed by deceased burn patients (20%), burn patients admitted to hospital (14%) and those treated at the emergency department (2%). The burden of disease was comparable in both sexes (4734 DALYs (51%) fo...

Research paper thumbnail of Burden of infectious disease studies in Europe and the United Kingdom: a review of methodological design choices

Epidemiology and Infection

This systematic literature review aimed to provide an overview of the characteristics and methods... more This systematic literature review aimed to provide an overview of the characteristics and methods used in studies applying the disability-adjusted life years (DALY) concept for infectious diseases within European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA)/European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries and the United Kingdom. Electronic databases and grey literature were searched for articles reporting the assessment of DALY and its components. We considered studies in which researchers performed DALY calculations using primary epidemiological data input sources. We screened 3053 studies of which 2948 were excluded and 105 studies met our inclusion criteria. Of these studies, 22 were multi-country and 83 were single-country studies, of which 46 were from the Netherlands. Food- and water-borne diseases were the most frequently studied infectious diseases. Between 2015 and 2022, the number of burden of infectious disease studies was 1.6 times higher compared to that published between 20...

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence, pathophysiology, prediction and health-related quality of life of long COVID: study protocol of the longitudinal multiple cohort CORona Follow Up (CORFU) study

BMJ Open

IntroductionThe variety, time patterns and long-term prognosis of persistent COVID-19 symptoms (l... more IntroductionThe variety, time patterns and long-term prognosis of persistent COVID-19 symptoms (long COVID-19) in patients who suffered from mild to severe acute COVID-19 are incompletely understood. Cohort studies will be combined to describe the prevalence of long COVID-19 symptoms, and to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms and impact on health-related quality of life. A prediction model for long COVID-19 will be developed and internally validated to guide care in future patients.Methods and analysisData from seven COVID-19 cohorts will be aggregated in the longitudinal multiple cohort CORona Follow Up (CORFU) study. CORFU includes Dutch patients who suffered from COVID-19 at home, were hospitalised without or with intensive care unit treatment, needed inpatient or outpatient rehabilitation and controls who did not suffer from COVID-19. Individual cohort study designs were aligned and follow-up has been synchronised. Cohort participants will be followed up for a maximum of ...

Research paper thumbnail of Methodological considerations in injury burden of disease studies across Europe: a systematic literature review

BMC Public Health

Background Calculating the disease burden due to injury is complex, as it requires many methodolo... more Background Calculating the disease burden due to injury is complex, as it requires many methodological choices. Until now, an overview of the methodological design choices that have been made in burden of disease (BoD) studies in injury populations is not available. The aim of this systematic literature review was to identify existing injury BoD studies undertaken across Europe and to comprehensively review the methodological design choices and assumption parameters that have been made to calculate years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD) in these studies. Methods We searched EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Central, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, and the grey literature supplemented by handsearching, for BoD studies. We included injury BoD studies that quantified the BoD expressed in YLL, YLD, and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) in countries within the European Region between early-1990 and mid-2021. Results We retrieved 2,914 results of which 48 performed...

Research paper thumbnail of The burden of injury in Central, Eastern, and Western European sub-region: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study

Background: Injury remains a major concern to public health in the European region, particularly ... more Background: Injury remains a major concern to public health in the European region, particularly among adults younger than 49 years. Previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study showed wide variation in injury death and disability adjusted life year (DALY) rates across Europe, indicating injury inequality gaps between sub-regions and countries. The objectives of this study were to: 1) compare GBD 2019 estimates on injury mortality and DALYs across European sub-regions and countries by cause-of-injury category and sex; 2) examine changes in injury DALY rates over a 20 year-period by cause-of-injury category, sub-region and country; and 3) assess inequalities in injury mortality and DALY rates across the countries. Methods: We performed a secondary database descriptive study using the GBD 2019 results on injuries in 44 European countries from 2000 to 2019. Inequality in DALY rates between these countries was assessed by calculating the DALY rate ratio between the hi...

Research paper thumbnail of Anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress symptoms among injury patients and the association with outcome after injury

European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2022

ABSTRACT Background Injury patients are at risk for mental health problems, which could result in... more ABSTRACT Background Injury patients are at risk for mental health problems, which could result in slower recovery and affect health-related quality of life (HRQoL), health care utilization, and return to work (RTW). Objective In this study, we determined the prevalence of symptoms indicative of probable depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and their association with HRQoL, health care utilization, and RTW in adult injury patients. Method Data on unintentional injuries in adult patients were retrieved from the Dutch Injury Surveillance System (DISS) and a six-month follow-up questionnaire that included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) to assess depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and items on HRQoL (measured with the EQ-5D-5 L and EQ visual analogue scale), health care utilization and RTW. Logistic regression analyses assessed the association between depression, anxiety, and PTSD and HRQoL, health care utilization, and RTW. Results At six months post-injury, 22% (n = 665/3060) of included patients had scores indicative of probable anxiety disorder (14%), depression (16%), and/or PTSD (6%). These patients had reduced EQ-5D utility scores [β: −0.26 (95% CI: −0.28, −0.23)] and were less likely to RTW [OR: 2.12 (95% CI: 1.34, 3.37)] compared to their counterparts. Both mental and physical health care utilization were significantly higher in patients with symptoms indicative of depression, anxiety, and/or PTSD. Conclusions In injury patients, there is a high occurrence of depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms, which is associated with lower HRQoL, higher health care utilization, and lower RTW rates. These results underline the importance of screening and treatment of these symptoms in this population to enhance good recovery of injury patients.

Research paper thumbnail of Eliciting National and Subnational Sets of Disability Weights in Mainland China: Findings From the Chinese Disability Weight Measurement Study

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021

Background The disability weight (DW) quantifies the severity of health states from disease seque... more Background The disability weight (DW) quantifies the severity of health states from disease sequela and is a pivotal parameter for disease burden calculation. We conducted a national and subnational DW measurement in China. Methods In 2020−2021, we conducted a web-based survey to assess DWs for 206 health states in 31 Chinese provinces targeting health workers via professional networks. We fielded questions of paired comparison (PC) and population health equivalence (PHE). The PC data were analysed by probit regression analysis, and the regression results were anchored by results from the PHE responses on the DW scale between 0 (no loss of health) and 1 (health loss equivalent to death). Findings We used PC responses from 468,541 respondents to estimate DWs of health states. Eight of 11 domains of health had significantly negative coefficients in the regression of the difference between Chinese and Global Burden of Disease (GBD) DWs, suggesting lower DW values for health states with mention of these domains in their lay description. We noted considerable heterogeneity within domains, however. After applying these Chinese DWs to the 2019 GBD estimates for China, total years lived with disability (YLDs) increased by 14¢9% to 177 million despite lower estimates for musculoskeletal disorders, cardiovascular diseases, mental disorders, diabetes and chronic kidney disease. The lower estimates of YLDs for these conditions were more than offset by higher estimates of common, low-severity conditions. Interpretation The differences between the GBD and Chinese DWs suggest that there might be some contextual factors influencing the valuation of health states. While the reduced estimates for mental disorders, alcohol use disorder, and dementia could hint at a culturally different valuation of these conditions in China, the much greater shifts in YLDs from low-severity conditions more likely reflects methodological difficulty to distinguish between health states that vary a little in absolute DW value but a lot in relative terms.

Research paper thumbnail of Burden of non-communicable diseases in Cyprus, 1990–2017: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

Archives of Public Health, 2021

Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) accounted for over 90% of all deaths in the Cypriot p... more Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) accounted for over 90% of all deaths in the Cypriot population, in 2018. However, a detailed and comprehensive overview of the impact of NCDs on population health of Cyprus over the period of 1990 to 2017, expressed in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), is currently not available. Knowledge about the drivers of changes in NCD DALYs over time is paramount to identify priorities for the prevention of NCDs in Cyprus and guide evidence-based decision making. The objectives of this paper were to: 1) assess the burden of NCDs in terms of years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and DALYs in Cyprus in 2017, and 2) identify changes in the burden of NCDs in Cyprus over the 28-year period and assess the main drivers of these changes. Methods We performed a secondary database descriptive study using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 results on NCDs for Cyprus from 1990 to 2017. We calculated the percentage change of a...

Research paper thumbnail of Burden of Disease Methods: A Guide to Calculate COVID-19 Disability-Adjusted Life Years

International Journal of Public Health, 2021

This publication is based upon work from COST Action CA18218 (European Burden of disease Network-... more This publication is based upon work from COST Action CA18218 (European Burden of disease Network-www.

Research paper thumbnail of Comparison of three different methods to estimate the burden of disease of burn injuries in Western Australia in 2011-2018

Burns, 2020

Background Priority setting and resource allocation in health care, surveillance and intervention... more Background Priority setting and resource allocation in health care, surveillance and interventions is based increasingly on burden of disease. Several methods exist to calculate the non-fatal burden of disease of burns expressed in years lived with disability (YLDs). The aim of this study was to assess the burden of disease due to burns in Western Australia 2011-2018 and compare YLD outcomes between three frequently used methods. Methods Data from the Burns Service of Western Australia was used. Three existing methods to assess YLDs were compared: the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) method, a method dedicated to assess injury YLDs (Injury-VIBES), and a method dedicated to assess burns YLDs (INTEGRISburns). Results Incidence data from 2,866 burn patients were used. Non-fatal burden of disease estimates differed substantially between the different methods. Estimates for 2011-2018 ranged between 610 and 1,085 YLDs per 100.000 based on the Injury-VIBES method; between 209 and 324 YLDs based on the INTEGRIS-burns method; and between 89 and 120 YLDs based on the GBD method. YLDs per case were three to nine times higher when the Injury-VIBES method was applied compared to the other methods. Also trends in time differed widely through application of the different methods. There was a strong increase in YLDs over the years when the Injury-VIBES method was applied, a slight increase when the INTEGRIS-burns method was applied and a stable pattern when the GBD method was applied. Conclusion This study showed that the choice for a specific method heavily influences the non-fatal burden of disease expressed in YLDs, both in terms of annual estimates as well as in trends over time. By addressing the methodological limitations evident in previous calculations of the non-fatal burden of disease, the INTEGRIS-burns seems to present a method to provide the most robust estimates to date, as it is the only method adapted to the nature of burn injuries and their recovery.

Research paper thumbnail of PIT12 Exploring the Relation Between the EQ-5D-5L Pain/Discomfort and Pain and Itching in a Sample of Burn Patients

Research paper thumbnail of Epidemiology of facial fractures: incidence, prevalence and years lived with disability estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

Injury Prevention, 2020

BackgroundThe Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) has historically produced estimates of causes ... more BackgroundThe Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) has historically produced estimates of causes of injury such as falls but not the resulting types of injuries that occur. The objective of this study was to estimate the global incidence, prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) due to facial fractures and to estimate the leading injurious causes of facial fracture.MethodsWe obtained results from GBD 2017. First, the study estimated the incidence from each injury cause (eg, falls), and then the proportion of each cause that would result in facial fracture being the most disabling injury. Incidence, prevalence and YLDs of facial fractures are then calculated across causes.ResultsGlobally, in 2017, there were 7 538 663 (95% uncertainty interval 6 116 489 to 9 493 113) new cases, 1 819 732 (1 609 419 to 2 091 618) prevalent cases, and 117 402 (73 266 to 169 689) YLDs due to facial fractures. In terms of age-standardised incidence, prevalence and YLDs, the global rates were 98 ...

Research paper thumbnail of Falls in older aged adults in 22 European countries: incidence, mortality and burden of disease from 1990 to 2017

Injury Prevention, 2020

IntroductionFalls in older aged adults are an important public health problem. Insight into diffe... more IntroductionFalls in older aged adults are an important public health problem. Insight into differences in fall-related injury rates between countries can serve as important input for identifying and evaluating prevention strategies. The objectives of this study were to compare Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates on incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to fall-related injury in older adults across 22 countries in the Western European region and to examine changes over a 28-year period.MethodsWe performed a secondary database descriptive study using the GBD 2017 results on age-standardised fall-related injury in older adults aged 70 years and older in 22 countries from 1990 to 2017.ResultsIn 2017, in the Western European region, 13 840 per 100 000 (uncertainty interval (UI) 11 837–16 113) older adults sought medical treatment for fall-related injury, ranging from 7594 per 100 000 (UI 6326–9032) in Greece to 19 796 per 100 000 (UI 15 536–24 233...

Research paper thumbnail of The global burden of falls: global, regional and national estimates of morbidity and mortality from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Injury Prevention, 2020

BackgroundFalls can lead to severe health loss including death. Past research has shown that fall... more BackgroundFalls can lead to severe health loss including death. Past research has shown that falls are an important cause of death and disability worldwide. The Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (GBD 2017) provides a comprehensive assessment of morbidity and mortality from falls.MethodsEstimates for mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were produced for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017 for all ages using the GBD 2017 framework. Distributions of the bodily injury (eg, hip fracture) were estimated using hospital records.ResultsGlobally, the age-standardised incidence of falls was 2238 (1990–2532) per 100 000 in 2017, representing a decline of 3.7% (7.4 to 0.3) from 1990 to 2017. Age-standardised prevalence was 5186 (4622–5849) per 100 000 in 2017, representing a decline of 6.5% (7.6 to 5.4) from 1990 to 2017. Age-standardised mortality rate was 9.2 (8.5–9.8) per 100 0...

Research paper thumbnail of Burden of injury along the development spectrum: associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Injury Prevention, 2020

BackgroundThe epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseas... more BackgroundThe epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates.MethodsInjury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm—the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational...

Research paper thumbnail of Epidemiology of injuries from fire, heat and hot substances: global, regional and national morbidity and mortality estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

Injury Prevention, 2019

BackgroundPast research has shown how fires, heat and hot substances are important causes of heal... more BackgroundPast research has shown how fires, heat and hot substances are important causes of health loss globally. Detailed estimates of the morbidity and mortality from these injuries could help drive preventative measures and improved access to care.MethodsWe used the Global Burden of Disease 2017 framework to produce three main results. First, we produced results on incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, deaths, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life years from 1990 to 2017 for 195 countries and territories. Second, we analysed these results to measure mortality-to-incidence ratios by location. Third, we reported the measures above in terms of the cause of fire, heat and hot substances and the types of bodily injuries that result.ResultsGlobally, there were 8 991 468 (7 481 218 to 10 740 897) new fire, heat and hot substance injuries in 2017 with 120 632 (101 630 to 129 383) deaths. At the global level, the age-standardised mortality caused by fire, heat and...