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Research paper thumbnail of Pre and post-injury environmental enrichment effects functional recovery following medial frontal cortical contusion injury in rats

Behavioural Brain Research, Dec 1, 2014

h i g h l i g h t s • Enrichment improves performance compared to animals reared in standard hous... more h i g h l i g h t s • Enrichment improves performance compared to animals reared in standard housing. • Housing conditions of rats prior to, and following, brain injury affects performance. • Increased number of neurons and cortical area were observed in enriched injured rats. • Data suggest that improving housing environments may improve translation of research.

Research paper thumbnail of Sensory and working memory in a spatial change-detection task by pigeons and humans

Behavioural Processes, Dec 1, 2019

Judgements of items viewed less than 100 ms prior are predominantly supported by a sensory, or ic... more Judgements of items viewed less than 100 ms prior are predominantly supported by a sensory, or iconic, memory system. Iconic memory is of high-capacity, but is also volatile and limited in duration. Judgements after longer delays increasingly rely on a working memory system, which is lower in capacity and volatility than sensory memory, but is longer in duration. In four experiments, several factors (e.g., length of delay, number of items, time to view items, presence of a visual mask) were manipulated during a spatial change-detection task conducted with humans and pigeons. Both species were exposed to trials with an array of colored circles (2, 3, and 4 circles in Experiment 1 and 2a; 4, 6, and 8 circles in Experiment 2b) followed by a brief delay (0, 50, and 100 ms in Experiment 1a; 0, 100, and 1000 ms in Experiments 1b and 2), and then were presented with a test display in which the position of one of the items had changed. Pigeons, like humans, were less accurate in selecting the changed item with more items in the display and after longer delays. Pigeons were equally accurate on trials with 0 and 100-ms delays, but worse on trials with a 1000-ms delay; whereas, humans were equally accurate on 100-ms and 1000-ms delays, but better on 0-ms delay trials. Accurate change detection was disrupted in both species when a visual mask was inserted between the sample and test display after a short (100 ms), but not a long (1000 ms) delay. The results support similarity between species in the functional relationships between delay and memory systems, despite time course differences related to sensory memory.

Research paper thumbnail of Combining Enriched Environment, Progesterone, and Embryonic Neural Stem Cell Therapy Improves Recovery after Brain Injury

Journal of Neurotrauma, Jul 15, 2015

Millions of people every year are affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI) and currently no thera... more Millions of people every year are affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI) and currently no therapies have shown efficacy in improving outcomes clinically. Recent research has suggested that enriched environments (EE), embryonic neural stem cells (eNSC), and progesterone (PROG) improve functional outcomes following TBI and furthermore, several investigators have suggested that a polytherapuetic approach may have greater efficacy than a single therapy. The purpose of the current study was to determine if varying combinations of post-injury EE, progesterone therapy, or eNSC transplantation would improve functional outcomes over just a single therapy. A controlled cortical impact was performed to create a lesion in the medial frontal cortex. The subjects were then placed in either EE or standard environments and administered 10mg/kg progesterone or vehicle injections four hours post-injury and every 12 hours for 72 hours following the initial injection. Seven days following the surgery rats were transplanted with either eNSCs or media. Rats were then tested on the open field test, Barnes maze, Morris water maze (MWM), and rotor-rod tasks (RR). Improved functional outcomes were shown on a majority of the behavioral tasks in animals that received a combination of therapies. This effect was especially prominent with therapies that were combined with EE. Immunohistochemistry showed that the transplanted eNSCs survived, migrated, and displayed neural phenotypes. These data suggest that a poly-therapeutic approach following TBI improves functional recovery to a greater magnitude. Moreover, when poly-therapies are combined with EE the effects on recovery are enhanced leading to greater recovery of function.

Research paper thumbnail of Combining Enriched Environment, Progesterone, and Embryonic Neural Stem Cell Therapy Improves Recovery after Brain Injury

Journal of Neurotrauma, 2015

Millions of people every year are affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI) and currently no thera... more Millions of people every year are affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI) and currently no therapies have shown efficacy in improving outcomes clinically. Recent research has suggested that enriched environments (EE), embryonic neural stem cells (eNSC), and progesterone (PROG) improve functional outcomes following TBI and furthermore, several investigators have suggested that a polytherapuetic approach may have greater efficacy than a single therapy. The purpose of the current study was to determine if varying combinations of post-injury EE, progesterone therapy, or eNSC transplantation would improve functional outcomes over just a single therapy. A controlled cortical impact was performed to create a lesion in the medial frontal cortex. The subjects were then placed in either EE or standard environments and administered 10mg/kg progesterone or vehicle injections four hours post-injury and every 12 hours for 72 hours following the initial injection. Seven days following the surgery rats were transplanted with either eNSCs or media. Rats were then tested on the open field test, Barnes maze, Morris water maze (MWM), and rotor-rod tasks (RR). Improved functional outcomes were shown on a majority of the behavioral tasks in animals that received a combination of therapies. This effect was especially prominent with therapies that were combined with EE. Immunohistochemistry showed that the transplanted eNSCs survived, migrated, and displayed neural phenotypes. These data suggest that a poly-therapeutic approach following TBI improves functional recovery to a greater magnitude. Moreover, when poly-therapies are combined with EE the effects on recovery are enhanced leading to greater recovery of function.

Research paper thumbnail of Pre and post-injury environmental enrichment effects functional recovery following medial frontal cortical contusion injury in rats

Behavioural Brain Research, 2014

h i g h l i g h t s • Enrichment improves performance compared to animals reared in standard hous... more h i g h l i g h t s • Enrichment improves performance compared to animals reared in standard housing. • Housing conditions of rats prior to, and following, brain injury affects performance. • Increased number of neurons and cortical area were observed in enriched injured rats. • Data suggest that improving housing environments may improve translation of research.

Research paper thumbnail of Sensory and working memory in a spatial change-detection task by pigeons and humans

Behavioural Processes, 2019

Judgements of items viewed less than 100 ms prior are predominantly supported by a sensory, or ic... more Judgements of items viewed less than 100 ms prior are predominantly supported by a sensory, or iconic, memory system. Iconic memory is of high-capacity, but is also volatile and limited in duration. Judgements after longer delays increasingly rely on a working memory system, which is lower in capacity and volatility than sensory memory, but is longer in duration. In four experiments, several factors (e.g., length of delay, number of items, time to view items, presence of a visual mask) were manipulated during a spatial change-detection task conducted with humans and pigeons. Both species were exposed to trials with an array of colored circles (2, 3, and 4 circles in Experiment 1 and 2a; 4, 6, and 8 circles in Experiment 2b) followed by a brief delay (0, 50, and 100 ms in Experiment 1a; 0, 100, and 1000 ms in Experiments 1b and 2), and then were presented with a test display in which the position of one of the items had changed. Pigeons, like humans, were less accurate in selecting the changed item with more items in the display and after longer delays. Pigeons were equally accurate on trials with 0 and 100-ms delays, but worse on trials with a 1000-ms delay; whereas, humans were equally accurate on 100-ms and 1000-ms delays, but better on 0-ms delay trials. Accurate change detection was disrupted in both species when a visual mask was inserted between the sample and test display after a short (100 ms), but not a long (1000 ms) delay. The results support similarity between species in the functional relationships between delay and memory systems, despite time course differences related to sensory memory.

Research paper thumbnail of Pre and post-injury environmental enrichment effects functional recovery following medial frontal cortical contusion injury in rats

Behavioural Brain Research, Dec 1, 2014

h i g h l i g h t s • Enrichment improves performance compared to animals reared in standard hous... more h i g h l i g h t s • Enrichment improves performance compared to animals reared in standard housing. • Housing conditions of rats prior to, and following, brain injury affects performance. • Increased number of neurons and cortical area were observed in enriched injured rats. • Data suggest that improving housing environments may improve translation of research.

Research paper thumbnail of Sensory and working memory in a spatial change-detection task by pigeons and humans

Behavioural Processes, Dec 1, 2019

Judgements of items viewed less than 100 ms prior are predominantly supported by a sensory, or ic... more Judgements of items viewed less than 100 ms prior are predominantly supported by a sensory, or iconic, memory system. Iconic memory is of high-capacity, but is also volatile and limited in duration. Judgements after longer delays increasingly rely on a working memory system, which is lower in capacity and volatility than sensory memory, but is longer in duration. In four experiments, several factors (e.g., length of delay, number of items, time to view items, presence of a visual mask) were manipulated during a spatial change-detection task conducted with humans and pigeons. Both species were exposed to trials with an array of colored circles (2, 3, and 4 circles in Experiment 1 and 2a; 4, 6, and 8 circles in Experiment 2b) followed by a brief delay (0, 50, and 100 ms in Experiment 1a; 0, 100, and 1000 ms in Experiments 1b and 2), and then were presented with a test display in which the position of one of the items had changed. Pigeons, like humans, were less accurate in selecting the changed item with more items in the display and after longer delays. Pigeons were equally accurate on trials with 0 and 100-ms delays, but worse on trials with a 1000-ms delay; whereas, humans were equally accurate on 100-ms and 1000-ms delays, but better on 0-ms delay trials. Accurate change detection was disrupted in both species when a visual mask was inserted between the sample and test display after a short (100 ms), but not a long (1000 ms) delay. The results support similarity between species in the functional relationships between delay and memory systems, despite time course differences related to sensory memory.

Research paper thumbnail of Combining Enriched Environment, Progesterone, and Embryonic Neural Stem Cell Therapy Improves Recovery after Brain Injury

Journal of Neurotrauma, Jul 15, 2015

Millions of people every year are affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI) and currently no thera... more Millions of people every year are affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI) and currently no therapies have shown efficacy in improving outcomes clinically. Recent research has suggested that enriched environments (EE), embryonic neural stem cells (eNSC), and progesterone (PROG) improve functional outcomes following TBI and furthermore, several investigators have suggested that a polytherapuetic approach may have greater efficacy than a single therapy. The purpose of the current study was to determine if varying combinations of post-injury EE, progesterone therapy, or eNSC transplantation would improve functional outcomes over just a single therapy. A controlled cortical impact was performed to create a lesion in the medial frontal cortex. The subjects were then placed in either EE or standard environments and administered 10mg/kg progesterone or vehicle injections four hours post-injury and every 12 hours for 72 hours following the initial injection. Seven days following the surgery rats were transplanted with either eNSCs or media. Rats were then tested on the open field test, Barnes maze, Morris water maze (MWM), and rotor-rod tasks (RR). Improved functional outcomes were shown on a majority of the behavioral tasks in animals that received a combination of therapies. This effect was especially prominent with therapies that were combined with EE. Immunohistochemistry showed that the transplanted eNSCs survived, migrated, and displayed neural phenotypes. These data suggest that a poly-therapeutic approach following TBI improves functional recovery to a greater magnitude. Moreover, when poly-therapies are combined with EE the effects on recovery are enhanced leading to greater recovery of function.

Research paper thumbnail of Combining Enriched Environment, Progesterone, and Embryonic Neural Stem Cell Therapy Improves Recovery after Brain Injury

Journal of Neurotrauma, 2015

Millions of people every year are affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI) and currently no thera... more Millions of people every year are affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI) and currently no therapies have shown efficacy in improving outcomes clinically. Recent research has suggested that enriched environments (EE), embryonic neural stem cells (eNSC), and progesterone (PROG) improve functional outcomes following TBI and furthermore, several investigators have suggested that a polytherapuetic approach may have greater efficacy than a single therapy. The purpose of the current study was to determine if varying combinations of post-injury EE, progesterone therapy, or eNSC transplantation would improve functional outcomes over just a single therapy. A controlled cortical impact was performed to create a lesion in the medial frontal cortex. The subjects were then placed in either EE or standard environments and administered 10mg/kg progesterone or vehicle injections four hours post-injury and every 12 hours for 72 hours following the initial injection. Seven days following the surgery rats were transplanted with either eNSCs or media. Rats were then tested on the open field test, Barnes maze, Morris water maze (MWM), and rotor-rod tasks (RR). Improved functional outcomes were shown on a majority of the behavioral tasks in animals that received a combination of therapies. This effect was especially prominent with therapies that were combined with EE. Immunohistochemistry showed that the transplanted eNSCs survived, migrated, and displayed neural phenotypes. These data suggest that a poly-therapeutic approach following TBI improves functional recovery to a greater magnitude. Moreover, when poly-therapies are combined with EE the effects on recovery are enhanced leading to greater recovery of function.

Research paper thumbnail of Pre and post-injury environmental enrichment effects functional recovery following medial frontal cortical contusion injury in rats

Behavioural Brain Research, 2014

h i g h l i g h t s • Enrichment improves performance compared to animals reared in standard hous... more h i g h l i g h t s • Enrichment improves performance compared to animals reared in standard housing. • Housing conditions of rats prior to, and following, brain injury affects performance. • Increased number of neurons and cortical area were observed in enriched injured rats. • Data suggest that improving housing environments may improve translation of research.

Research paper thumbnail of Sensory and working memory in a spatial change-detection task by pigeons and humans

Behavioural Processes, 2019

Judgements of items viewed less than 100 ms prior are predominantly supported by a sensory, or ic... more Judgements of items viewed less than 100 ms prior are predominantly supported by a sensory, or iconic, memory system. Iconic memory is of high-capacity, but is also volatile and limited in duration. Judgements after longer delays increasingly rely on a working memory system, which is lower in capacity and volatility than sensory memory, but is longer in duration. In four experiments, several factors (e.g., length of delay, number of items, time to view items, presence of a visual mask) were manipulated during a spatial change-detection task conducted with humans and pigeons. Both species were exposed to trials with an array of colored circles (2, 3, and 4 circles in Experiment 1 and 2a; 4, 6, and 8 circles in Experiment 2b) followed by a brief delay (0, 50, and 100 ms in Experiment 1a; 0, 100, and 1000 ms in Experiments 1b and 2), and then were presented with a test display in which the position of one of the items had changed. Pigeons, like humans, were less accurate in selecting the changed item with more items in the display and after longer delays. Pigeons were equally accurate on trials with 0 and 100-ms delays, but worse on trials with a 1000-ms delay; whereas, humans were equally accurate on 100-ms and 1000-ms delays, but better on 0-ms delay trials. Accurate change detection was disrupted in both species when a visual mask was inserted between the sample and test display after a short (100 ms), but not a long (1000 ms) delay. The results support similarity between species in the functional relationships between delay and memory systems, despite time course differences related to sensory memory.