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Papers by Khazriyati Salehuddin

Although many researchers emphasise that the knowledge of collocations is of great help for langu... more Although many researchers emphasise that the knowledge of collocations is of great help for language learners to achieve fluency and proficiency, it has been widely recognized that second language learners often have problems with collocations owing to various reasons. This study describes the methods and the results of a corpus-based investigation of the types and sources of verb-noun collocational errors in a subcorpus of a Malaysian learner corpus, EMAS (The English of Malaysian School Students).

Social Sciences Humanities, 2013

This paper aims to investigate the Malay language interference in the production of erroneous Eng... more This paper aims to investigate the Malay language interference in the production of erroneous English structures among secondary ESL learners. The strong version of Contrastive Analysis claims that the differences between L1 and L2 structures results in negative transfer due to the transfer of old habits into new ones. However, this version of CA is only predictive in nature and is not always true. Errors made by learners give us better insights into the process of language learning. Thus, errors are now regarded as a very important tool for diagnostic purposes in language teaching. The procedure in carrying out this investigation follows Norrish's (1992) approach to conducting Error Analysis. This includes sample collection, identifying, describing errors, explaining and evaluating errors. The corpus of this research consists of 873 sentences, collected from 51 essay samples. There were 826 uses of determiners with 175 occurrences of errors. The subjects were Malaysian secondary school students who are learners of English as a second language. The results indicate that determiner is a possible problematic area for Malay learners of English. The different aspects of the incorrect use of English determiners that reflect the Malay grammar are related to specific places of location, instrument, countries as Adjectives, name of Subject, agreement to the Noun, and Cardinal numbers. The differences in the possessive forms in both languages also attributed to the errors.

3L Language Linguistics Literature, 2011

were classified and explained accordingly. The findings of this study indicate that of all seven ... more were classified and explained accordingly. The findings of this study indicate that of all seven types of collocational errors, the one occurring most frequently is the preposition-related collocational errors. With regard to the sources of collocational errors, intralingual transfer was found to be the most prominent among the three major categories of sources of collocational errors.

Gema Online Journal of Language Studies, Sep 1, 2012

Categorisation is fundamental in human cognition and language development. Crosslinguistic studie... more Categorisation is fundamental in human cognition and language development. Crosslinguistic studies on categorisation propose numeral classifiers as a linguistic manifestation of human categorisation and conceptualisation. Thus, studies on numeral classifier acquisition enable researchers to examine how children learn to categorise objects in their environment using a constrained framework, and how this ability becomes more refined as children grow older. This study investigated the strategies children utilise in categorising objects into eight Malay shape-based numeral classifier categories using a paired discrimination task. One-hundred-and-forty-eight children ranging in age from 6 to 9 years and a comparison group of adults participated in this study. Results revealed that children categorised objects more readily when there was a strong (two-perceptual feature distinction) than weak (one-perceptual feature distinction) contrast, and when exemplars were typical rather than atypical. There appears to be a gradual transition from a perceptually biased to a broader, more rule-based system.

Abstract Numeral classifiers are defined as a syntactic-semantic category denoting “some salient ... more Abstract Numeral classifiers are defined as a syntactic-semantic category denoting “some salient perceived or imputed characteristic” of a particular count noun (Allan 1977: 298). Similar to 36 other East and Southeast Asian languages, Malay has a rich numeral classifier system (Adams & Conklin 1973). Numeral classifiers in Malay syntactically exist in a noun phrase together with a numeral preceding it and an obligatory noun following it. Malay numeral classifiers are semantically significant as they provide information about the ...

Gema Online Journal of Language Studies, May 1, 2011

Numeral classifiers are primarily used to provide semantic information about the physical and fun... more Numeral classifiers are primarily used to provide semantic information about the physical and functional properties of objects, the cognitive categories of objects in a particular culture, and the perceptions of the speakers within a particular speech community towards the objects. Numeral classifiers of Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese and Thai have been found to perform pragmatic functions as well. To identify if Malay does use numeral classifiers to perform a number of pragmatic functions, we analysed a 73,000word modern Malay corpus targeted at both adult and young audience. Results indicate that in the modern Malay corpus, the Malay numeral classifiers perform several pragmatic functions in various contexts: they function as anaphoric and cataphoric references, as indicators of definiteness and indefiniteness, and as foregrounding mechanisms in modern Malay discourse. Using twelve instances of numeral classifier usage and omission in the modern Malay corpus, this study proposes that the absence of numeral classifiers in texts is not likely to be due to language users' ignorance of the need to use a numeral classifier or of the correct form of numeral classifiers. On the contrary, the absence of numeral classifiers in the corpus exhibits the Malay language users' knowledge of the pragmatic functions of Malay numeral classifiers.

Malaysian Journal of Youth Studies, 2014

E Bangi, 2007

The purpose of this article is to present an analysis of interference effect, a factor that plays... more The purpose of this article is to present an analysis of interference effect, a factor that plays an important role in inhibiting the acquisition of English among young Malay learners in Malaysian schools. The data substantiating the discussion throughout this article came from an empirical study of errors in essays written by Form One students in six schools in Malaysia. The findings of the study show that despite having gone through six years of learning English in school environment, the learners are still having difficulty in using correct English grammar in their writings. The three most frequent errors are: 1) the use of articles, 2) subject-verb agreement, and 3) copula 'be'.

Gema Online Journal of Language Studies, 2004

3L Language Linguistics Literature, Sep 14, 2014

This study examines the effects of formal input exposure and the onset age of exposure on the per... more This study examines the effects of formal input exposure and the onset age of exposure on the performance of eleven different morphosyntactic structures in a foreign language setting. It studies whether being exposed to longer hours of formal language classes at a younger age is advantageous for Iranian EFL learners. Some studies have claimed that there is no advantage for early starters and in the field of grammatical learning, later starters perform better. Four groups of Iranian learners with different formal learning times participated in this study: Groups A and B were public and private school students, respectively, whereas Groups C and D had extra supplementary classes at language institutes as well. A Grammaticality Judgement Task (GJT) including some grammatical structures which were claimed to be problematic for EFL learners, was used as a tool to determine the possible differences in the performance of grammatical structures of the four groups. A two-way ANCOVA and a one-way ANOVA were used to analyse the data. Results suggest that long hours of formal exposure lead to better grammatical performance and the participants who started learning English at age 9 or below performed better in the GJT.

3L Language Linguistics Literature, Dec 26, 2012

Gema Online Journal of Language Studies, Nov 1, 2012

Pelbagai usaha telah dilakukan oleh kerajaan Malaysia untuk menangani masalah kurangnya penggunaa... more Pelbagai usaha telah dilakukan oleh kerajaan Malaysia untuk menangani masalah kurangnya penggunaan tulisan Jawi dalam kalangan masyarakat Malaysia dan seterusnya mempopularkan tulisan ini dalam kalangan pelbagai golongan masyarakat. Namun, di sebalik usaha yang bernilai berjuta-juta ringgit tersebut, tulisan Jawi terus dipinggirkan oleh penduduk Malaysia. Sungguhpun adalah penting untuk memastikan bahawa tulisan Jawi terus digunakan dengan meluasnya di negara ini, usaha yang dilakukan oleh pelbagai agensi di negara ini akan menjadi sia-sia jika masyarakat di negara ini terus menganggap tulisan Jawi sebagai satu warisan budaya yang hanya digunakan oleh mereka yang lebih konservatif dalam wacana berbentuk keIslaman. Oleh yang demikian, adalah penting untuk kita memahami punca mengapa tulisan Jawi terus dipinggirkan oleh sebahagian besar masyarakat Malaysia. Tanpa memahaminya, usaha agensi-agensi yang terlibat untuk mempopularkan tulisan Jawi ini hanya akan menjadi sia-sia. Salah satu cara untuk memahami mengapa Jawi terus dipinggirkan oleh sebahagian besar masyarakat Malaysia ialah dengan menilai darjah kerumitan kognitif dalam proses membaca tulisan Jawi. Justeru itu, makalah ini membuat penilaian ke atas kerumitan kognitif yang berlaku dalam proses membaca tulisan Jawi dari perspektif psikolinguistik. Perbandingan secara sistematik antara tulisan Jawi dan tulisan Rumi dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan analisis perbandingan antara sistem bahasa Melayu dan sistem bahasa Arab untuk menjelaskan mengapa masyarakat Malaysia, khasnya yang berbangsa Melayu sendiri, tidak berminat dan terus berdolak-dalik untuk menggunakan tulisan Jawi dalam kehidupan harian mereka.

Although many researchers emphasise that the knowledge of collocations is of great help for langu... more Although many researchers emphasise that the knowledge of collocations is of great help for language learners to achieve fluency and proficiency, it has been widely recognized that second language learners often have problems with collocations owing to various reasons. This study describes the methods and the results of a corpus-based investigation of the types and sources of verb-noun collocational errors in a subcorpus of a Malaysian learner corpus, EMAS (The English of Malaysian School Students).

Social Sciences Humanities, 2013

This paper aims to investigate the Malay language interference in the production of erroneous Eng... more This paper aims to investigate the Malay language interference in the production of erroneous English structures among secondary ESL learners. The strong version of Contrastive Analysis claims that the differences between L1 and L2 structures results in negative transfer due to the transfer of old habits into new ones. However, this version of CA is only predictive in nature and is not always true. Errors made by learners give us better insights into the process of language learning. Thus, errors are now regarded as a very important tool for diagnostic purposes in language teaching. The procedure in carrying out this investigation follows Norrish's (1992) approach to conducting Error Analysis. This includes sample collection, identifying, describing errors, explaining and evaluating errors. The corpus of this research consists of 873 sentences, collected from 51 essay samples. There were 826 uses of determiners with 175 occurrences of errors. The subjects were Malaysian secondary school students who are learners of English as a second language. The results indicate that determiner is a possible problematic area for Malay learners of English. The different aspects of the incorrect use of English determiners that reflect the Malay grammar are related to specific places of location, instrument, countries as Adjectives, name of Subject, agreement to the Noun, and Cardinal numbers. The differences in the possessive forms in both languages also attributed to the errors.

3L Language Linguistics Literature, 2011

were classified and explained accordingly. The findings of this study indicate that of all seven ... more were classified and explained accordingly. The findings of this study indicate that of all seven types of collocational errors, the one occurring most frequently is the preposition-related collocational errors. With regard to the sources of collocational errors, intralingual transfer was found to be the most prominent among the three major categories of sources of collocational errors.

Gema Online Journal of Language Studies, Sep 1, 2012

Categorisation is fundamental in human cognition and language development. Crosslinguistic studie... more Categorisation is fundamental in human cognition and language development. Crosslinguistic studies on categorisation propose numeral classifiers as a linguistic manifestation of human categorisation and conceptualisation. Thus, studies on numeral classifier acquisition enable researchers to examine how children learn to categorise objects in their environment using a constrained framework, and how this ability becomes more refined as children grow older. This study investigated the strategies children utilise in categorising objects into eight Malay shape-based numeral classifier categories using a paired discrimination task. One-hundred-and-forty-eight children ranging in age from 6 to 9 years and a comparison group of adults participated in this study. Results revealed that children categorised objects more readily when there was a strong (two-perceptual feature distinction) than weak (one-perceptual feature distinction) contrast, and when exemplars were typical rather than atypical. There appears to be a gradual transition from a perceptually biased to a broader, more rule-based system.

Abstract Numeral classifiers are defined as a syntactic-semantic category denoting “some salient ... more Abstract Numeral classifiers are defined as a syntactic-semantic category denoting “some salient perceived or imputed characteristic” of a particular count noun (Allan 1977: 298). Similar to 36 other East and Southeast Asian languages, Malay has a rich numeral classifier system (Adams & Conklin 1973). Numeral classifiers in Malay syntactically exist in a noun phrase together with a numeral preceding it and an obligatory noun following it. Malay numeral classifiers are semantically significant as they provide information about the ...

Gema Online Journal of Language Studies, May 1, 2011

Numeral classifiers are primarily used to provide semantic information about the physical and fun... more Numeral classifiers are primarily used to provide semantic information about the physical and functional properties of objects, the cognitive categories of objects in a particular culture, and the perceptions of the speakers within a particular speech community towards the objects. Numeral classifiers of Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese and Thai have been found to perform pragmatic functions as well. To identify if Malay does use numeral classifiers to perform a number of pragmatic functions, we analysed a 73,000word modern Malay corpus targeted at both adult and young audience. Results indicate that in the modern Malay corpus, the Malay numeral classifiers perform several pragmatic functions in various contexts: they function as anaphoric and cataphoric references, as indicators of definiteness and indefiniteness, and as foregrounding mechanisms in modern Malay discourse. Using twelve instances of numeral classifier usage and omission in the modern Malay corpus, this study proposes that the absence of numeral classifiers in texts is not likely to be due to language users' ignorance of the need to use a numeral classifier or of the correct form of numeral classifiers. On the contrary, the absence of numeral classifiers in the corpus exhibits the Malay language users' knowledge of the pragmatic functions of Malay numeral classifiers.

Malaysian Journal of Youth Studies, 2014

E Bangi, 2007

The purpose of this article is to present an analysis of interference effect, a factor that plays... more The purpose of this article is to present an analysis of interference effect, a factor that plays an important role in inhibiting the acquisition of English among young Malay learners in Malaysian schools. The data substantiating the discussion throughout this article came from an empirical study of errors in essays written by Form One students in six schools in Malaysia. The findings of the study show that despite having gone through six years of learning English in school environment, the learners are still having difficulty in using correct English grammar in their writings. The three most frequent errors are: 1) the use of articles, 2) subject-verb agreement, and 3) copula 'be'.

Gema Online Journal of Language Studies, 2004

3L Language Linguistics Literature, Sep 14, 2014

This study examines the effects of formal input exposure and the onset age of exposure on the per... more This study examines the effects of formal input exposure and the onset age of exposure on the performance of eleven different morphosyntactic structures in a foreign language setting. It studies whether being exposed to longer hours of formal language classes at a younger age is advantageous for Iranian EFL learners. Some studies have claimed that there is no advantage for early starters and in the field of grammatical learning, later starters perform better. Four groups of Iranian learners with different formal learning times participated in this study: Groups A and B were public and private school students, respectively, whereas Groups C and D had extra supplementary classes at language institutes as well. A Grammaticality Judgement Task (GJT) including some grammatical structures which were claimed to be problematic for EFL learners, was used as a tool to determine the possible differences in the performance of grammatical structures of the four groups. A two-way ANCOVA and a one-way ANOVA were used to analyse the data. Results suggest that long hours of formal exposure lead to better grammatical performance and the participants who started learning English at age 9 or below performed better in the GJT.

3L Language Linguistics Literature, Dec 26, 2012

Gema Online Journal of Language Studies, Nov 1, 2012

Pelbagai usaha telah dilakukan oleh kerajaan Malaysia untuk menangani masalah kurangnya penggunaa... more Pelbagai usaha telah dilakukan oleh kerajaan Malaysia untuk menangani masalah kurangnya penggunaan tulisan Jawi dalam kalangan masyarakat Malaysia dan seterusnya mempopularkan tulisan ini dalam kalangan pelbagai golongan masyarakat. Namun, di sebalik usaha yang bernilai berjuta-juta ringgit tersebut, tulisan Jawi terus dipinggirkan oleh penduduk Malaysia. Sungguhpun adalah penting untuk memastikan bahawa tulisan Jawi terus digunakan dengan meluasnya di negara ini, usaha yang dilakukan oleh pelbagai agensi di negara ini akan menjadi sia-sia jika masyarakat di negara ini terus menganggap tulisan Jawi sebagai satu warisan budaya yang hanya digunakan oleh mereka yang lebih konservatif dalam wacana berbentuk keIslaman. Oleh yang demikian, adalah penting untuk kita memahami punca mengapa tulisan Jawi terus dipinggirkan oleh sebahagian besar masyarakat Malaysia. Tanpa memahaminya, usaha agensi-agensi yang terlibat untuk mempopularkan tulisan Jawi ini hanya akan menjadi sia-sia. Salah satu cara untuk memahami mengapa Jawi terus dipinggirkan oleh sebahagian besar masyarakat Malaysia ialah dengan menilai darjah kerumitan kognitif dalam proses membaca tulisan Jawi. Justeru itu, makalah ini membuat penilaian ke atas kerumitan kognitif yang berlaku dalam proses membaca tulisan Jawi dari perspektif psikolinguistik. Perbandingan secara sistematik antara tulisan Jawi dan tulisan Rumi dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan analisis perbandingan antara sistem bahasa Melayu dan sistem bahasa Arab untuk menjelaskan mengapa masyarakat Malaysia, khasnya yang berbangsa Melayu sendiri, tidak berminat dan terus berdolak-dalik untuk menggunakan tulisan Jawi dalam kehidupan harian mereka.

The purpose of this article is to present an analysis of interference effect, a factor that plays... more The purpose of this article is to present an analysis of interference effect, a factor that plays an important role in inhibiting the acquisition of English among young Malay learners in Malaysian schools. The data substantiating the discussion throughout this article came from an empirical study of errors in essays written by Form One students in six schools in Malaysia. The findings of the study show that despite having gone through six years of learning English in school environment, the learners are still having difficulty in using correct English grammar in their writings. The three most frequent errors are: 1) the use of articles, 2) subject-verb agreement, and 3) copula 'be'.


were classified and explained accordingly. The findings of this study indicate that of all seven ... more were classified and explained accordingly. The findings of this study indicate that of all seven types of collocational errors, the one occurring most frequently is the preposition-related collocational errors. With regard to the sources of collocational errors, intralingual transfer was found to be the most prominent among the three major categories of sources of collocational errors.

JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION, 2014

This study was conducted to examine the speech act of compliment among Jordanians residing in Mal... more This study was conducted to examine the speech act of compliment among Jordanians residing in Malaysia. It aims to explore the forms of compliments, and the differences in using compliments in different gender group among Jordanians. The corpus of the current research consists of 132 compliments collected from eight participants through an ethnographic method during the holy month Ramaddan and Eid al Fitri. The data were analyzed in terms of the strategies, topics and syntax of the compliments. The findings of this study revealed that the forms of compliments differ by gender. The most frequent compliments occurred in interactions within the same gender than between opposite genders. Females paid more compliments than males. While almost half of the compliments were given between females and almost one third of the compliments between males, only few compliments were given between the opposite genders. Women gave compliments the most on appearance whereas men paid more compliments on personality, possession and children. The present study shows that traditional Islamic values play an important role in complimenting behavior among Jordanians.