Kadri Leetmaa - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Kadri Leetmaa

Research paper thumbnail of Family, school, neighbourhood or all three: Differences in tertiary educational achievement among the Russian ethno-linguistic minority in Tallinn Urban Region, Estonia

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Research paper thumbnail of Ethnic Dimensions of Suburbanisation in Estonia

Social Science Research Network, 2011

Large-scale suburbanisation is a relatively recent phenomenon in East Central Europe and is respo... more Large-scale suburbanisation is a relatively recent phenomenon in East Central Europe and is responsible for major socio-spatial changes in metropolitan areas. Little is known about the ethnic dimensions of suburbanisation, despite the existence of often sizeable Russian minority populations in some member-states of the former Soviet Union. We use individual-level Estonian census data from the year 2000 in order to investigate the ethnic dimensions of suburbanisation. The results show that ethnic minorities have a considerably lower probability of suburbanising compared to the majority population, and minorities are less likely to move to rural municipalities-the main sites of suburban change-in the suburban ring of cities.

Research paper thumbnail of Estonian National Mental Health Study: Design and methods for a registry‐linked longitudinal survey

Brain and Behavior

ObjectivesThe Estonian National Mental Health Study (EMHS) was conducted in 2021–2022 to provide ... more ObjectivesThe Estonian National Mental Health Study (EMHS) was conducted in 2021–2022 to provide population‐wide data on mental health in the context of COVID‐19 pandemic. The main objective of this paper is to describe the rationale, design, and methods of the EMHS and to evaluate the survey response.MethodsRegionally representative stratified random sample of 20,000 persons aged 15 years and older was drawn from the Estonian Population Register for the study. Persons aged 18 years and older at the time of the sampling were enrolled into three survey waves where they were invited to complete an online or postal questionnaire about mental well‐being and disorders, and behavioral, cognitive, and other risk factors. Persons younger than 18 years of age were invited to fill an anonymous online questionnaire starting from wave 2. To complement and validate survey data, data on socio‐demographic, health‐related, and environmental variables were collected from six national administrative ...

Research paper thumbnail of Public space as a medium for emerging governance networks in post-privatised large housing estates in Tartu and Vilnius

Journal of Housing and the Built Environment

In most post-socialist cities modernist mass housing comprises a remarkable share of urban housin... more In most post-socialist cities modernist mass housing comprises a remarkable share of urban housing with a substantial population living there. Therefore, socialist large housing estates (LHEs) have been a fruitful source for research to gather systematic knowledge concerning segregation and housing preferences. Less is known, however, of contemporary LHE-related urban policies and planning interventions. This study asks how in the post-privatisation era, when former governance structures had disappeared, did new urban governance arrangements related to LHEs begin to emerge. We take a closer look at two LHE areas in post-Soviet cities: Annelinn (Tartu, Estonia) and Žirmunai Triangle (Vilnius, Lithuania). The research is based on expert interviews and document analysis exploring the formation of governance networks in both cities since the 2000s and the rationale behind recent planning initiatives. A common new spatial expectation for housing estates’ residents and contemporary urban ...

Research paper thumbnail of Special issue Intro: housing estates in the era of marketization – governance practices and urban planning

Journal of Housing and the Built Environment

This paper introduces a Special Issue of the Journal of Housing and the Built Environment entitle... more This paper introduces a Special Issue of the Journal of Housing and the Built Environment entitled “Housing estates in the era of marketization – governance practices and urban development”. The issue includes 10 European case studies on how marketization has impacted large housing estates (LHEs) across Europe. The collection includes novel contributions from well-studied countries like France or the United Kingdom, cases from Scandinavia and Mediterranean countries, as well as articles from post-socialist cities where the majority of LHEs are situated, and as such presents the diversity of experiences that has emerged in housing estates across Europe in the last two decades. Since the global turn towards neoliberal governance regimes at the end of the 20th century the commodification of housing, accompanied by the financialization of real estate, has not left any housing markets or market segments untouched. All articles focus on the interconnections between problems found in the d...

Research paper thumbnail of Session chair: Urban planning during state socialism: global ambitions, national ideologies and local desires

European Architectural History Network 2021, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Durable Domestic Dreams: Exploring Homes in Estonian Socialist-era Summerhouse Settlements

International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2016

‘Home’ and the connotations of this term are little understood in the context of post-socialist C... more ‘Home’ and the connotations of this term are little understood in the context of post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe. While modern suburban living was rather unusual in this region under socialism, more and more people live in suburbia today. This article concerns itself with the homes of residents in the former socialist-era summerhouse settlements in Estonia. Its aim is to further an understanding of the origins and (dis)continuities of the notion of home for individuals living in a post-socialist environment. This study is based on ethnographic fieldwork. In this article, we present socialist and post-socialist housing in context and describe how it has been shaped by changes in society. Our findings show that the homes of informants appear to strengthen their sense of freedom, autonomy and stability, while simultaneously inspiring their dreams and imaginations of home.

Research paper thumbnail of Planning Post-Summurbia: From Pragmatism to Collaboration?

Research paper thumbnail of and Tiit Tammaru

Research paper thumbnail of Referees 2010–2011

Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography, 2011

The editors are very grateful to the following persons for acting as referees in 2010 and 2011. T... more The editors are very grateful to the following persons for acting as referees in 2010 and 2011. The task of referee often remains anonymous and carries few rewards. We are therefore pleased to acknowledge here the considerable time, dedication, knowledge, and expertise that those listed below have freely given to sustain and improve the quality of Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift Norwegian Journal of Geography

Research paper thumbnail of Hidden new residential areas in the Tallinn metropolitan area: Soviet summer home settlements in residential suburbanisation

Research paper thumbnail of Uusurbanismi ja kompaktlinna kontseptsioonid säästva linnaplaneerimise lähtekohana

Research paper thumbnail of Settlements in Post-socialist Suburbanisa-tion, Urban Studies, 49 (1), pp. 3-21. Doi

Research paper thumbnail of Eeslinnastumine Tallinna linnaregioonis sotsialismijärgsel perioodil

Research paper thumbnail of Tallinna linnaregiooni ränne

Research paper thumbnail of Residential suburbanisation in the Tallinn metropolitan area

Research paper thumbnail of Planning approaches for a creative suburbia: the case of socialist summer home settlements

Research paper thumbnail of Minorities moving out from minority-rich neighbourhoods: does school ethnic context matter in inter-generational residential desegregation?

European Sociological Review

This paper aims to develop a fuller understanding of the relationship between the ethnic composit... more This paper aims to develop a fuller understanding of the relationship between the ethnic composition of childhood residential neighbourhoods, schools, and residential neighbourhoods later in life in producing and reproducing segregation. We apply a longitudinal research design on linked individual-level data from Estonia. Estonia is an interesting case because of the Soviet era population distribution policies and its ubiquitous state-funded educational system where minority parents can choose in which school—Russian-language or Estonian-language—their children study. We find that minority parents mostly opt for minority-dense schools and, if they do so, their children who grew up in minority-dense neighbourhoods also end up living in minority-dense neighbourhoods as adults. An inter-generational vicious circle of segregation forms. However, minority children who live in minority-dense neighbourhoods but study in majority-dense schools are more likely to end up living in majority-de...

Research paper thumbnail of Status: Final version

This project is funded by the European Union under the 7th Framework Programme; Theme: SSH.2012.2... more This project is funded by the European Union under the 7th Framework Programme; Theme: SSH.2012.2.2.2-1; Governance of cohesion and diversity in urban contexts Grant agreement: 319970

Research paper thumbnail of Socio-economic and Ethnic Trajectories of Housing Estates in Tallinn, Estonia

The Urban Book Series, 2019

Housing estates consisting of Soviet-era large-scale multi-family housing hold a dominant positio... more Housing estates consisting of Soviet-era large-scale multi-family housing hold a dominant position in the housing market of Tallinn; slightly less than two-thirds of residents resided there in 2011. These housing segments were attractive to mixed socioeconomic status groups when initially built due to their high rent subsidies and prevalence of modern conveniences in apartments. The historical developments of housing estates intertwined with ethnicity, specifically the extensive in-migration flows during the Soviet era. In this chapter, we investigate how the socioeconomic and ethnic position of housing estates changed over the course of the period of political and economic reforms (1989-2000) and the subsequent decade (2000-2011). The focus is interlinkages between social and ethnic patterns. Findings suggest a steady, downward trajectory in the social composition of these housing estates, excluding some centrally located neighbourhoods. The historical circumstances related to construction dynamics, flows of foreign immigration and allocation patterns explain residential dynamics. Ethnically minority-rich neighbourhoods are more likely to experience a downward social trajectory than housing estates with fewer ethnic minorities regardless of location.

Research paper thumbnail of Family, school, neighbourhood or all three: Differences in tertiary educational achievement among the Russian ethno-linguistic minority in Tallinn Urban Region, Estonia

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Research paper thumbnail of Ethnic Dimensions of Suburbanisation in Estonia

Social Science Research Network, 2011

Large-scale suburbanisation is a relatively recent phenomenon in East Central Europe and is respo... more Large-scale suburbanisation is a relatively recent phenomenon in East Central Europe and is responsible for major socio-spatial changes in metropolitan areas. Little is known about the ethnic dimensions of suburbanisation, despite the existence of often sizeable Russian minority populations in some member-states of the former Soviet Union. We use individual-level Estonian census data from the year 2000 in order to investigate the ethnic dimensions of suburbanisation. The results show that ethnic minorities have a considerably lower probability of suburbanising compared to the majority population, and minorities are less likely to move to rural municipalities-the main sites of suburban change-in the suburban ring of cities.

Research paper thumbnail of Estonian National Mental Health Study: Design and methods for a registry‐linked longitudinal survey

Brain and Behavior

ObjectivesThe Estonian National Mental Health Study (EMHS) was conducted in 2021–2022 to provide ... more ObjectivesThe Estonian National Mental Health Study (EMHS) was conducted in 2021–2022 to provide population‐wide data on mental health in the context of COVID‐19 pandemic. The main objective of this paper is to describe the rationale, design, and methods of the EMHS and to evaluate the survey response.MethodsRegionally representative stratified random sample of 20,000 persons aged 15 years and older was drawn from the Estonian Population Register for the study. Persons aged 18 years and older at the time of the sampling were enrolled into three survey waves where they were invited to complete an online or postal questionnaire about mental well‐being and disorders, and behavioral, cognitive, and other risk factors. Persons younger than 18 years of age were invited to fill an anonymous online questionnaire starting from wave 2. To complement and validate survey data, data on socio‐demographic, health‐related, and environmental variables were collected from six national administrative ...

Research paper thumbnail of Public space as a medium for emerging governance networks in post-privatised large housing estates in Tartu and Vilnius

Journal of Housing and the Built Environment

In most post-socialist cities modernist mass housing comprises a remarkable share of urban housin... more In most post-socialist cities modernist mass housing comprises a remarkable share of urban housing with a substantial population living there. Therefore, socialist large housing estates (LHEs) have been a fruitful source for research to gather systematic knowledge concerning segregation and housing preferences. Less is known, however, of contemporary LHE-related urban policies and planning interventions. This study asks how in the post-privatisation era, when former governance structures had disappeared, did new urban governance arrangements related to LHEs begin to emerge. We take a closer look at two LHE areas in post-Soviet cities: Annelinn (Tartu, Estonia) and Žirmunai Triangle (Vilnius, Lithuania). The research is based on expert interviews and document analysis exploring the formation of governance networks in both cities since the 2000s and the rationale behind recent planning initiatives. A common new spatial expectation for housing estates’ residents and contemporary urban ...

Research paper thumbnail of Special issue Intro: housing estates in the era of marketization – governance practices and urban planning

Journal of Housing and the Built Environment

This paper introduces a Special Issue of the Journal of Housing and the Built Environment entitle... more This paper introduces a Special Issue of the Journal of Housing and the Built Environment entitled “Housing estates in the era of marketization – governance practices and urban development”. The issue includes 10 European case studies on how marketization has impacted large housing estates (LHEs) across Europe. The collection includes novel contributions from well-studied countries like France or the United Kingdom, cases from Scandinavia and Mediterranean countries, as well as articles from post-socialist cities where the majority of LHEs are situated, and as such presents the diversity of experiences that has emerged in housing estates across Europe in the last two decades. Since the global turn towards neoliberal governance regimes at the end of the 20th century the commodification of housing, accompanied by the financialization of real estate, has not left any housing markets or market segments untouched. All articles focus on the interconnections between problems found in the d...

Research paper thumbnail of Session chair: Urban planning during state socialism: global ambitions, national ideologies and local desires

European Architectural History Network 2021, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Durable Domestic Dreams: Exploring Homes in Estonian Socialist-era Summerhouse Settlements

International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2016

‘Home’ and the connotations of this term are little understood in the context of post-socialist C... more ‘Home’ and the connotations of this term are little understood in the context of post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe. While modern suburban living was rather unusual in this region under socialism, more and more people live in suburbia today. This article concerns itself with the homes of residents in the former socialist-era summerhouse settlements in Estonia. Its aim is to further an understanding of the origins and (dis)continuities of the notion of home for individuals living in a post-socialist environment. This study is based on ethnographic fieldwork. In this article, we present socialist and post-socialist housing in context and describe how it has been shaped by changes in society. Our findings show that the homes of informants appear to strengthen their sense of freedom, autonomy and stability, while simultaneously inspiring their dreams and imaginations of home.

Research paper thumbnail of Planning Post-Summurbia: From Pragmatism to Collaboration?

Research paper thumbnail of and Tiit Tammaru

Research paper thumbnail of Referees 2010–2011

Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography, 2011

The editors are very grateful to the following persons for acting as referees in 2010 and 2011. T... more The editors are very grateful to the following persons for acting as referees in 2010 and 2011. The task of referee often remains anonymous and carries few rewards. We are therefore pleased to acknowledge here the considerable time, dedication, knowledge, and expertise that those listed below have freely given to sustain and improve the quality of Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift Norwegian Journal of Geography

Research paper thumbnail of Hidden new residential areas in the Tallinn metropolitan area: Soviet summer home settlements in residential suburbanisation

Research paper thumbnail of Uusurbanismi ja kompaktlinna kontseptsioonid säästva linnaplaneerimise lähtekohana

Research paper thumbnail of Settlements in Post-socialist Suburbanisa-tion, Urban Studies, 49 (1), pp. 3-21. Doi

Research paper thumbnail of Eeslinnastumine Tallinna linnaregioonis sotsialismijärgsel perioodil

Research paper thumbnail of Tallinna linnaregiooni ränne

Research paper thumbnail of Residential suburbanisation in the Tallinn metropolitan area

Research paper thumbnail of Planning approaches for a creative suburbia: the case of socialist summer home settlements

Research paper thumbnail of Minorities moving out from minority-rich neighbourhoods: does school ethnic context matter in inter-generational residential desegregation?

European Sociological Review

This paper aims to develop a fuller understanding of the relationship between the ethnic composit... more This paper aims to develop a fuller understanding of the relationship between the ethnic composition of childhood residential neighbourhoods, schools, and residential neighbourhoods later in life in producing and reproducing segregation. We apply a longitudinal research design on linked individual-level data from Estonia. Estonia is an interesting case because of the Soviet era population distribution policies and its ubiquitous state-funded educational system where minority parents can choose in which school—Russian-language or Estonian-language—their children study. We find that minority parents mostly opt for minority-dense schools and, if they do so, their children who grew up in minority-dense neighbourhoods also end up living in minority-dense neighbourhoods as adults. An inter-generational vicious circle of segregation forms. However, minority children who live in minority-dense neighbourhoods but study in majority-dense schools are more likely to end up living in majority-de...

Research paper thumbnail of Status: Final version

This project is funded by the European Union under the 7th Framework Programme; Theme: SSH.2012.2... more This project is funded by the European Union under the 7th Framework Programme; Theme: SSH.2012.2.2.2-1; Governance of cohesion and diversity in urban contexts Grant agreement: 319970

Research paper thumbnail of Socio-economic and Ethnic Trajectories of Housing Estates in Tallinn, Estonia

The Urban Book Series, 2019

Housing estates consisting of Soviet-era large-scale multi-family housing hold a dominant positio... more Housing estates consisting of Soviet-era large-scale multi-family housing hold a dominant position in the housing market of Tallinn; slightly less than two-thirds of residents resided there in 2011. These housing segments were attractive to mixed socioeconomic status groups when initially built due to their high rent subsidies and prevalence of modern conveniences in apartments. The historical developments of housing estates intertwined with ethnicity, specifically the extensive in-migration flows during the Soviet era. In this chapter, we investigate how the socioeconomic and ethnic position of housing estates changed over the course of the period of political and economic reforms (1989-2000) and the subsequent decade (2000-2011). The focus is interlinkages between social and ethnic patterns. Findings suggest a steady, downward trajectory in the social composition of these housing estates, excluding some centrally located neighbourhoods. The historical circumstances related to construction dynamics, flows of foreign immigration and allocation patterns explain residential dynamics. Ethnically minority-rich neighbourhoods are more likely to experience a downward social trajectory than housing estates with fewer ethnic minorities regardless of location.