Kaleem Butt - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Kaleem Butt

In Pakistan media has suffered the most whether it is during dictatorship or democracy, media has... more In Pakistan media has suffered the most whether it is during dictatorship or democracy, media has gone through censorship, from the very start periodicals and newspapers were banned and very small space has been given to press. In 1948, first time a periodical was banned in the country because the ruling elite didn't like what it had published against them and since then the ruling elite has tried to control the press. However, the eleven years of General Zia-ul-Haq (1977-1988) are considered to be the worst period for the journalists throughout the country, they were lashed, put into jails and newspapers were banned. Information Officers were employed in the offices of newspapers, whose duty was to monitor what is being published in press and make it sure that no news item against government is published. During this period it was the Sindhi journalists who suffered the most because they were the motivating factor for the public. Sindhi journalists in resistance against censorship used to leave blank spaces in newspapers indicating that some news item has been censored by the government. Sindhi journalists gave their arrests in solidarity with journalistic community. All this is discussed in detail in this paper.

Though the British invasion of Sindh in 1843, after their defeat at Afghanistan was never welcome... more Though the British invasion of Sindh in 1843, after their defeat at Afghanistan was never welcomed by the natives of this land, but anyhow, the administration went in the hands of white rulers, and these British officers were strict at making and implementing rules and regulations, and never tolerated anyone breaking any such rule in the least degree. It seemed that they

There are certain words and phrases that we use often, but we hardly know what we are talking abo... more There are certain words and phrases that we use often, but we hardly know what we are talking about? Being a media person, I often come across with one such word " audience " , " targeted audience " (viewers, listeners and readers). Since media is the most powerful tool of communication and communication is two way process, in that media has very deep relationship with its audience. Mainstream media is categorized into three segments, print, electronic and radio-print media includes newspapers, magazines and periodicals, electronic media comprises of TV channels, while radio is also a popular mean of mainstream media.

International Communication is considered to be the most important aspects of modern world, by i... more International Communication is considered to be the most important aspects of modern world, by international communication, it is meant that keeping in touch with different parts of world on the basis of technology, telecommunications, culture, news, mail, language and cultural ties, these are the main points kept in view, when the politicians have to make their mark. The academics started seriously about international communication after the industrial revolution (1760s-1840) and communication was linked with development projects by French Philosopher in the early 19th century, but after him a British philosopher by the name of Herbert Spenser (1820-1903) also included the mailing system, telegraph and press along with development communication. Different approaches have been taken to theorize international communication, like free flow of communication, modernization theory, dependency theory, the public sphere theory, critical theory and various other approaches, all this would be discussed in detail in this paper.

Gatekeeper/editor plays a very vital role in journalism; a gatekeeper/editor is a person who is r... more Gatekeeper/editor plays a very vital role in journalism; a gatekeeper/editor is a person who is responsible of what is published or broadcasted, he/she takes care of grammatical mistakes, whether the available information could be transformed into news, he/she double checks the accuracy of the information before making it public property. But after the emergence of social media, there has been negative impact on mainstream journalism. From 2000 onwards social media has changed the shape of communication throughout the world, and people worldwide have been connected through social media platforms like Facebook, that was originally created as a platform for university students by a person named Mark Zuckerberg a student of Harvard University in 2004, and since then this medium has gained great popularity worldwide, likewise Twitter was introduced in 2006, WhatsApp was introduced in 2009, Instagram in 2010, Blogs and other such things, all these mediums used in social media provide information, news, pictures and videos. People could reach to information easily and inexpensively. However, there are many disadvantages of social media as far as journalism is concerned, many times unreliable passes onto mainstream media through social media and there is no check and balance and even abuses and allegations become part of news without any proof. There have been many incidents in Pakistan, where journalist's only source of information is social media, it is passed on and gets published or broadcasted in the mainstream media. This research paper throws light on importance of gatekeepers/editors in journalism and the negative impact of social media on journalistic norms in detail. Research Methodologies: In this Research Paper both primary and secondary sources have been used that include interviews, Discussions with topmost journalists, observation as primary source of data collection, while books, research articles and research journals as secondary source. Content Analysis methodology has been applied. In primary data more than 150 respondents were given the open-ended questionnaire 2, all the respondents were journalists by profession, belonging to different cities of Pakistan, including Islamabad, Karachi, Hyderabad, Lahore and Khuzddar.