Kamal Jain - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Books by Kamal Jain

Evolution of open-source web GIS technology in integration with contemporary commercial solutions... more Evolution of open-source web GIS technology in integration with contemporary commercial solutions not only provides an immediate solution at every level of small and medium-sized industry but also attracted students/scholars from a diverse background (Computer Science, Information Technology, Electronics, Civil Engineering, Geography, Geomatics, Earth Sciences, Hydrology etc) who are interested in making their carrier in different government (ISRO, DRDO, NIC, State Disaster Mitigation Centers, State Remote Sensing Centers etc) and private organisations (ESRI, Hexagon, Wipro, TCS etc). Proposed publication “Concepts and Application of Web GIS” emphasises both the basic principles and practical application of Web GIS technology for estimating the developments and advances about the use of both the commercial and open source Web GIS technology. It starts with describing the evolution of Web GIS technology, depicts its important uses/application in integration with Remote Sensing & GIS, discuss the role of Web GIS technology in current Smart City Services and E-Governance solutions and guide new developer to establish a complete Web GIS solution for their desired problem. Overall the book is a comprehensive solution for academia, commercial and planning community, which fills a long felt gap in the field of Geoinformatics and Web GIS community. Chapters written by active researchers presented in a way accessible to a public beyond those who are specialists in the topic dealt. Beside these, it will prove as a valuable reference book for graduation as well as post-graduation students to cover the syllabi related to technologies for GIS and Web GIS.

Papers by Kamal Jain

AI Techniques are best techniques for dealing with complex and dynamic problems of urban studies.... more AI Techniques are best techniques for dealing with complex and dynamic problems of urban studies. They give a better way for analysis of urban growth. Major objective of this study is to review recent developments in the field of urban planning & AI. The purpose of this article is to explore how artificial echniques have been applied for urban dynamic planning processes. For this, the authors have reviewed the application of AI techniques in urban land dynamics. This paper discusses how cellular Automata, Fuzzy Logic, Neural Networks have been applied for Urban Planning due to the unpredictability, instability, uncomputability, irreducibility and emergence that exists in the process of urban evolution. The authors conclude that AI based approaches offer possible solutions for urban dynamics.

2015 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), 2015

The colors in universe have sharp boundaries everybody is aware of specifically wherever a color ... more The colors in universe have sharp boundaries everybody is aware of specifically wherever a color starts and wherever it ends and that any color communicates the details about the targets in the scene in a much better way and that this detailed information can be used to further polish the interpretation of an imaging system. In this paper, the proposed subpixel level arrangements of spatial dependences provide super resolved landuse landcover information using the output of soft classified fractional values. The output of soft classifier satisfies the constraint of non-negativity and sum to 1 instead of whatever their “natural” total is of fractional abundance within the pixels. This phenomenon is also discussed while defining mixed pixels, the pixels at boundary contain both the colors in a proportion so that the pixel appears the color different from either of two. This paper main goal is to extract the information from mixed pixels and subpixel analysis with the subpixel level arrangements of spatial dependences to get the super resolved information.

Procedia Computer Science, 2015

Color is the visual perceptual property of humans. Color obtains from the band spectrum lightweig... more Color is the visual perceptual property of humans. Color obtains from the band spectrum lightweight {of sunshine} (dissemination of wavelength versus light energy) interacting within the eye with the spectral band sensitivities of the sunshine receptors. Color classification and actual descriptions of color are also connected with objects, materials, lightweight sources, etc., supported their physical properties like lightweight absorption, reflection, or emission spectra. Colorimetry (quantitative chemical analysis) is that the science and psychophysical aspects of color that describes colorise numbers or provides a physical color match employing a kind of measuring instruments. Ontologies can be used and designed to reproduce dispense knowledge and control the semantic heterogeneity among color domains. Knowledge is collected by ability of individuals and represented in description logics. Thus ontology is a key implementation strategy of semantic research, which provides knowledge footprint of the corresponding domain. This paper presents ontology for using various color categories. The resulting ontology can be used by human or machine to extract the relevant prominent features from different color categories to find out the inter-connection among physical aspects of color model and therefore the physiological aspects of human vision. This paper is basically an approach to automate the digital image processing method using the concept of colorimetry and semantics. This paper focused on the development of semantic information which represents the color domains of the image resolution pixel value. The aim of this ontology is to modify machines to create and perceive visual color description schemes and descriptors that are expressed in web ontology language (OWL) format.

The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 2017

The problem of extracting proportion of classes present within a pixel has been a challenge for r... more The problem of extracting proportion of classes present within a pixel has been a challenge for researchers for which already numerous methodologies have been developed but still saturation is far ahead, since still the methods accounting these mixed classes are not perfect and they would never be perfect until one can talk about one to one correspondence for each pixel and ground data, which is practically impossible. In this paper a step towards generation of new method for finding out mixed class proportions in a pixel on the basis of the mixing property of colors as per colorimetry. The methodology involves locating the class color of a mixed pixel on chromaticity diagram and then using contextual information mainly the location of neighboring pixels on chromaticity diagram to estimate the proportion of classes in the mixed pixel. Also the resampling method would be more accurate when accounting for sharp and exact boundaries. With the usage of contextual information can generate the resampled image containing only the colors which really exist. The process is simply accounting the fraction and then the number of pixels by multiplying the fraction by total number of pixels into which one pixel is splitted to get number of pixels of each color based on contextual information.

Journal of Environmental Informatics, 2008

Industrialization has led to economic growth but along with it is also responsible for various en... more Industrialization has led to economic growth but along with it is also responsible for various environmental pollution problems. There are many studies which show that industrial pollution has badly affected the groundwater. Site suitability analysis before sitting industries can be a solution for sustainable industrial development. Therefore the idea of the present study is to utilize spatial multicriteria approach to find out suitable areas for groundwater polluting industries considering environmental as well as economic factors. The study is divided into three steps, environmental suitability analysis, socio-economic suitability analysis and then cross classification of two suitability maps which results in suitable site for groundwater polluting industries. In the suitability analysis, factors maps were standardize using fuzzy membership functions and factor weights were generated using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Further, the factors were aggregated using weighted line...

The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are used as stand-alone systems for a variety of purposes from ag... more Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are used as stand-alone systems for a variety of purposes from agriculture, and environmental monitoring through architecture, and construction to humanitarian missions. The advantage of UAV is high spatial and temporal resolution but on the other hand, the disadvantage is the small area of cover and time demanding data collection. As a result of technological advancements, the complexity of systems to unprecedented levels these disadvantages can be solved by UAV Swarm systems. A UAV Swarm system is defined as the utilization of more than one UAV that are cooperating together in a semi-autonomous or autonomous manner to achieve a common goal. There are numerous factors in play while designing a system as advanced as a UAV Swarm. In our experiment, we focused on the semi-autonomous concept of creating and deploying a UAV Swarm with three Small UAVs in master-slave architecture for high-resolution fine-scale mapping. We demonstrate the implementation of collective behaviour of UAV swarm for river bed mapping that considers all on-board systems, including high resolution georeferenced aerial photography and navigation using high accuracy GPS. The testing field for this study was a 13.3 ha linear area of Solani River in the Haridwar district of the state of Uttarakhand, India. Images were captured by all three UAVs (one leader and two followers) and 5 ground control points (GCP) were used for geo-referencing. Aerial Triangulation and Bundle Block adjustment were processed by photogrammetric software Pix4DMapper. This UAV swarm mapping concept generates standard accurate geospatial results of 1.24 cm GSD and RMS Error 0.023 meter. Assessing the proposed system's efficiency and accuracy after such processes are taken into account reduces the time and cost manifolds of the UAV surveying.

India is poised to have nearly fifty per cent of its population in urban areas in next decade. La... more India is poised to have nearly fifty per cent of its population in urban areas in next decade. Large scale urbanization brings the need to plan and develop urban areas in a systematic manner, invest in infrastructure and improve the quality of life in our cities. For the sustainable development of India and in order to successfully address the related challenges, it is crucial to modernize the governance system (Integrated thinking, planning and decision-making processes). In this paper to enable e-governance for sustainable urbanization we introduce GIS mapping and analysis followed by 3D City Modelling. 3D city model basically a computerized or digital three-dimensional representation (3D) of our urban environment (City) that provides complete visual representation of a city and integrates all information regarding spatial objects over, on or under the surface of the earth.

International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 2021

Geo-spatial Information Science, 2010

American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2013

International Journal of …, 2011

The cropping pattern (rotation) of a region depends on the soil, water availability, economic con... more The cropping pattern (rotation) of a region depends on the soil, water availability, economic conditions and climatic factors. Remote sensing is one of the effective tools that can provide precise and up-to-date information on the performance of agricultural systems. Four ...

Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2010

ABSTRACT

Journal of Applied Sciences, 2007

The study illustrates the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) tools and numerical Multi-Cr... more The study illustrates the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) tools and numerical Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques for selection of suitable sites for urban development of a hill town. This study was conducted to identify suitable sites for urban development of a hill town, Nahan using GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation of slope, road proximity, land use, land values, soil and geomorphology factors. Merged spatial data (Cartosat-1 & LISS-IV) and six thematic information layers were analyzed using ArcGIS 9.3 software to identify suitable areas in Nahan town. It focuses on GIS based Overlay Weight age Average (OWA) Sum and Weighted Linear Combination (WLC). The undulating terrain, steep slope, varied soil depth and high building cost give the impression to find out suitable sites for urban development in the Nahan Town. In this study six factors (slope, road proximity, land use, land values, soil and geomorphology) were identified for criteria evaluation. Different thematic information layers were generated using visual interpretation of satellite data for each variable displaying site suitability measured on an ordinal scale. With the generated criteria, maps were standardized using the pair wise comparison matrix method. Weights for each criterion are generated by comparing with each other according to their importance. Criteria weights and maps were combined using OWA and WLC. Pair wise comparison matrix indicates weights for slope (=0.41), road proximity (=0.26), landuse (=0.15), land values (=0.09), soil (=0.06) and geomorphology (=0.03). Consistency Ratio, (CR =0.0117) <0.10 indicated a reasonable level of consistency in the pair wise comparisons. The final suitability map was obtained from both weighted sum overlay and Spatial Analyst Tools covering an area of 3.6 sq. km. After suitability analysis it was found that from the available area 0.1157 sq km falls under very low suitable, 1.6835 sq km under low suitable, 1.2090 sq. km under moderately suitable, 0.3663 sq. km under high suitable and 0.1248 sq. km under very high suitable. The result shows that highly suitable areas for urban development is either agricultural or forest type.

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences

3D city model is a digital representation of the Earth"s surface and it"s related objects such as... more 3D city model is a digital representation of the Earth"s surface and it"s related objects such as Building, Tree, Vegetation, and some manmade feature belonging to urban area. There are various terms used for 3D city models such as "Cybertown", "Cybercity", "Virtual City", or "Digital City". 3D city models are basically a computerized or digital model of a city contains the graphic representation of buildings and other objects in 2.5 or 3D. Generally three main Geomatics approach are using for Virtual 3-D City models generation , in first approach , researcher are using Conventional techniques such as Vector Map data, DEM, Aerial images , second approach are based on High resolution satellite images with LASER scanning, In third method , many researcher are using Terrestrial images by using Close Range Photogrammetry with DSM & Texture mapping. We start this paper from the introduction of various Geomatics techniques for 3D City modeling. These techniques divided in to two main categories: one is based on Automation (Automatic, Semi-automatic and Manual methods), and another is Based on Data input techniques (one is Photogrammetry, another is Laser Techniques). After details study of this, finally in short, we are trying to give the conclusions of this study. In the last, we are trying to give the conclusions of this research paper and also giving a short view for justification and analysis, and present trend for 3D City modeling. This paper gives an overview about the Techniques related with "Generation of Virtual 3-D City models using Geomatics Techniques" and the Applications of Virtual 3D City models. Photogrammetry, (Close range, Aerial, Satellite), Lasergrammetry, GPS, or combination of these modern Geomatics techniques play a major role to create a virtual 3-D City model. Each and every techniques and method has some advantages and some drawbacks. Point cloud model is a modern trend for virtual 3-D city model. Photo-realistic, Scalable, Geo-referenced virtual 3-D City model is a very useful for various kinds of applications such as for planning in Navigation, Tourism, Disasters Management, Transportations, Municipality, Urban Environmental Managements and Real-estate industry. So the Construction of Virtual 3-D city models is a most interesting research topic in recent years.

ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences

3D city model is a digital representation of the Earth's surface and it’s related objects suc... more 3D city model is a digital representation of the Earth's surface and it’s related objects such as building, tree, vegetation, and some manmade feature belonging to urban area. The demand of 3D city modeling is increasing day to day for various engineering and non-engineering applications. Generally three main image based approaches are using for virtual 3D city models generation. In first approach, researchers used Sketch based modeling, second method is Procedural grammar based modeling and third approach is Close range photogrammetry based modeling. Literature study shows that till date, there is no complete solution available to create complete 3D city model by using images. These image based methods also have limitations <br><br> This paper gives a new approach towards image based virtual 3D city modeling by using close range photogrammetry. This approach is divided into three sections. First, data…

International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS

In order to prevent, avoid or ameliorate the impact of disaster there are various solutions propo... more In order to prevent, avoid or ameliorate the impact of disaster there are various solutions proposed by different international, national organizations, agencies and NGOs. These solutions established GIS as an indispensable tool to develop plans for tackling a disaster in a much better way. Geographic information systems enable efficient organisation of disaster dataset. Its visualization framework are capable to redraw the worst natural clematises that can be quarried and analyzed to produce results, helpful to save important human life and prevent infrastructure damages. Although there is a wide variety of simulation and modelling techniques, implementation strategies and customization options available in GIS, it is impossible to simulate and analyze rapidly changing 3D dynamic disaster phenomena within the current 2D GIS. The perceptions of decision makers tasked with dealing with a particular natural hazard are highly influenced by the manner in which the hazard is visualized. Disaster manager often use digital maps; using 3D graphical representation significantly reduces the cognition effort needed to interpret the situation and improves the efficiency of the decision making process. Automated 3D city modelling is yet an important topic of research, while semiautomatic and manual methods are well developed, applied and already tested for the acquisition of city wide geometry and façade databases. This paper tries to combine the analytical power of GIS in the synchronization with visualization capabilities of 3D Models and brought the most desirable 3D GIS technology for disaster management. This research paper proposes 3D GIS enable disaster management architecture to overcome the current limitations of both 2D GIS and 3D Models in simulating disasters. To respond disaster scenarios 3D GIS architecture cover all phases of 'disaster management life cycle'. Architecture is designed to serve for both the stakeholders and disaster managers for providing better, up to date options that depicts clear and valuable picture of disaster scenarios in all technical dimensions.

International Journal of Advanced Civil Engineering and Architecture Research, Sep 28, 2013

Evolution of open-source web GIS technology in integration with contemporary commercial solutions... more Evolution of open-source web GIS technology in integration with contemporary commercial solutions not only provides an immediate solution at every level of small and medium-sized industry but also attracted students/scholars from a diverse background (Computer Science, Information Technology, Electronics, Civil Engineering, Geography, Geomatics, Earth Sciences, Hydrology etc) who are interested in making their carrier in different government (ISRO, DRDO, NIC, State Disaster Mitigation Centers, State Remote Sensing Centers etc) and private organisations (ESRI, Hexagon, Wipro, TCS etc). Proposed publication “Concepts and Application of Web GIS” emphasises both the basic principles and practical application of Web GIS technology for estimating the developments and advances about the use of both the commercial and open source Web GIS technology. It starts with describing the evolution of Web GIS technology, depicts its important uses/application in integration with Remote Sensing & GIS, discuss the role of Web GIS technology in current Smart City Services and E-Governance solutions and guide new developer to establish a complete Web GIS solution for their desired problem. Overall the book is a comprehensive solution for academia, commercial and planning community, which fills a long felt gap in the field of Geoinformatics and Web GIS community. Chapters written by active researchers presented in a way accessible to a public beyond those who are specialists in the topic dealt. Beside these, it will prove as a valuable reference book for graduation as well as post-graduation students to cover the syllabi related to technologies for GIS and Web GIS.

AI Techniques are best techniques for dealing with complex and dynamic problems of urban studies.... more AI Techniques are best techniques for dealing with complex and dynamic problems of urban studies. They give a better way for analysis of urban growth. Major objective of this study is to review recent developments in the field of urban planning & AI. The purpose of this article is to explore how artificial echniques have been applied for urban dynamic planning processes. For this, the authors have reviewed the application of AI techniques in urban land dynamics. This paper discusses how cellular Automata, Fuzzy Logic, Neural Networks have been applied for Urban Planning due to the unpredictability, instability, uncomputability, irreducibility and emergence that exists in the process of urban evolution. The authors conclude that AI based approaches offer possible solutions for urban dynamics.

2015 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), 2015

The colors in universe have sharp boundaries everybody is aware of specifically wherever a color ... more The colors in universe have sharp boundaries everybody is aware of specifically wherever a color starts and wherever it ends and that any color communicates the details about the targets in the scene in a much better way and that this detailed information can be used to further polish the interpretation of an imaging system. In this paper, the proposed subpixel level arrangements of spatial dependences provide super resolved landuse landcover information using the output of soft classified fractional values. The output of soft classifier satisfies the constraint of non-negativity and sum to 1 instead of whatever their “natural” total is of fractional abundance within the pixels. This phenomenon is also discussed while defining mixed pixels, the pixels at boundary contain both the colors in a proportion so that the pixel appears the color different from either of two. This paper main goal is to extract the information from mixed pixels and subpixel analysis with the subpixel level arrangements of spatial dependences to get the super resolved information.

Procedia Computer Science, 2015

Color is the visual perceptual property of humans. Color obtains from the band spectrum lightweig... more Color is the visual perceptual property of humans. Color obtains from the band spectrum lightweight {of sunshine} (dissemination of wavelength versus light energy) interacting within the eye with the spectral band sensitivities of the sunshine receptors. Color classification and actual descriptions of color are also connected with objects, materials, lightweight sources, etc., supported their physical properties like lightweight absorption, reflection, or emission spectra. Colorimetry (quantitative chemical analysis) is that the science and psychophysical aspects of color that describes colorise numbers or provides a physical color match employing a kind of measuring instruments. Ontologies can be used and designed to reproduce dispense knowledge and control the semantic heterogeneity among color domains. Knowledge is collected by ability of individuals and represented in description logics. Thus ontology is a key implementation strategy of semantic research, which provides knowledge footprint of the corresponding domain. This paper presents ontology for using various color categories. The resulting ontology can be used by human or machine to extract the relevant prominent features from different color categories to find out the inter-connection among physical aspects of color model and therefore the physiological aspects of human vision. This paper is basically an approach to automate the digital image processing method using the concept of colorimetry and semantics. This paper focused on the development of semantic information which represents the color domains of the image resolution pixel value. The aim of this ontology is to modify machines to create and perceive visual color description schemes and descriptors that are expressed in web ontology language (OWL) format.

The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 2017

The problem of extracting proportion of classes present within a pixel has been a challenge for r... more The problem of extracting proportion of classes present within a pixel has been a challenge for researchers for which already numerous methodologies have been developed but still saturation is far ahead, since still the methods accounting these mixed classes are not perfect and they would never be perfect until one can talk about one to one correspondence for each pixel and ground data, which is practically impossible. In this paper a step towards generation of new method for finding out mixed class proportions in a pixel on the basis of the mixing property of colors as per colorimetry. The methodology involves locating the class color of a mixed pixel on chromaticity diagram and then using contextual information mainly the location of neighboring pixels on chromaticity diagram to estimate the proportion of classes in the mixed pixel. Also the resampling method would be more accurate when accounting for sharp and exact boundaries. With the usage of contextual information can generate the resampled image containing only the colors which really exist. The process is simply accounting the fraction and then the number of pixels by multiplying the fraction by total number of pixels into which one pixel is splitted to get number of pixels of each color based on contextual information.

Journal of Environmental Informatics, 2008

Industrialization has led to economic growth but along with it is also responsible for various en... more Industrialization has led to economic growth but along with it is also responsible for various environmental pollution problems. There are many studies which show that industrial pollution has badly affected the groundwater. Site suitability analysis before sitting industries can be a solution for sustainable industrial development. Therefore the idea of the present study is to utilize spatial multicriteria approach to find out suitable areas for groundwater polluting industries considering environmental as well as economic factors. The study is divided into three steps, environmental suitability analysis, socio-economic suitability analysis and then cross classification of two suitability maps which results in suitable site for groundwater polluting industries. In the suitability analysis, factors maps were standardize using fuzzy membership functions and factor weights were generated using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Further, the factors were aggregated using weighted line...

The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are used as stand-alone systems for a variety of purposes from ag... more Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are used as stand-alone systems for a variety of purposes from agriculture, and environmental monitoring through architecture, and construction to humanitarian missions. The advantage of UAV is high spatial and temporal resolution but on the other hand, the disadvantage is the small area of cover and time demanding data collection. As a result of technological advancements, the complexity of systems to unprecedented levels these disadvantages can be solved by UAV Swarm systems. A UAV Swarm system is defined as the utilization of more than one UAV that are cooperating together in a semi-autonomous or autonomous manner to achieve a common goal. There are numerous factors in play while designing a system as advanced as a UAV Swarm. In our experiment, we focused on the semi-autonomous concept of creating and deploying a UAV Swarm with three Small UAVs in master-slave architecture for high-resolution fine-scale mapping. We demonstrate the implementation of collective behaviour of UAV swarm for river bed mapping that considers all on-board systems, including high resolution georeferenced aerial photography and navigation using high accuracy GPS. The testing field for this study was a 13.3 ha linear area of Solani River in the Haridwar district of the state of Uttarakhand, India. Images were captured by all three UAVs (one leader and two followers) and 5 ground control points (GCP) were used for geo-referencing. Aerial Triangulation and Bundle Block adjustment were processed by photogrammetric software Pix4DMapper. This UAV swarm mapping concept generates standard accurate geospatial results of 1.24 cm GSD and RMS Error 0.023 meter. Assessing the proposed system's efficiency and accuracy after such processes are taken into account reduces the time and cost manifolds of the UAV surveying.

India is poised to have nearly fifty per cent of its population in urban areas in next decade. La... more India is poised to have nearly fifty per cent of its population in urban areas in next decade. Large scale urbanization brings the need to plan and develop urban areas in a systematic manner, invest in infrastructure and improve the quality of life in our cities. For the sustainable development of India and in order to successfully address the related challenges, it is crucial to modernize the governance system (Integrated thinking, planning and decision-making processes). In this paper to enable e-governance for sustainable urbanization we introduce GIS mapping and analysis followed by 3D City Modelling. 3D city model basically a computerized or digital three-dimensional representation (3D) of our urban environment (City) that provides complete visual representation of a city and integrates all information regarding spatial objects over, on or under the surface of the earth.

International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 2021

Geo-spatial Information Science, 2010

American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2013

International Journal of …, 2011

The cropping pattern (rotation) of a region depends on the soil, water availability, economic con... more The cropping pattern (rotation) of a region depends on the soil, water availability, economic conditions and climatic factors. Remote sensing is one of the effective tools that can provide precise and up-to-date information on the performance of agricultural systems. Four ...

Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2010

ABSTRACT

Journal of Applied Sciences, 2007

The study illustrates the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) tools and numerical Multi-Cr... more The study illustrates the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) tools and numerical Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques for selection of suitable sites for urban development of a hill town. This study was conducted to identify suitable sites for urban development of a hill town, Nahan using GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation of slope, road proximity, land use, land values, soil and geomorphology factors. Merged spatial data (Cartosat-1 & LISS-IV) and six thematic information layers were analyzed using ArcGIS 9.3 software to identify suitable areas in Nahan town. It focuses on GIS based Overlay Weight age Average (OWA) Sum and Weighted Linear Combination (WLC). The undulating terrain, steep slope, varied soil depth and high building cost give the impression to find out suitable sites for urban development in the Nahan Town. In this study six factors (slope, road proximity, land use, land values, soil and geomorphology) were identified for criteria evaluation. Different thematic information layers were generated using visual interpretation of satellite data for each variable displaying site suitability measured on an ordinal scale. With the generated criteria, maps were standardized using the pair wise comparison matrix method. Weights for each criterion are generated by comparing with each other according to their importance. Criteria weights and maps were combined using OWA and WLC. Pair wise comparison matrix indicates weights for slope (=0.41), road proximity (=0.26), landuse (=0.15), land values (=0.09), soil (=0.06) and geomorphology (=0.03). Consistency Ratio, (CR =0.0117) <0.10 indicated a reasonable level of consistency in the pair wise comparisons. The final suitability map was obtained from both weighted sum overlay and Spatial Analyst Tools covering an area of 3.6 sq. km. After suitability analysis it was found that from the available area 0.1157 sq km falls under very low suitable, 1.6835 sq km under low suitable, 1.2090 sq. km under moderately suitable, 0.3663 sq. km under high suitable and 0.1248 sq. km under very high suitable. The result shows that highly suitable areas for urban development is either agricultural or forest type.

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences

3D city model is a digital representation of the Earth"s surface and it"s related objects such as... more 3D city model is a digital representation of the Earth"s surface and it"s related objects such as Building, Tree, Vegetation, and some manmade feature belonging to urban area. There are various terms used for 3D city models such as "Cybertown", "Cybercity", "Virtual City", or "Digital City". 3D city models are basically a computerized or digital model of a city contains the graphic representation of buildings and other objects in 2.5 or 3D. Generally three main Geomatics approach are using for Virtual 3-D City models generation , in first approach , researcher are using Conventional techniques such as Vector Map data, DEM, Aerial images , second approach are based on High resolution satellite images with LASER scanning, In third method , many researcher are using Terrestrial images by using Close Range Photogrammetry with DSM & Texture mapping. We start this paper from the introduction of various Geomatics techniques for 3D City modeling. These techniques divided in to two main categories: one is based on Automation (Automatic, Semi-automatic and Manual methods), and another is Based on Data input techniques (one is Photogrammetry, another is Laser Techniques). After details study of this, finally in short, we are trying to give the conclusions of this study. In the last, we are trying to give the conclusions of this research paper and also giving a short view for justification and analysis, and present trend for 3D City modeling. This paper gives an overview about the Techniques related with "Generation of Virtual 3-D City models using Geomatics Techniques" and the Applications of Virtual 3D City models. Photogrammetry, (Close range, Aerial, Satellite), Lasergrammetry, GPS, or combination of these modern Geomatics techniques play a major role to create a virtual 3-D City model. Each and every techniques and method has some advantages and some drawbacks. Point cloud model is a modern trend for virtual 3-D city model. Photo-realistic, Scalable, Geo-referenced virtual 3-D City model is a very useful for various kinds of applications such as for planning in Navigation, Tourism, Disasters Management, Transportations, Municipality, Urban Environmental Managements and Real-estate industry. So the Construction of Virtual 3-D city models is a most interesting research topic in recent years.

ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences

3D city model is a digital representation of the Earth's surface and it’s related objects suc... more 3D city model is a digital representation of the Earth's surface and it’s related objects such as building, tree, vegetation, and some manmade feature belonging to urban area. The demand of 3D city modeling is increasing day to day for various engineering and non-engineering applications. Generally three main image based approaches are using for virtual 3D city models generation. In first approach, researchers used Sketch based modeling, second method is Procedural grammar based modeling and third approach is Close range photogrammetry based modeling. Literature study shows that till date, there is no complete solution available to create complete 3D city model by using images. These image based methods also have limitations <br><br> This paper gives a new approach towards image based virtual 3D city modeling by using close range photogrammetry. This approach is divided into three sections. First, data…

International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS

In order to prevent, avoid or ameliorate the impact of disaster there are various solutions propo... more In order to prevent, avoid or ameliorate the impact of disaster there are various solutions proposed by different international, national organizations, agencies and NGOs. These solutions established GIS as an indispensable tool to develop plans for tackling a disaster in a much better way. Geographic information systems enable efficient organisation of disaster dataset. Its visualization framework are capable to redraw the worst natural clematises that can be quarried and analyzed to produce results, helpful to save important human life and prevent infrastructure damages. Although there is a wide variety of simulation and modelling techniques, implementation strategies and customization options available in GIS, it is impossible to simulate and analyze rapidly changing 3D dynamic disaster phenomena within the current 2D GIS. The perceptions of decision makers tasked with dealing with a particular natural hazard are highly influenced by the manner in which the hazard is visualized. Disaster manager often use digital maps; using 3D graphical representation significantly reduces the cognition effort needed to interpret the situation and improves the efficiency of the decision making process. Automated 3D city modelling is yet an important topic of research, while semiautomatic and manual methods are well developed, applied and already tested for the acquisition of city wide geometry and façade databases. This paper tries to combine the analytical power of GIS in the synchronization with visualization capabilities of 3D Models and brought the most desirable 3D GIS technology for disaster management. This research paper proposes 3D GIS enable disaster management architecture to overcome the current limitations of both 2D GIS and 3D Models in simulating disasters. To respond disaster scenarios 3D GIS architecture cover all phases of 'disaster management life cycle'. Architecture is designed to serve for both the stakeholders and disaster managers for providing better, up to date options that depicts clear and valuable picture of disaster scenarios in all technical dimensions.

International Journal of Advanced Civil Engineering and Architecture Research, Sep 28, 2013

Initially, Geographic information systems offered as a system with digital methods for integratin... more Initially, Geographic information systems offered as a system with digital methods for integrating, analyzing, and visualizing geographical information but now GIS has emerged as a major tool in a multitude of areas for both commercial and governmental purposes worldwide. The Web has revealed the immense value and broad applicability of GIS, set the bar for today's user expectations, and introduced flexible architectures for use with modern IT infrastructure. Web based information systems present many challenges including problems of modeling, representing and using semantics of diverse information sources, distributed information management, distributed and parallel query processing. Use of traditional GIS is not always satisfactory; users have to cope with distributed heterogeneous data sources to find appropriate resources for particular situations. Ontology can provide a ''common basis'' for semantic mapping between information communities. The Semantic Web aims to allow the development of easy to use applications and transparent access to services and data, by giving machine understandable meaning (semantics) to services as well as contents on the Web, and to create a universal medium for information exchange. This papers introduce Semantic Web Services which are directly related to the development of web based GIS systems, and also focus on the design and implementation of an enhanced server that provides the publishing and discovery of rich web service based on context-aware semantic information.