Kang Lee - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Kang Lee

Real-time sensor data is essential for making decisions in controlling industrial processes. Wire... more Real-time sensor data is essential for making decisions in controlling industrial processes. Wireless sensor networks (WSN’s) are becoming more common for industrial processes and condition monitoring. However, wireless communication is subject to interference and thus may affect critical industrial operations. A wireless testbed was developed to study how various wireless sensor network configurations and topologies affect the performance and safety of manufacturing plant operations. A continuous process chemical plant operation was adopted and run in simulation. The chemical process adopted is the Tennessee Eastman Challenge Process with the Lawrence Ricker decentralized controller. The simulated process with sensor output is interfaced to an IEEE 802.15.4-based wireless sensor network via a programmable logic controller (PLC). This integration of the simulated physical system with a real wireless network allows us to examine the effects of real-time wireless communications in a f...

into useful information if the signal energy was high enough to overcome naturally and artificial... more into useful information if the signal energy was high enough to overcome naturally and artificially occurring noise and interference. Multi-path reflections may result in significant interference and information loss even if signal power is high. 2.3.2 RF Considerations The following terms and definitions will help the reader to better understand the vocabulary used in wireless technology and have a stronger understanding of wireless networking considerations. 2.3.2.1 General Concepts and Definitions Antenna-A device that converts electrical energy into propagating electromagnetic waves or the reverse. Antenna Polarity-The orientation of the directionality of electromagnetic waves produced by an antenna. Common polarities are vertical, horizontal, and circular. Receive antennas should be oriented such that its polarity matches that of the transmitting antenna polarity. Bandwidth-The amount of spectrum occupied by a signal. For example, a standard IEEE 802.11g transmission will use a nominal 22 MHz of bandwidth. An IEEE 802.15.4 transmission on which ZigBee, WirelessHART, and ISA100 Wireless are designed will use a nominal 5 MHz of bandwidth. Carrier-A single frequency sinusoidal signal represented by a vertical line or spike in frequency. Channel-A term used to identify a physical communications link and includes the characteristics of the entire path of information flow from transmitter to receiver. A channel is defined by electrical and electromagnetic characteristics of the transmission medium such as bandwidth and distortions. Interference-RF power, typically in the RF band of interest, that disrupts communications by inhibiting the ability of a receiver to decode a transmission. Sources of interference could include anything that radiates electromagnetic (EM) energy such as machinery and undesirable radio devices. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)-Ratio of signal power to naturally occurring emissions such as thermal noise and cosmic background radiation. Maximizing SNR is the primary goal of wireless communications. Signal-to-Noise-And-Interference Ratio (SNIR)-Ratio of signal power to the sum of naturally occurring noise power and interference power. Minimizing the contribution of interference to SNIR is an important goal of a wireless communications system. Power Decibels-A logarithmic representation of a voltage or power relative to a reference. Power is converted to decibels by the equation 10 10 log Pp . The notation dBW and dBm represent power levels relative to 1 Watt and 1 milliwatt, respectively. The notation dB denotes a ratio of two numbers and should not be used to denote power. Link Budget-Calculations that predict the probability that a transmission will be successfully detected and decoded by the receiver. A link budget will account for transmission power, signal formatting, noise, signal distortions, interference, receiver characteristics, and the link reliability requirements. Link Margin-The difference in decibels (dB) between the ability of a receiver to successfully receive a transmission and the expected minimum received power. A link margin of 10 dB indicates that a signal could be attenuated by an additional factor of 10 before it can no longer be received. A link margin should accommodate reasonable unexpected attenuations, distortions, and interference not directly addressed by the link budget.

Proceedings of the IEEE, 2019

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) applications, featured with data-centric innovations, are le... more Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) applications, featured with data-centric innovations, are leveraging the observability, control, and analytics, as well as the safety of industrial operations. In IIoT deployments, wireless links are increasingly used in improving the operational connectivity for industrial data services, such as collecting massive process data, communicating with industrial robots, and tracking machines/parts/products on the factory floor and beyond. Wireless system design for IIoT applications is inherently a joint effort between operational technology (OT) engineers, information technology (IT) system architects, and wireless network planners. In this paper, we propose a new reference framework for wireless system design in IIoT use cases. The framework presents a generic design process and identifies the key questions and tools of individual procedures. Specifically, we extract impact factors from distinct domains including industrial operations and environments, data service dynamics, and the IT infrastructure. We then map these factors into function clusters and discuss their respective impact on performance metrics and resource utilization strategies. Finally, discussions take place in four exemplary IIoT applications where we use the framework to identify wireless network issues and deployment features in the continuous process monitoring, discrete system control, mobile applications, and spectrum harmonization, respectively. The goals of this work are twofold: 1) to assist OT engineers to better recognize wireless communication demands and challenges in their plants, and 2) to help industrial IT specialists to come up with operative and efficient end-to-end wireless solutions to meet demanding needs in factory environments. Index Terms-Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), industrial wireless networks, design reference framework.

IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, 2018

Industrial wireless has a great potential to improve monitoring and control of various processes ... more Industrial wireless has a great potential to improve monitoring and control of various processes and equipment in distributed automation systems due to the advances in wireless networks and installation flexibility. However, the harsh industrial environments and interferences from the crowded electromagnetic frequency spectrum make it challenging for industrial wireless to achieve the required performance. Thus, it is important to understand the benefits of industrial wireless at certain industrial settings, the approach for reliable operations, the technologies to be used, and the best practices for successful industrial wireless deployments. With the increase in deployments of existing wireless technologies in various applications in industrial settings, manufacturers need help in making confident decisions in deploying appropriate wireless technologies based on their operating requirements. Hence, the purpose of this article is to present our approach in industrial wireless system deployments by discussing various phases of deployment lifecycle. This approach considers various industrial settings including manufacturing, oil and gas refineries, chemical production, and product assembly. Then we examine the problems and technology spaces for industrial wireless. Furthermore, we discuss various objectives and success criteria for wireless technologies deployments. THE NEED FOR INDUSTRIAL WIRELESS SYSTEMS With the advances in wireless devices for the Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber Physical Systems, the use of industrial wireless has continued to grow at a rapid pace. Industrial wireless has gained a great potential for deployment in industrial automation, including process control, discrete manufacturing, and safety systems. The advantages of applying wireless technologies in industrial systems for monitoring and control of equipment and processes include enabling configuration flexibility, support for mobility, and eliminating costly cabling. Moreover, industrial wireless allows for easier network expansion to improve productivity and efficiency. Wireless technology has been used in industry for many years in the licensed spectrum bands for interference-free wireless transmissions which ensures flexible networking and reliable over-the-air data communications for plant process monitoring and control. In recent years, license-free spectrum bands, such as the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands, have proliferated and provided industry more

2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS), 2016

Factory and process automation systems are increasingly employing information and communications ... more Factory and process automation systems are increasingly employing information and communications technologies to facilitate data sharing and analysis in integrated control operations. Wireless connections provide flexible access to a variety of field instruments and reduce network installation and maintenance costs. This serves as an incentive for the adoption of industrial wireless networks based on standards such as the WirelessHART and ISA100.11a in factory control systems. However, process control systems vary greatly and have diverse wireless networking requirements in different applications. These requirements include deterministic transmissions in the shared wireless bandwidth, low-cost operation, long-term durability, and high reliability in the harsh radio propagation environment. It is an open question whether a generic wireless technology would meet the requirements of industrial process control. In this paper, we propose a novel simulation framework for performance evaluation of wireless networks in factory and process automation systems. We select a typical process control plant model, specifically the Tennessee Eastman Challenge (TE) Model, and define the interfaces between the process simulator and the wireless network simulator. We develop a model of the protocol stack of the WirelessHART specification in the OMNET++ simulation engine as a typical industrial wireless network. We present simulation results that validate the prospect of using WirelessHART in the TE plant, and we evaluate the impact of various wireless network configurations on the plant operation. Given its modular design, the proposed simulation framework can be easily used to evaluate the performance of other industrial wireless networks in conjunction with a variety of process control systems.

This publication was prepared by United States Government employees as part of their official dut... more This publication was prepared by United States Government employees as part of their official duties and is, therefore, a work of the United States Government and not subject to copyright Certain commercial equipment is identified in this paper to adequately describe the system under development. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Bureau of Standards, nor does it imply that the equipment is necessarily the best available for the purpose.

Accurate identification of spindle health in real-time is an important feature of next generation... more Accurate identification of spindle health in real-time is an important feature of next generation smart machining systems that are capable of self-diagnosis. This paper presents a software design for an automated spindle health monitoring system based on open systems architecture. An analytic waveletbased envelope spectrum algorithm is proposed and coded in software for effective and efficient spindle degradation identification, defect localization, and damage growth tracking. The software is functionally adaptive and contributes directly to the development of a new generation of smart machine tools.

ASME 2012 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, 2012

MTConnect is an open and extensible protocol designed for the exchange of data between shop floor... more MTConnect is an open and extensible protocol designed for the exchange of data between shop floor devices and software applications. MTConnect allows manufacturers to facilitate retrieval of information and data from factory devices, such as machine tools, sensors, and controllers. Currently, MTConnect users read data from sensors through proprietary sensor interfaces using adaptors. The suite of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1451 standards defines a set of open, common communication interfaces for sensor networks, including both sensor interfaces and network interfaces. This paper proposes an integration architecture of MTConnect with IEEE 1451 standard-based sensor networks. In the architecture, MTConnect plays a network interface role in the IEEE 1451 standard-based sensor networks via an MTConnect Agent. An adaptor is used to provide the mapping between the MTConnect Agent and the IEEE 1451 sensor network. A prototype system integrating MTConnect with ...

A committee of industry and government technology experts has completed a three-year effort to de... more A committee of industry and government technology experts has completed a three-year effort to develop a set of specifications that consist of a unifying set of functions, communications protocols, a common set of commands, and electronic data sheet formats that will serve as the basis for all future IEEE 1451 smart transducer interface standards. This paper will highlight the key features of the proposed IEEE P1451.0 standard and describe how these features are being used in applications, and how they are beneficial to users in achieving data-level interoperability where multiple wired and wireless sensor networks are connected.

Second IEEE International Workshop on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applications, 2003. Proceedings

ABSTRACT We consider the structures of distributive data acquisition systems based on IEEE1451 st... more ABSTRACT We consider the structures of distributive data acquisition systems based on IEEE1451 standard. Also we indicate the disadvantages of the network capable application processor of this standard and propose the general structure of modernized network capable application processor which is compatible to IEEE1451 standard. Proposed processor provide elimination of indicated disadvantages by the dynamic on-line reprogramming and software operating of the most widely used interfaces. We present the experimental research of proposed approach to the implementation of the software operated interfaces. We present the examples of application of the proposed network capable application processor and benefits of its application

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IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, 2009

IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, 2005

ensors and networks are key components in building distributed sensor networks nationwide for det... more ensors and networks are key components in building distributed sensor networks nationwide for detecting weapons of mass destruction and monitoring and protecting critical infrastructure such as airports, bridges, buildings, railways, utility, and water supplies. Tens of thousands of sensors will be connected through wired and wireless networks for communicating and sharing sensor data and information among government agencies and private enterprises to effectively protect people and property. Open, standardized sensor interfaces and sensor data formats are needed to enable effective integration, access, fusion, and use of sensor-derived data in critical homeland security (HLS) applications. This article discusses some open stan

IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, 2008

Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, 2006.

Volume 9: Mechanical Systems and Control, Parts A, B, and C, 2007

2009 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, 2009

Real-time sensor data is essential for making decisions in controlling industrial processes. Wire... more Real-time sensor data is essential for making decisions in controlling industrial processes. Wireless sensor networks (WSN’s) are becoming more common for industrial processes and condition monitoring. However, wireless communication is subject to interference and thus may affect critical industrial operations. A wireless testbed was developed to study how various wireless sensor network configurations and topologies affect the performance and safety of manufacturing plant operations. A continuous process chemical plant operation was adopted and run in simulation. The chemical process adopted is the Tennessee Eastman Challenge Process with the Lawrence Ricker decentralized controller. The simulated process with sensor output is interfaced to an IEEE 802.15.4-based wireless sensor network via a programmable logic controller (PLC). This integration of the simulated physical system with a real wireless network allows us to examine the effects of real-time wireless communications in a f...

into useful information if the signal energy was high enough to overcome naturally and artificial... more into useful information if the signal energy was high enough to overcome naturally and artificially occurring noise and interference. Multi-path reflections may result in significant interference and information loss even if signal power is high. 2.3.2 RF Considerations The following terms and definitions will help the reader to better understand the vocabulary used in wireless technology and have a stronger understanding of wireless networking considerations. 2.3.2.1 General Concepts and Definitions Antenna-A device that converts electrical energy into propagating electromagnetic waves or the reverse. Antenna Polarity-The orientation of the directionality of electromagnetic waves produced by an antenna. Common polarities are vertical, horizontal, and circular. Receive antennas should be oriented such that its polarity matches that of the transmitting antenna polarity. Bandwidth-The amount of spectrum occupied by a signal. For example, a standard IEEE 802.11g transmission will use a nominal 22 MHz of bandwidth. An IEEE 802.15.4 transmission on which ZigBee, WirelessHART, and ISA100 Wireless are designed will use a nominal 5 MHz of bandwidth. Carrier-A single frequency sinusoidal signal represented by a vertical line or spike in frequency. Channel-A term used to identify a physical communications link and includes the characteristics of the entire path of information flow from transmitter to receiver. A channel is defined by electrical and electromagnetic characteristics of the transmission medium such as bandwidth and distortions. Interference-RF power, typically in the RF band of interest, that disrupts communications by inhibiting the ability of a receiver to decode a transmission. Sources of interference could include anything that radiates electromagnetic (EM) energy such as machinery and undesirable radio devices. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)-Ratio of signal power to naturally occurring emissions such as thermal noise and cosmic background radiation. Maximizing SNR is the primary goal of wireless communications. Signal-to-Noise-And-Interference Ratio (SNIR)-Ratio of signal power to the sum of naturally occurring noise power and interference power. Minimizing the contribution of interference to SNIR is an important goal of a wireless communications system. Power Decibels-A logarithmic representation of a voltage or power relative to a reference. Power is converted to decibels by the equation 10 10 log Pp . The notation dBW and dBm represent power levels relative to 1 Watt and 1 milliwatt, respectively. The notation dB denotes a ratio of two numbers and should not be used to denote power. Link Budget-Calculations that predict the probability that a transmission will be successfully detected and decoded by the receiver. A link budget will account for transmission power, signal formatting, noise, signal distortions, interference, receiver characteristics, and the link reliability requirements. Link Margin-The difference in decibels (dB) between the ability of a receiver to successfully receive a transmission and the expected minimum received power. A link margin of 10 dB indicates that a signal could be attenuated by an additional factor of 10 before it can no longer be received. A link margin should accommodate reasonable unexpected attenuations, distortions, and interference not directly addressed by the link budget.

Proceedings of the IEEE, 2019

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) applications, featured with data-centric innovations, are le... more Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) applications, featured with data-centric innovations, are leveraging the observability, control, and analytics, as well as the safety of industrial operations. In IIoT deployments, wireless links are increasingly used in improving the operational connectivity for industrial data services, such as collecting massive process data, communicating with industrial robots, and tracking machines/parts/products on the factory floor and beyond. Wireless system design for IIoT applications is inherently a joint effort between operational technology (OT) engineers, information technology (IT) system architects, and wireless network planners. In this paper, we propose a new reference framework for wireless system design in IIoT use cases. The framework presents a generic design process and identifies the key questions and tools of individual procedures. Specifically, we extract impact factors from distinct domains including industrial operations and environments, data service dynamics, and the IT infrastructure. We then map these factors into function clusters and discuss their respective impact on performance metrics and resource utilization strategies. Finally, discussions take place in four exemplary IIoT applications where we use the framework to identify wireless network issues and deployment features in the continuous process monitoring, discrete system control, mobile applications, and spectrum harmonization, respectively. The goals of this work are twofold: 1) to assist OT engineers to better recognize wireless communication demands and challenges in their plants, and 2) to help industrial IT specialists to come up with operative and efficient end-to-end wireless solutions to meet demanding needs in factory environments. Index Terms-Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), industrial wireless networks, design reference framework.

IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, 2018

Industrial wireless has a great potential to improve monitoring and control of various processes ... more Industrial wireless has a great potential to improve monitoring and control of various processes and equipment in distributed automation systems due to the advances in wireless networks and installation flexibility. However, the harsh industrial environments and interferences from the crowded electromagnetic frequency spectrum make it challenging for industrial wireless to achieve the required performance. Thus, it is important to understand the benefits of industrial wireless at certain industrial settings, the approach for reliable operations, the technologies to be used, and the best practices for successful industrial wireless deployments. With the increase in deployments of existing wireless technologies in various applications in industrial settings, manufacturers need help in making confident decisions in deploying appropriate wireless technologies based on their operating requirements. Hence, the purpose of this article is to present our approach in industrial wireless system deployments by discussing various phases of deployment lifecycle. This approach considers various industrial settings including manufacturing, oil and gas refineries, chemical production, and product assembly. Then we examine the problems and technology spaces for industrial wireless. Furthermore, we discuss various objectives and success criteria for wireless technologies deployments. THE NEED FOR INDUSTRIAL WIRELESS SYSTEMS With the advances in wireless devices for the Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber Physical Systems, the use of industrial wireless has continued to grow at a rapid pace. Industrial wireless has gained a great potential for deployment in industrial automation, including process control, discrete manufacturing, and safety systems. The advantages of applying wireless technologies in industrial systems for monitoring and control of equipment and processes include enabling configuration flexibility, support for mobility, and eliminating costly cabling. Moreover, industrial wireless allows for easier network expansion to improve productivity and efficiency. Wireless technology has been used in industry for many years in the licensed spectrum bands for interference-free wireless transmissions which ensures flexible networking and reliable over-the-air data communications for plant process monitoring and control. In recent years, license-free spectrum bands, such as the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands, have proliferated and provided industry more

2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS), 2016

Factory and process automation systems are increasingly employing information and communications ... more Factory and process automation systems are increasingly employing information and communications technologies to facilitate data sharing and analysis in integrated control operations. Wireless connections provide flexible access to a variety of field instruments and reduce network installation and maintenance costs. This serves as an incentive for the adoption of industrial wireless networks based on standards such as the WirelessHART and ISA100.11a in factory control systems. However, process control systems vary greatly and have diverse wireless networking requirements in different applications. These requirements include deterministic transmissions in the shared wireless bandwidth, low-cost operation, long-term durability, and high reliability in the harsh radio propagation environment. It is an open question whether a generic wireless technology would meet the requirements of industrial process control. In this paper, we propose a novel simulation framework for performance evaluation of wireless networks in factory and process automation systems. We select a typical process control plant model, specifically the Tennessee Eastman Challenge (TE) Model, and define the interfaces between the process simulator and the wireless network simulator. We develop a model of the protocol stack of the WirelessHART specification in the OMNET++ simulation engine as a typical industrial wireless network. We present simulation results that validate the prospect of using WirelessHART in the TE plant, and we evaluate the impact of various wireless network configurations on the plant operation. Given its modular design, the proposed simulation framework can be easily used to evaluate the performance of other industrial wireless networks in conjunction with a variety of process control systems.

This publication was prepared by United States Government employees as part of their official dut... more This publication was prepared by United States Government employees as part of their official duties and is, therefore, a work of the United States Government and not subject to copyright Certain commercial equipment is identified in this paper to adequately describe the system under development. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Bureau of Standards, nor does it imply that the equipment is necessarily the best available for the purpose.

Accurate identification of spindle health in real-time is an important feature of next generation... more Accurate identification of spindle health in real-time is an important feature of next generation smart machining systems that are capable of self-diagnosis. This paper presents a software design for an automated spindle health monitoring system based on open systems architecture. An analytic waveletbased envelope spectrum algorithm is proposed and coded in software for effective and efficient spindle degradation identification, defect localization, and damage growth tracking. The software is functionally adaptive and contributes directly to the development of a new generation of smart machine tools.

ASME 2012 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, 2012

MTConnect is an open and extensible protocol designed for the exchange of data between shop floor... more MTConnect is an open and extensible protocol designed for the exchange of data between shop floor devices and software applications. MTConnect allows manufacturers to facilitate retrieval of information and data from factory devices, such as machine tools, sensors, and controllers. Currently, MTConnect users read data from sensors through proprietary sensor interfaces using adaptors. The suite of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1451 standards defines a set of open, common communication interfaces for sensor networks, including both sensor interfaces and network interfaces. This paper proposes an integration architecture of MTConnect with IEEE 1451 standard-based sensor networks. In the architecture, MTConnect plays a network interface role in the IEEE 1451 standard-based sensor networks via an MTConnect Agent. An adaptor is used to provide the mapping between the MTConnect Agent and the IEEE 1451 sensor network. A prototype system integrating MTConnect with ...

A committee of industry and government technology experts has completed a three-year effort to de... more A committee of industry and government technology experts has completed a three-year effort to develop a set of specifications that consist of a unifying set of functions, communications protocols, a common set of commands, and electronic data sheet formats that will serve as the basis for all future IEEE 1451 smart transducer interface standards. This paper will highlight the key features of the proposed IEEE P1451.0 standard and describe how these features are being used in applications, and how they are beneficial to users in achieving data-level interoperability where multiple wired and wireless sensor networks are connected.

Second IEEE International Workshop on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applications, 2003. Proceedings

ABSTRACT We consider the structures of distributive data acquisition systems based on IEEE1451 st... more ABSTRACT We consider the structures of distributive data acquisition systems based on IEEE1451 standard. Also we indicate the disadvantages of the network capable application processor of this standard and propose the general structure of modernized network capable application processor which is compatible to IEEE1451 standard. Proposed processor provide elimination of indicated disadvantages by the dynamic on-line reprogramming and software operating of the most widely used interfaces. We present the experimental research of proposed approach to the implementation of the software operated interfaces. We present the examples of application of the proposed network capable application processor and benefits of its application

[

IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, 2009

IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, 2005

ensors and networks are key components in building distributed sensor networks nationwide for det... more ensors and networks are key components in building distributed sensor networks nationwide for detecting weapons of mass destruction and monitoring and protecting critical infrastructure such as airports, bridges, buildings, railways, utility, and water supplies. Tens of thousands of sensors will be connected through wired and wireless networks for communicating and sharing sensor data and information among government agencies and private enterprises to effectively protect people and property. Open, standardized sensor interfaces and sensor data formats are needed to enable effective integration, access, fusion, and use of sensor-derived data in critical homeland security (HLS) applications. This article discusses some open stan

IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, 2008

Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, 2006.

Volume 9: Mechanical Systems and Control, Parts A, B, and C, 2007

2009 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, 2009