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Papers by Kanungnit Chawong

Research paper thumbnail of A combined process of counter-current extraction and reactive distillation for recovery and purification of lactic acid

This thesis aims to study a combined process of counter-current extraction and reactive distillat... more This thesis aims to study a combined process of counter-current extraction and reactive distillation for recovery and purification of lactic acid from fermentation broth. Research work in the thesis is divided into four parts. The first part is the study of extraction of lactic acid with 1-butanol at room temperature using counter-current packed liquid-liquid extraction column. Sauter mean drop diameter (d32) was used to evaluate the mean dop size in the extraction and correlation of d32 was investigated. The results showed that d32 decreased with increasing dispersed phase flow rate (Qd) and decreasing nozzle diameter (DN), resulting in increasing dispersed phase mass transfer coefficient. An increase in continuous phase flow rate (Qc) affected increasing drop size, due to the coalescence of drops, resulting in reducing dispersed phase mass transfer coefficient. The second part is the synthesis and use of aluminum alginate as a solid catalyst for esterification of lactic acid with 1-butanol. Characteristics of the prepared catalyst were studied. It was found that aluminum alginate has low crystallinity, wrinkle surface and likely create strong Lewis acid sites for esterification. However, it was found that the prepared catalyst was of low thermal stability. Catalytic activity of aluminum alginate in esterification of lactic acid was investigated and found to be higher than the IV commercial catalyst, Amberlyst-15, under the same reaction conditions. In addition, it was observed that Langmuir-Hinshelwood model was able to describe the kinetic model of this reaction with small value of mean relative deviation (MRD). The third part of this thesis studied esterification of lactic acid with 1-butanol using aluminum alginate and hydrolysis of n-butyl lactate into lactic acid using Amberlyst-15 as solid catalyst in a semi-batch reactive distillation column. The results showed that lactic acid conversion and yield of n-butyl lactate of esterification increased with increasing reflux ratio. Catalyst loading did not have significant effect on value of both parameters while increasing the feed flow rate affects decreasing conversion and yield. For the hydrolysis of n-butyl lactate, the conversion and yield were found to increased with increasing catalyst loading while effect of feed flow rate and reflux ratio was similar to that in esterification. In addition, it was found that the purity of lactic acid decreased with increasing pressure, feed flow rate and reflux ratio. In the final part, experimental data from the previous part were use to design the combined counter-current extraction and reactive distillation. The process was simulated and economically evaluated using Aspen HYSYS V10 and Aspen Process Economic Analyzer. Efficiency of two process operations with no-recovery (Process A) and recovery (Precess B) of 1-butanol was studied and compared at annual capacity of 10,000 tons/year with purity of 99.99%w/w lactic acid. The results showed that the overall recovery of lactic acid obtained from Process A and B equals to 91.19 and 96.57% with production cost at 1.67 and 0.90 USD/kg of lactic acid, respectively.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of inorganic salts on liquid-liquid equilibrium in extraction of lactic acid using 1-butanol

This thesis aims to study effect of inorganic salts on liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) of water, ... more This thesis aims to study effect of inorganic salts on liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) of water, 1-butanol and lactic acid, and its application in extraction of the acid from aqueous solution using 1-butanol. There are three parts of study in this thesis. The first part is a study of liquid-liquid equilibrium of electrolyte mixture system containing water, 1-butanol, and different inorganic salt i.e., NaCl, Na 2 SO 4 , NH 4 Cl and ((NH 4) 2 SO 4 at temperatures in range of 303.15 to 323.15 K under atmospheric pressure. Experimental results showed that solubility between water and 1-butanol decreased with increasing inorganic salt concentration and the temperature in the range studied here was found to have a minor effect on this system. Correlation of experimental data by modified extended UNIQUAC model gave a satisfactory agreement, with an average absolute root mean square deviation of less than 1%. The second part studied liquid-liquid equilibrium of water, 1-butanol and lactic acid system under atmospheric pressure at 303.15 K. Possibility of lactic acid extraction using 1-butanol was evaluated from distribution coefficient of the acid between aqueous and organic phases. The results showed that the distribution coefficient and degree of lactic acid extraction increased with increasing lactic acid IV concentration in the starting solution. The correlation of experimental LLE data was determined by UNIQUAC and NRTL models. It was found that the UNIQUAC model was more consistent with experimental LLE data, with an average absolute root mean square deviation less than 0.5%. In the final part, the inorganic salt-modified LLE behavior of binary water and 1-butanol mixture was applied in the extraction of lactic acid. The results showed that each salts have a significant effect on the distribution of lactic acid between aqueous and organic phases. Upon addition of NaCl and NH 4 Cl, the distribution coefficient and degree of lactic acid extraction were decreased with increasing salt concentration. This effect is called salting in. Addition of Na 2 SO 4 and (NH 4) 2 SO 4 , on the other hand, led to increasing of the distribution coefficient and degree of lactic acid extraction. This effect is called salting out. Ability of these salts in increasing the distribution coefficient of lactic acid can be arranged as Na 2 SO 4 > (NH 4) 2 SO 4 > NaCl > NH 4 Cl. All results from this thesis lead to the conclusion that the four inorganic salts could liquid-liquid equilibrium of water, 1-butanol and water, 1-butanol, lactic acid. Na 2 SO 4 and (NH 4) 2 SO 4 could increase of efficiency of lactic acid extraction from water using 1-butanol, while NaCl and NH 4 Cl could decrease the efficiency of this process.

Research paper thumbnail of n-Butanol as an Extractant for Lactic Acid Recovery

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, 2011

Extraction of lactic acid from aqueous solution using n-butanol as an extractant was studied. Eff... more Extraction of lactic acid from aqueous solution using n-butanol as an extractant was studied. Effect of mixing time, pH of the aqueous solution, initial lactic acid concentration, and volume ratio between the organic and the aqueous phase were investigated. Distribution coefficient and degree of lactic acid extraction was found to increase when the pH of aqueous solution was decreased. The pH Effect was substantially pronounced at pH of the aqueous solution less than 1. Initial lactic acid concentration and organic-toaqueous volume ratio appeared to have positive effect on the distribution coefficient and the degree of extraction. Due to the nature of n-butanol that is partially miscible in water, incorporation of aqueous solution into organic phase was observed in the extraction with large organic-to-aqueous volume ratio.

Research paper thumbnail of Counter-Current Extraction and Reactive Distillation for Recovery and Purification of Lactic Acid)

THAI) .............................................................................................. more THAI) ...................................................................................................... I ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) ............................................................................................ III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... V TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. VI LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... XIV LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. XVI SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................. XXIII

Research paper thumbnail of Aluminum alginate as a solid catalyst for esterification of lactic acid with 1-butanol

Engineering and Applied Science Research, 2016

Aluminum-alginate (ALA) was used as a solid catalyst for esterification of lactic acid with 1-but... more Aluminum-alginate (ALA) was used as a solid catalyst for esterification of lactic acid with 1-butanol at different temperature in a range of 55 to 85°C. Conversion of lactic acid was found to increase with increasing reaction temperature with the maximum conversion of 81.18% after 6 h of reaction at 85°C with 1-butanol to lactic acid molar ratio of 5 and 1%w/v of catalyst loading. The result was compared with the system using Amberlyst 15 under the same reaction condition. It was observed that ALA has a higher catalytic activity than Amberlyst 15. Experimental kinetic data were correlated by pseudo-homogeneous model with an assumption of ideal behavior. The kinetics of this reaction could be described using this model with minor errors. The activation energy for ALA-catalyzed esterification of lactic acid with 1-butanol was found to be 61.16 k J/mol.

Research paper thumbnail of Kinetic Study of Aluminum – Alginate Catalyzed Esterification of Lactic Acid with 1-Butanol

ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2017

Aluminum-alginate catalyst prepared from aluminum chloride and inexpensive biopolymer sodium algi... more Aluminum-alginate catalyst prepared from aluminum chloride and inexpensive biopolymer sodium alginate is used in lactic acid esterification with 1-butanol. Effect of initial reactant molar ratio, catalyst loading and reaction temperature on the acid conversion is investigated. Maximum conversion of about 81.2% was achieved after 6 h of reaction at 85°C with initial 1-butanol-to-lactic-acid molar ratio of 5 and catalyst loading of 1%w/v. Experimental kinetic data are correlated by pseudo-homogeneous model using UNIFAC to describe non-ideality of the reaction components. Satisfactory agreement between the experimental and calculated data is achieved. The specific rate and equilibrium constant for this reaction are reported.

Research paper thumbnail of Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium of Water + 1-Butanol + Inorganic Salt Systems at 303.15, 313.15 and 323.15 K: Experiments and Correlation

Journal of Solution Chemistry

Research paper thumbnail of Extraction of Lactic Acid in Mixed Solvent Electrolyte System Containing Water, 1-Butanol and Ammonium Sulfate

International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 2015

Extraction of lactic acid from its aqueous solution was carried out at 30.0°C in a mixed solvent ... more Extraction of lactic acid from its aqueous solution was carried out at 30.0°C in a mixed solvent electrolyte system containing water, 1-butanol and ammonium sulfate ((NH

Research paper thumbnail of A combined process of counter-current extraction and reactive distillation for recovery and purification of lactic acid

This thesis aims to study a combined process of counter-current extraction and reactive distillat... more This thesis aims to study a combined process of counter-current extraction and reactive distillation for recovery and purification of lactic acid from fermentation broth. Research work in the thesis is divided into four parts. The first part is the study of extraction of lactic acid with 1-butanol at room temperature using counter-current packed liquid-liquid extraction column. Sauter mean drop diameter (d32) was used to evaluate the mean dop size in the extraction and correlation of d32 was investigated. The results showed that d32 decreased with increasing dispersed phase flow rate (Qd) and decreasing nozzle diameter (DN), resulting in increasing dispersed phase mass transfer coefficient. An increase in continuous phase flow rate (Qc) affected increasing drop size, due to the coalescence of drops, resulting in reducing dispersed phase mass transfer coefficient. The second part is the synthesis and use of aluminum alginate as a solid catalyst for esterification of lactic acid with 1-butanol. Characteristics of the prepared catalyst were studied. It was found that aluminum alginate has low crystallinity, wrinkle surface and likely create strong Lewis acid sites for esterification. However, it was found that the prepared catalyst was of low thermal stability. Catalytic activity of aluminum alginate in esterification of lactic acid was investigated and found to be higher than the IV commercial catalyst, Amberlyst-15, under the same reaction conditions. In addition, it was observed that Langmuir-Hinshelwood model was able to describe the kinetic model of this reaction with small value of mean relative deviation (MRD). The third part of this thesis studied esterification of lactic acid with 1-butanol using aluminum alginate and hydrolysis of n-butyl lactate into lactic acid using Amberlyst-15 as solid catalyst in a semi-batch reactive distillation column. The results showed that lactic acid conversion and yield of n-butyl lactate of esterification increased with increasing reflux ratio. Catalyst loading did not have significant effect on value of both parameters while increasing the feed flow rate affects decreasing conversion and yield. For the hydrolysis of n-butyl lactate, the conversion and yield were found to increased with increasing catalyst loading while effect of feed flow rate and reflux ratio was similar to that in esterification. In addition, it was found that the purity of lactic acid decreased with increasing pressure, feed flow rate and reflux ratio. In the final part, experimental data from the previous part were use to design the combined counter-current extraction and reactive distillation. The process was simulated and economically evaluated using Aspen HYSYS V10 and Aspen Process Economic Analyzer. Efficiency of two process operations with no-recovery (Process A) and recovery (Precess B) of 1-butanol was studied and compared at annual capacity of 10,000 tons/year with purity of 99.99%w/w lactic acid. The results showed that the overall recovery of lactic acid obtained from Process A and B equals to 91.19 and 96.57% with production cost at 1.67 and 0.90 USD/kg of lactic acid, respectively.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of inorganic salts on liquid-liquid equilibrium in extraction of lactic acid using 1-butanol

This thesis aims to study effect of inorganic salts on liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) of water, ... more This thesis aims to study effect of inorganic salts on liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) of water, 1-butanol and lactic acid, and its application in extraction of the acid from aqueous solution using 1-butanol. There are three parts of study in this thesis. The first part is a study of liquid-liquid equilibrium of electrolyte mixture system containing water, 1-butanol, and different inorganic salt i.e., NaCl, Na 2 SO 4 , NH 4 Cl and ((NH 4) 2 SO 4 at temperatures in range of 303.15 to 323.15 K under atmospheric pressure. Experimental results showed that solubility between water and 1-butanol decreased with increasing inorganic salt concentration and the temperature in the range studied here was found to have a minor effect on this system. Correlation of experimental data by modified extended UNIQUAC model gave a satisfactory agreement, with an average absolute root mean square deviation of less than 1%. The second part studied liquid-liquid equilibrium of water, 1-butanol and lactic acid system under atmospheric pressure at 303.15 K. Possibility of lactic acid extraction using 1-butanol was evaluated from distribution coefficient of the acid between aqueous and organic phases. The results showed that the distribution coefficient and degree of lactic acid extraction increased with increasing lactic acid IV concentration in the starting solution. The correlation of experimental LLE data was determined by UNIQUAC and NRTL models. It was found that the UNIQUAC model was more consistent with experimental LLE data, with an average absolute root mean square deviation less than 0.5%. In the final part, the inorganic salt-modified LLE behavior of binary water and 1-butanol mixture was applied in the extraction of lactic acid. The results showed that each salts have a significant effect on the distribution of lactic acid between aqueous and organic phases. Upon addition of NaCl and NH 4 Cl, the distribution coefficient and degree of lactic acid extraction were decreased with increasing salt concentration. This effect is called salting in. Addition of Na 2 SO 4 and (NH 4) 2 SO 4 , on the other hand, led to increasing of the distribution coefficient and degree of lactic acid extraction. This effect is called salting out. Ability of these salts in increasing the distribution coefficient of lactic acid can be arranged as Na 2 SO 4 > (NH 4) 2 SO 4 > NaCl > NH 4 Cl. All results from this thesis lead to the conclusion that the four inorganic salts could liquid-liquid equilibrium of water, 1-butanol and water, 1-butanol, lactic acid. Na 2 SO 4 and (NH 4) 2 SO 4 could increase of efficiency of lactic acid extraction from water using 1-butanol, while NaCl and NH 4 Cl could decrease the efficiency of this process.

Research paper thumbnail of n-Butanol as an Extractant for Lactic Acid Recovery

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, 2011

Extraction of lactic acid from aqueous solution using n-butanol as an extractant was studied. Eff... more Extraction of lactic acid from aqueous solution using n-butanol as an extractant was studied. Effect of mixing time, pH of the aqueous solution, initial lactic acid concentration, and volume ratio between the organic and the aqueous phase were investigated. Distribution coefficient and degree of lactic acid extraction was found to increase when the pH of aqueous solution was decreased. The pH Effect was substantially pronounced at pH of the aqueous solution less than 1. Initial lactic acid concentration and organic-toaqueous volume ratio appeared to have positive effect on the distribution coefficient and the degree of extraction. Due to the nature of n-butanol that is partially miscible in water, incorporation of aqueous solution into organic phase was observed in the extraction with large organic-to-aqueous volume ratio.

Research paper thumbnail of Counter-Current Extraction and Reactive Distillation for Recovery and Purification of Lactic Acid)

THAI) .............................................................................................. more THAI) ...................................................................................................... I ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) ............................................................................................ III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... V TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. VI LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... XIV LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. XVI SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................. XXIII

Research paper thumbnail of Aluminum alginate as a solid catalyst for esterification of lactic acid with 1-butanol

Engineering and Applied Science Research, 2016

Aluminum-alginate (ALA) was used as a solid catalyst for esterification of lactic acid with 1-but... more Aluminum-alginate (ALA) was used as a solid catalyst for esterification of lactic acid with 1-butanol at different temperature in a range of 55 to 85°C. Conversion of lactic acid was found to increase with increasing reaction temperature with the maximum conversion of 81.18% after 6 h of reaction at 85°C with 1-butanol to lactic acid molar ratio of 5 and 1%w/v of catalyst loading. The result was compared with the system using Amberlyst 15 under the same reaction condition. It was observed that ALA has a higher catalytic activity than Amberlyst 15. Experimental kinetic data were correlated by pseudo-homogeneous model with an assumption of ideal behavior. The kinetics of this reaction could be described using this model with minor errors. The activation energy for ALA-catalyzed esterification of lactic acid with 1-butanol was found to be 61.16 k J/mol.

Research paper thumbnail of Kinetic Study of Aluminum – Alginate Catalyzed Esterification of Lactic Acid with 1-Butanol

ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2017

Aluminum-alginate catalyst prepared from aluminum chloride and inexpensive biopolymer sodium algi... more Aluminum-alginate catalyst prepared from aluminum chloride and inexpensive biopolymer sodium alginate is used in lactic acid esterification with 1-butanol. Effect of initial reactant molar ratio, catalyst loading and reaction temperature on the acid conversion is investigated. Maximum conversion of about 81.2% was achieved after 6 h of reaction at 85°C with initial 1-butanol-to-lactic-acid molar ratio of 5 and catalyst loading of 1%w/v. Experimental kinetic data are correlated by pseudo-homogeneous model using UNIFAC to describe non-ideality of the reaction components. Satisfactory agreement between the experimental and calculated data is achieved. The specific rate and equilibrium constant for this reaction are reported.

Research paper thumbnail of Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium of Water + 1-Butanol + Inorganic Salt Systems at 303.15, 313.15 and 323.15 K: Experiments and Correlation

Journal of Solution Chemistry

Research paper thumbnail of Extraction of Lactic Acid in Mixed Solvent Electrolyte System Containing Water, 1-Butanol and Ammonium Sulfate

International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 2015

Extraction of lactic acid from its aqueous solution was carried out at 30.0°C in a mixed solvent ... more Extraction of lactic acid from its aqueous solution was carried out at 30.0°C in a mixed solvent electrolyte system containing water, 1-butanol and ammonium sulfate ((NH