Kasana Raksamani - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Kasana Raksamani

Research paper thumbnail of Development and Validation of the Anesthesia Critical-Thinking Test (ACTT)

Background: Despite critical thinking being a crucial skill in anesthesia practice, no specific t... more Background: Despite critical thinking being a crucial skill in anesthesia practice, no specific tool exists to evaluate the skill in anesthesia training. The present study measured the validity, reliability and practicality of the Anesthesia Critical-Thinking Test (ACTT) for measuring the stages of critical thinking in anesthesia settings.Methods: We developed the ACTT to evaluate critical-thinking skills by ranking learners into 6 critical-thinking stages: 1) unreflective thinker, 2) beginning critical thinker, 3) practicing critical thinker, 4) advanced critical thinker, 5) accomplished critical thinker and 6) challenged thinker. Content validity was assessed by 5 experts. Concurrent validity, reliability and practicality were tested by 2 evaluators. We retrospectively and randomly assessed 47 long-essay assignments written by 1st–3rd year anesthesia residents in 2018. The assignments were subsequently blindly reviewed by 2 researchers to assess the critical-thinking stages. Resul...

Research paper thumbnail of Residents as teachers: optimizing the benefit of a difficult airway management simulation session

Asian Biomedicine

BackgroundSimulation is widely used in airway management training.ObjectivesTo show that assignin... more BackgroundSimulation is widely used in airway management training.ObjectivesTo show that assigning anesthesia residents’ simulation educator roles improved cognitive learning outcomes.MethodsPostgraduate second- and third-year (PGY-2 and PGY-3) anesthesia residents were randomly assigned to three groups: a teacher group (T), a hot-seat (active participant) group (H), and an observer group (O). After a train-the-trainer session, the T group prepared simulation scenarios for difficult airway management and then conducted the simulation sessions and post-session debriefing. The H group participated in the scenarios, and the O group observed the sessions. All participants attended the post-session debriefing. Evaluation was conducted at pretest, immediate posttest, and 3 months (retention test). Score differentiation and average normalized gain were calculated. Participants completed a post-simulation class survey.ResultsParticipants were 49 residents (PGY-2 = 24, PGY-3 = 25). The T gro...

Research paper thumbnail of How postgraduate trainees from different health professions experience the learning climate within an operating theater: a mixed-methods study

BMC Medical Education

Background: The learning climate within a learning environment is a key factor to determine the p... more Background: The learning climate within a learning environment is a key factor to determine the potential quality of learning. There are different groups of postgraduate trainees who study primarily in the operating theater (OT), which is a complex, high-stake environment. This study created and validated an interprofessional measure of the OT educational climate and explored how postgraduate trainees from different health professions experienced the learning climate within the operating theater. Methods: An explanatory, sequential mixed-method design was used. The quantitative phase used and validated a newly developed questionnaire, the Operating Theater Educational Climate Test (OTECT), to evaluate the perceptions of anesthesia residents, surgical residents and student registered nurse anesthetists. In the qualitative phase, three mono-professional focus groups participants' opinions on the factors influencing their learning climate were explored. Results: The OTECT questionnaire was found to be valid. The questionnaire response rate was 78.9% (142 respondents from 180). Questionnaire results indicated similar perceptions of the OT learning climate by learners from all disciplines. Focus groups revealed three major influencing factors on the experienced learning climate: 1) nature of work in the OT, 2) the role of the supervisor, and 3) the interprofessional dimension of work in the OT. Conclusions: The OT learning climate was perceived similarly by trainees from three health profession. The high stakes nature of the OT inhibited learning most as it impacted both trainees and supervisors. The results can be applied to improve the overall learning environment in the OT for all groups of learners.

Research paper thumbnail of Ninety Days Mortality after Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair

Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, Apr 1, 2015

The thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has become popular due to its favorable immediate... more The thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has become popular due to its favorable immediate outcome. However, the outcome in longer duration is still questionable. The aim of the present study was to analyze the incidence and risk factors associated with 90 days mortality after TEVAR. After the Siriraj Institutional Review Board, Thailand approved and waived the needfor the informed consent, the database that included 160 consecutive patients having TEVAR procedures between December 2006 and December 2010 was examined Patients' characteristics, including operative procedures and anesthesia techniques were studied. The mortality and complications were extracted and analyzed. Major adverse events and the others factors were analyzed to determine the risk factors. Other complications such as bleeding, endoleak, infection, and reintervention were examined and analyzed. One hundred sixty patients underwent TEVAR. They included 118 male (74%) and 42 female (26%) with mean age of 65. Perioperative mortality (within 24 hours postoperatively) was 1 (0.6%), 30 days mortality was 7 (4.4%) and the overall 90 days mortality was 10 (6.25%). Causes of death included sepsis [4 patients (2.5%)], multi-organ failure [3 patients (1.9%)], ischemic heart disease [1 patient (0.6%)], uncontrolled bleeding [1 patient (0.6%)], and graft ruptured [1 patient (0.6%)]. The risk factor related to mortality was postoperative neurological morbidity (OR 6.77, 95% CI = 1.08-42.36, p = 0.4). General anesthesia with endotracheal tube was used in the majority of the patients (92.5%), with no statistical significance in anesthesia-related mortality. Major adverse events including pneumonia 11.9%, cardiac arrhythmia 11.3%, graft infection 7.5%, neurological complication 7.0% (ischemic stroke 9 andparaplegia 1), renal failure 3.8%, and myocardial ischemia 0.6%. The incidence of 90 days mortality after TEVAR was 6.25% (10 from 160). The risk factor associated with mortality was the development of neurologic complication postoperatively.

Research paper thumbnail of An Equivalence Trial Comparing Labetalol and Diltiazem in Controlling Emergence Hypertension after Supratentorial Tumor Surgery

Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2015

Hypertension and tachycardia during emergence from anesthesia for craniotomy could increase risks... more Hypertension and tachycardia during emergence from anesthesia for craniotomy could increase risks of cerebral complications. Several anesthetic, sedative, and antihypertensive drugs have been suggested that may be successful at suppressing these unwanted hemodynamic consequences. To study the equivalent efficacy and side effects of two antihypertensive drugs, diltiazem and labetalol. A block randomized control trial was performed in 184 patients who developed emergence hypertensive response after craniotomyfor supratentorial tumor removal. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) of each patient was suppressed by 2.5 mg of study drugs and repeated with fix dosage of 2.5 mg every two to three minutes to maintain SBP lower than 140 mmHg with a cumulative dose within 20 mg. Data regarding demographic, successful rate in controlling hypertension, drug dosage, and incidence of side effects were analyzed. The success rate of treatment of labetalol was equivalent to diltiazem (87.1% and 80.2% respect...

Research paper thumbnail of Correlation between cross-sectional area of the internal jugular vein and central venous pressure

European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Ninety days mortality after thoracic endovascular aortic repair

Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2015

The thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has become popular due to its favorable immediate... more The thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has become popular due to its favorable immediate outcome. However, the outcome in longer duration is still questionable. The aim of the present study was to analyze the incidence and risk factors associated with 90 days mortality after TEVAR. After the Siriraj Institutional Review Board, Thailand approved and waived the needfor the informed consent, the database that included 160 consecutive patients having TEVAR procedures between December 2006 and December 2010 was examined Patients' characteristics, including operative procedures and anesthesia techniques were studied. The mortality and complications were extracted and analyzed. Major adverse events and the others factors were analyzed to determine the risk factors. Other complications such as bleeding, endoleak, infection, and reintervention were examined and analyzed. One hundred sixty patients underwent TEVAR. They included 118 male (74%) and 42 female (26%) with mean age of...

Research paper thumbnail of The Changes in Cortisol Levels during Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Double-Blinded Study between Two Induction Agents Etomidate and Thiopentone

Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2015

To study the changes in cortisol levels during and after cardiac surgery after an inductive dose ... more To study the changes in cortisol levels during and after cardiac surgery after an inductive dose of either etomidate or thiopentone and their consequences. A prospective, randomized, double-blinded study was conducted in 26 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. They received either etomidate or thiopentone for induction. Serum cortisol levels were measured preoperatively, and then at 2-, 4-, 8-, and 24-hour All of the patients received standard anesthesia and surgery. The data also included patients perioperative management and outcome. There is no difference in patients' characteristics. The baseline plasma morning cortisols in the two groups were comparable (11.7 ± 7.5 mcg/dL in etomidate group vs. 12.0 ± 8.2 mcg/dL in thiopentone group). In both groups, during surgery, the cortisol levels rose to higher levels and reached peak levels at four to eight hours and related to surgical stress. At all times, the etomidate group had lower cortisol levels but only at 8-hour th...

Research paper thumbnail of Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI): first case in Thailand

Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet

Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is the standard treatment for patients with symptomatic severe aor... more Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is the standard treatment for patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS). However many patients are not offered surgery due to high surgical risk for open AVR. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation has been an alternative to open heart surgery in patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS) who are not suitable for open surgery. The first transcatheter aortic valve implantation in Thailand via the transapical route is described. An 87-year-old woman with symptomatic severe AS, calcified aorta and peripheral arterial disease, who was at high surgical risk, was successfully treated, and had good functional and haemodynamic results at six-months follow-up.

Research paper thumbnail of Pain management after cardiac surgery: are we underestimating post sternotomy pain?

Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2013

Good pain management can improve the outcome of patient care after cardiac surgery. The intensity... more Good pain management can improve the outcome of patient care after cardiac surgery. The intensity of pain after cardiac surgery is often underrated. Inadequate pain control can result in increased morbidity and length of hospital stay as well as lead to chronic pain. Therefore, the authors conducted a study to identify the prevalence and risk factors of moderate to severe pain after cardiac surgery including treatment and complication. The present study was prospectively performed in the patients undergoing cardiac surgery with median sternotomy in Siriraj Hospital, a tertiary care center between July 2009 and November 2010. Pain was assessed by numerical rating scale (NRS, 0-10) whilst NRS >4 was defined as moderate to severe pain. Pain score was recorded until 48 hours after surgery. Demographic data, history ofprevious cardiac and non-cardiac surgery, chronic pain history, details of the operation, and intra-and postoperative analgesia were recorded, including complication ofp...

Research paper thumbnail of General versus regional anaesthesia for cognitive dysfunction after procedures other than cardiac or neurosurgery

Protocols, 1996

... We would like to thank Mike Bennett (content editor), Nathan Pace (statistical editor), Mark ... more ... We would like to thank Mike Bennett (content editor), Nathan Pace (statistical editor), Mark Neuman, Preethy J Mathew, Lars Rasmussen (peer reviewers) and Janet Wale ... [PUBMED: 17325517] Rasmussen 2001 Rasmussen LS, Larssen K, Houx P, Skovgaard LT, Hanning CD ...

Research paper thumbnail of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (Tavi) in Patients With Low-Flow, Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis

Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2012

ABSTRACT Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is the standard treatment for patients with symptomatic s... more ABSTRACT Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is the standard treatment for patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS). However many patients are not offered surgery due to high surgical risk for open AVR. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation has been an alternative to open heart surgery in patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS) who are not suitable for open surgery. The first transcatheter aortic valve implantation in Thailand via the transapical route is described. An 87-year-old woman with symptomatic severe AS, calcified aorta and peripheral arterial disease, who was at high surgical risk, was successfully treated, and had good functional and haemodynamic results at six-months follow-up.

Research paper thumbnail of Correlation between cross-sectional area of the internal jugular vein and central venous pressure

European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Development and Validation of the Anesthesia Critical-Thinking Test (ACTT)

Background: Despite critical thinking being a crucial skill in anesthesia practice, no specific t... more Background: Despite critical thinking being a crucial skill in anesthesia practice, no specific tool exists to evaluate the skill in anesthesia training. The present study measured the validity, reliability and practicality of the Anesthesia Critical-Thinking Test (ACTT) for measuring the stages of critical thinking in anesthesia settings.Methods: We developed the ACTT to evaluate critical-thinking skills by ranking learners into 6 critical-thinking stages: 1) unreflective thinker, 2) beginning critical thinker, 3) practicing critical thinker, 4) advanced critical thinker, 5) accomplished critical thinker and 6) challenged thinker. Content validity was assessed by 5 experts. Concurrent validity, reliability and practicality were tested by 2 evaluators. We retrospectively and randomly assessed 47 long-essay assignments written by 1st–3rd year anesthesia residents in 2018. The assignments were subsequently blindly reviewed by 2 researchers to assess the critical-thinking stages. Resul...

Research paper thumbnail of Residents as teachers: optimizing the benefit of a difficult airway management simulation session

Asian Biomedicine

BackgroundSimulation is widely used in airway management training.ObjectivesTo show that assignin... more BackgroundSimulation is widely used in airway management training.ObjectivesTo show that assigning anesthesia residents’ simulation educator roles improved cognitive learning outcomes.MethodsPostgraduate second- and third-year (PGY-2 and PGY-3) anesthesia residents were randomly assigned to three groups: a teacher group (T), a hot-seat (active participant) group (H), and an observer group (O). After a train-the-trainer session, the T group prepared simulation scenarios for difficult airway management and then conducted the simulation sessions and post-session debriefing. The H group participated in the scenarios, and the O group observed the sessions. All participants attended the post-session debriefing. Evaluation was conducted at pretest, immediate posttest, and 3 months (retention test). Score differentiation and average normalized gain were calculated. Participants completed a post-simulation class survey.ResultsParticipants were 49 residents (PGY-2 = 24, PGY-3 = 25). The T gro...

Research paper thumbnail of How postgraduate trainees from different health professions experience the learning climate within an operating theater: a mixed-methods study

BMC Medical Education

Background: The learning climate within a learning environment is a key factor to determine the p... more Background: The learning climate within a learning environment is a key factor to determine the potential quality of learning. There are different groups of postgraduate trainees who study primarily in the operating theater (OT), which is a complex, high-stake environment. This study created and validated an interprofessional measure of the OT educational climate and explored how postgraduate trainees from different health professions experienced the learning climate within the operating theater. Methods: An explanatory, sequential mixed-method design was used. The quantitative phase used and validated a newly developed questionnaire, the Operating Theater Educational Climate Test (OTECT), to evaluate the perceptions of anesthesia residents, surgical residents and student registered nurse anesthetists. In the qualitative phase, three mono-professional focus groups participants' opinions on the factors influencing their learning climate were explored. Results: The OTECT questionnaire was found to be valid. The questionnaire response rate was 78.9% (142 respondents from 180). Questionnaire results indicated similar perceptions of the OT learning climate by learners from all disciplines. Focus groups revealed three major influencing factors on the experienced learning climate: 1) nature of work in the OT, 2) the role of the supervisor, and 3) the interprofessional dimension of work in the OT. Conclusions: The OT learning climate was perceived similarly by trainees from three health profession. The high stakes nature of the OT inhibited learning most as it impacted both trainees and supervisors. The results can be applied to improve the overall learning environment in the OT for all groups of learners.

Research paper thumbnail of Ninety Days Mortality after Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair

Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, Apr 1, 2015

The thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has become popular due to its favorable immediate... more The thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has become popular due to its favorable immediate outcome. However, the outcome in longer duration is still questionable. The aim of the present study was to analyze the incidence and risk factors associated with 90 days mortality after TEVAR. After the Siriraj Institutional Review Board, Thailand approved and waived the needfor the informed consent, the database that included 160 consecutive patients having TEVAR procedures between December 2006 and December 2010 was examined Patients' characteristics, including operative procedures and anesthesia techniques were studied. The mortality and complications were extracted and analyzed. Major adverse events and the others factors were analyzed to determine the risk factors. Other complications such as bleeding, endoleak, infection, and reintervention were examined and analyzed. One hundred sixty patients underwent TEVAR. They included 118 male (74%) and 42 female (26%) with mean age of 65. Perioperative mortality (within 24 hours postoperatively) was 1 (0.6%), 30 days mortality was 7 (4.4%) and the overall 90 days mortality was 10 (6.25%). Causes of death included sepsis [4 patients (2.5%)], multi-organ failure [3 patients (1.9%)], ischemic heart disease [1 patient (0.6%)], uncontrolled bleeding [1 patient (0.6%)], and graft ruptured [1 patient (0.6%)]. The risk factor related to mortality was postoperative neurological morbidity (OR 6.77, 95% CI = 1.08-42.36, p = 0.4). General anesthesia with endotracheal tube was used in the majority of the patients (92.5%), with no statistical significance in anesthesia-related mortality. Major adverse events including pneumonia 11.9%, cardiac arrhythmia 11.3%, graft infection 7.5%, neurological complication 7.0% (ischemic stroke 9 andparaplegia 1), renal failure 3.8%, and myocardial ischemia 0.6%. The incidence of 90 days mortality after TEVAR was 6.25% (10 from 160). The risk factor associated with mortality was the development of neurologic complication postoperatively.

Research paper thumbnail of An Equivalence Trial Comparing Labetalol and Diltiazem in Controlling Emergence Hypertension after Supratentorial Tumor Surgery

Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2015

Hypertension and tachycardia during emergence from anesthesia for craniotomy could increase risks... more Hypertension and tachycardia during emergence from anesthesia for craniotomy could increase risks of cerebral complications. Several anesthetic, sedative, and antihypertensive drugs have been suggested that may be successful at suppressing these unwanted hemodynamic consequences. To study the equivalent efficacy and side effects of two antihypertensive drugs, diltiazem and labetalol. A block randomized control trial was performed in 184 patients who developed emergence hypertensive response after craniotomyfor supratentorial tumor removal. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) of each patient was suppressed by 2.5 mg of study drugs and repeated with fix dosage of 2.5 mg every two to three minutes to maintain SBP lower than 140 mmHg with a cumulative dose within 20 mg. Data regarding demographic, successful rate in controlling hypertension, drug dosage, and incidence of side effects were analyzed. The success rate of treatment of labetalol was equivalent to diltiazem (87.1% and 80.2% respect...

Research paper thumbnail of Correlation between cross-sectional area of the internal jugular vein and central venous pressure

European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Ninety days mortality after thoracic endovascular aortic repair

Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2015

The thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has become popular due to its favorable immediate... more The thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has become popular due to its favorable immediate outcome. However, the outcome in longer duration is still questionable. The aim of the present study was to analyze the incidence and risk factors associated with 90 days mortality after TEVAR. After the Siriraj Institutional Review Board, Thailand approved and waived the needfor the informed consent, the database that included 160 consecutive patients having TEVAR procedures between December 2006 and December 2010 was examined Patients' characteristics, including operative procedures and anesthesia techniques were studied. The mortality and complications were extracted and analyzed. Major adverse events and the others factors were analyzed to determine the risk factors. Other complications such as bleeding, endoleak, infection, and reintervention were examined and analyzed. One hundred sixty patients underwent TEVAR. They included 118 male (74%) and 42 female (26%) with mean age of...

Research paper thumbnail of The Changes in Cortisol Levels during Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Double-Blinded Study between Two Induction Agents Etomidate and Thiopentone

Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2015

To study the changes in cortisol levels during and after cardiac surgery after an inductive dose ... more To study the changes in cortisol levels during and after cardiac surgery after an inductive dose of either etomidate or thiopentone and their consequences. A prospective, randomized, double-blinded study was conducted in 26 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. They received either etomidate or thiopentone for induction. Serum cortisol levels were measured preoperatively, and then at 2-, 4-, 8-, and 24-hour All of the patients received standard anesthesia and surgery. The data also included patients perioperative management and outcome. There is no difference in patients' characteristics. The baseline plasma morning cortisols in the two groups were comparable (11.7 ± 7.5 mcg/dL in etomidate group vs. 12.0 ± 8.2 mcg/dL in thiopentone group). In both groups, during surgery, the cortisol levels rose to higher levels and reached peak levels at four to eight hours and related to surgical stress. At all times, the etomidate group had lower cortisol levels but only at 8-hour th...

Research paper thumbnail of Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI): first case in Thailand

Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet

Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is the standard treatment for patients with symptomatic severe aor... more Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is the standard treatment for patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS). However many patients are not offered surgery due to high surgical risk for open AVR. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation has been an alternative to open heart surgery in patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS) who are not suitable for open surgery. The first transcatheter aortic valve implantation in Thailand via the transapical route is described. An 87-year-old woman with symptomatic severe AS, calcified aorta and peripheral arterial disease, who was at high surgical risk, was successfully treated, and had good functional and haemodynamic results at six-months follow-up.

Research paper thumbnail of Pain management after cardiac surgery: are we underestimating post sternotomy pain?

Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2013

Good pain management can improve the outcome of patient care after cardiac surgery. The intensity... more Good pain management can improve the outcome of patient care after cardiac surgery. The intensity of pain after cardiac surgery is often underrated. Inadequate pain control can result in increased morbidity and length of hospital stay as well as lead to chronic pain. Therefore, the authors conducted a study to identify the prevalence and risk factors of moderate to severe pain after cardiac surgery including treatment and complication. The present study was prospectively performed in the patients undergoing cardiac surgery with median sternotomy in Siriraj Hospital, a tertiary care center between July 2009 and November 2010. Pain was assessed by numerical rating scale (NRS, 0-10) whilst NRS >4 was defined as moderate to severe pain. Pain score was recorded until 48 hours after surgery. Demographic data, history ofprevious cardiac and non-cardiac surgery, chronic pain history, details of the operation, and intra-and postoperative analgesia were recorded, including complication ofp...

Research paper thumbnail of General versus regional anaesthesia for cognitive dysfunction after procedures other than cardiac or neurosurgery

Protocols, 1996

... We would like to thank Mike Bennett (content editor), Nathan Pace (statistical editor), Mark ... more ... We would like to thank Mike Bennett (content editor), Nathan Pace (statistical editor), Mark Neuman, Preethy J Mathew, Lars Rasmussen (peer reviewers) and Janet Wale ... [PUBMED: 17325517] Rasmussen 2001 Rasmussen LS, Larssen K, Houx P, Skovgaard LT, Hanning CD ...

Research paper thumbnail of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (Tavi) in Patients With Low-Flow, Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis

Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2012

ABSTRACT Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is the standard treatment for patients with symptomatic s... more ABSTRACT Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is the standard treatment for patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS). However many patients are not offered surgery due to high surgical risk for open AVR. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation has been an alternative to open heart surgery in patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS) who are not suitable for open surgery. The first transcatheter aortic valve implantation in Thailand via the transapical route is described. An 87-year-old woman with symptomatic severe AS, calcified aorta and peripheral arterial disease, who was at high surgical risk, was successfully treated, and had good functional and haemodynamic results at six-months follow-up.

Research paper thumbnail of Correlation between cross-sectional area of the internal jugular vein and central venous pressure

European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 2014