Kate Baker - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Kate Baker

Scientific Reports, 2019

Recent data in a nonhuman primate model showed that infants postnatally infected with Zika virus ... more Recent data in a nonhuman primate model showed that infants postnatally infected with Zika virus (ZIKV) were acutely susceptible to high viremia and neurological damage, suggesting the window of vulnerability extends beyond gestation. In this pilot study, we addressed the susceptibility of two infant rhesus macaques born healthy to dams infected with Zika virus during pregnancy. Passively acquired neutralizing antibody titers dropped below detection limits between 2 and 3 months of age, while binding antibodies remained detectable until viral infection at 5 months. Acute serum viremia was comparatively lower than adults infected with the same Brazilian isolate of ZIKV (n = 11 pregnant females, 4 males, and 4 non-pregnant females). Virus was never detected in cerebrospinal fluid nor in neural tissues at necropsy two weeks after infection. However, viral RNA was detected in lymph nodes, confirming some tissue dissemination. Though protection was not absolute and our study lacks an imp...

PeerJ, 2018

Idiopathic chronic enterocolitis (ICE) is one of the most commonly encountered and difficult to m... more Idiopathic chronic enterocolitis (ICE) is one of the most commonly encountered and difficult to manage diseases of captive rhesus macaques (). The etiology is not well understood, but perturbations in gut microbial communities have been implicated. Here we evaluated the effects of a 14-day course of vancomycin, neomycin, and fluconazole on animals affected with ICE, comparing treated, untreated, and healthy animals. We performed microbiome analysis on duodenal and colonic mucosal samples and feces in order to probe bacterial and/or fungal taxa potentially associated with ICE. All treated animals showed a significant and long-lasting improvement in stool consistency over time when compared to untreated and healthy controls. Microbiome analysis revealed trends associating bacterial community composition with ICE, particularly lineages of the Lactobacillaceae family. Sequencing of DNA from macaque food biscuits revealed that fungal sequences recovered from stool were dominated by yeast...

Ethology, 2000

When strangers meet\ con~ict is likely to arise from incompatibilities in motiv! ations and expec... more When strangers meet\ con~ict is likely to arise from incompatibilities in motiv! ations and expectations\ as well as from the absence of predictability in interactions[ This study explores the mechanisms that mitigate aggression\ permit mutual evalu! ation\ establish tolerance\ and facilitate the development of social bonds between unfamiliar chimpanzees "Pan troglodytes#[ Data collected during the initial half! hour of the introduction of 22 unfamiliar pairs "05 femaleÐmale and 06 femaleÐ female# at the Yerkes Primate Center and Detroit Zoo were used to assess the sequence of events during initial encounters and the function of di}erent behaviour patterns in the formation of relationships[ Initial encounters followed a regular sequence of interactions "i[e[ a {species!typical etiquette|#\ commencing with agon! istic behaviour\ followed by brief friendly touches\ and _nally allogrooming[ Brief friendly touches\ which are associated with conciliatory and tension!reducing func! tions in established relationships\ appeared to serve an evaluative function related to status di}erentiation during initial interactions[ In fact\ individuals more closely matched in competitive ability "inferred from their eventual dominance rank dis! tance# exchanged friendly touches at higher rates than those more obviously mis! matched[ These evaluative touches may represent a safer alternative to more assertive interactions when assessments of competitive ability are required in situ! ations likely to escalate[ Allogrooming promoted the development of tolerance and relaxed proximity^it was\ in fact\ e}ective in reducing agonism and negative! outcome approaches[ Allogrooming may take on a particularly important role in reducing agonism because it begins the commerce of bene_ts that balance the dispersive competitive forces and enable cohesive social groupings

Behaviour, 1997

Behavioural, pharmacological, and physiological evidence supports an association between displace... more Behavioural, pharmacological, and physiological evidence supports an association between displacement activities and anxiety in macaques. Information is scarce in other primate and non-primate species. This study contributes to the understanding of the relation between displacement activities and emotional states by investigating the correspondence between self-directed behaviour and an inherently stressful situation in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Data were collected on 81 captive chimpanzees housed in conditions varying from indoor single caging to indoor/outdoor enclosures containing up to 14 individuals. Observation of gentle and rough scratching, self-grooming, and yawning were used to test predictions concerning the response of individuals to neighbour vocalisation (i.e. the calls and noisy displays produced by neighbouring groups of chimpanzees), which has been previously demonstrated to increase the likelihood of intragroup agonistic behaviour. In socially-housed chimpanze...

American Journal of Primatology, 1996

Skip to Main Content. Due to scheduled maintenance access to the Wiley Online Library may be disr... more Skip to Main Content. Due to scheduled maintenance access to the Wiley Online Library may be disrupted as follows: Saturday, 2 October - New York 0500 EDT to 0700 EDT; London 1000 BST to 1200 BST; Singapore 1700 SGT to 1900 SGT. ...

American Journal of Primatology, 2000

Meeting the psychological needs of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) can be a challenge given their a... more Meeting the psychological needs of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) can be a challenge given their aggressiveness on the one hand and the complexity of their social lives on the other. It is unclear how to balance the need to provide opportunities for species-appropriate behavior against potential risks of injury chimpanzees may inflict on each other. This study evaluates the suggestion that simpler social environments protect chimpanzees from wounding. Over a two-year period all visible injuries to 46 adult males, 64 adult females, and 25 immature chimpanzees were recorded at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center. Approximately half of the subjects were mother-reared, and the rest were nursery-reared. Housing included compounds containing about 20 chimpanzees, interconnected indoor-outdoor runs for groups of up to 12 individuals, and smaller indoor-outdoor runs for pairs and trios. Annual wounding rates were calculated for serious wounds (extensive injuries and all those requiring veterinary intervention) as well as for minor wounds. Compound-housed chimpanzees incurred the highest level of minor wounding, but serious wounding levels were not affected by housing condition. Even with a period of dominance instability and elevated levels of wounding in one compound, compound chimpanzees were not injured more than those in smaller social groups over the long term. Nursery-reared females in moderate-sized groups were wounded more than mother-reared females. Also, nursery-reared males and females were wounded less often when paired with mother-reared companions. Overall, this study indicates that maintaining chimpanzees in pairs and trios would not be an effective means for reducing injuries. The management of wounding in chimpanzee colonies is influenced more by the sex and rearing composition of a colony.

Scientific Reports, 2019

Recent data in a nonhuman primate model showed that infants postnatally infected with Zika virus ... more Recent data in a nonhuman primate model showed that infants postnatally infected with Zika virus (ZIKV) were acutely susceptible to high viremia and neurological damage, suggesting the window of vulnerability extends beyond gestation. In this pilot study, we addressed the susceptibility of two infant rhesus macaques born healthy to dams infected with Zika virus during pregnancy. Passively acquired neutralizing antibody titers dropped below detection limits between 2 and 3 months of age, while binding antibodies remained detectable until viral infection at 5 months. Acute serum viremia was comparatively lower than adults infected with the same Brazilian isolate of ZIKV (n = 11 pregnant females, 4 males, and 4 non-pregnant females). Virus was never detected in cerebrospinal fluid nor in neural tissues at necropsy two weeks after infection. However, viral RNA was detected in lymph nodes, confirming some tissue dissemination. Though protection was not absolute and our study lacks an imp...

PeerJ, 2018

Idiopathic chronic enterocolitis (ICE) is one of the most commonly encountered and difficult to m... more Idiopathic chronic enterocolitis (ICE) is one of the most commonly encountered and difficult to manage diseases of captive rhesus macaques (). The etiology is not well understood, but perturbations in gut microbial communities have been implicated. Here we evaluated the effects of a 14-day course of vancomycin, neomycin, and fluconazole on animals affected with ICE, comparing treated, untreated, and healthy animals. We performed microbiome analysis on duodenal and colonic mucosal samples and feces in order to probe bacterial and/or fungal taxa potentially associated with ICE. All treated animals showed a significant and long-lasting improvement in stool consistency over time when compared to untreated and healthy controls. Microbiome analysis revealed trends associating bacterial community composition with ICE, particularly lineages of the Lactobacillaceae family. Sequencing of DNA from macaque food biscuits revealed that fungal sequences recovered from stool were dominated by yeast...

Ethology, 2000

When strangers meet\ con~ict is likely to arise from incompatibilities in motiv! ations and expec... more When strangers meet\ con~ict is likely to arise from incompatibilities in motiv! ations and expectations\ as well as from the absence of predictability in interactions[ This study explores the mechanisms that mitigate aggression\ permit mutual evalu! ation\ establish tolerance\ and facilitate the development of social bonds between unfamiliar chimpanzees "Pan troglodytes#[ Data collected during the initial half! hour of the introduction of 22 unfamiliar pairs "05 femaleÐmale and 06 femaleÐ female# at the Yerkes Primate Center and Detroit Zoo were used to assess the sequence of events during initial encounters and the function of di}erent behaviour patterns in the formation of relationships[ Initial encounters followed a regular sequence of interactions "i[e[ a {species!typical etiquette|#\ commencing with agon! istic behaviour\ followed by brief friendly touches\ and _nally allogrooming[ Brief friendly touches\ which are associated with conciliatory and tension!reducing func! tions in established relationships\ appeared to serve an evaluative function related to status di}erentiation during initial interactions[ In fact\ individuals more closely matched in competitive ability "inferred from their eventual dominance rank dis! tance# exchanged friendly touches at higher rates than those more obviously mis! matched[ These evaluative touches may represent a safer alternative to more assertive interactions when assessments of competitive ability are required in situ! ations likely to escalate[ Allogrooming promoted the development of tolerance and relaxed proximity^it was\ in fact\ e}ective in reducing agonism and negative! outcome approaches[ Allogrooming may take on a particularly important role in reducing agonism because it begins the commerce of bene_ts that balance the dispersive competitive forces and enable cohesive social groupings

Behaviour, 1997

Behavioural, pharmacological, and physiological evidence supports an association between displace... more Behavioural, pharmacological, and physiological evidence supports an association between displacement activities and anxiety in macaques. Information is scarce in other primate and non-primate species. This study contributes to the understanding of the relation between displacement activities and emotional states by investigating the correspondence between self-directed behaviour and an inherently stressful situation in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Data were collected on 81 captive chimpanzees housed in conditions varying from indoor single caging to indoor/outdoor enclosures containing up to 14 individuals. Observation of gentle and rough scratching, self-grooming, and yawning were used to test predictions concerning the response of individuals to neighbour vocalisation (i.e. the calls and noisy displays produced by neighbouring groups of chimpanzees), which has been previously demonstrated to increase the likelihood of intragroup agonistic behaviour. In socially-housed chimpanze...

American Journal of Primatology, 1996

Skip to Main Content. Due to scheduled maintenance access to the Wiley Online Library may be disr... more Skip to Main Content. Due to scheduled maintenance access to the Wiley Online Library may be disrupted as follows: Saturday, 2 October - New York 0500 EDT to 0700 EDT; London 1000 BST to 1200 BST; Singapore 1700 SGT to 1900 SGT. ...

American Journal of Primatology, 2000

Meeting the psychological needs of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) can be a challenge given their a... more Meeting the psychological needs of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) can be a challenge given their aggressiveness on the one hand and the complexity of their social lives on the other. It is unclear how to balance the need to provide opportunities for species-appropriate behavior against potential risks of injury chimpanzees may inflict on each other. This study evaluates the suggestion that simpler social environments protect chimpanzees from wounding. Over a two-year period all visible injuries to 46 adult males, 64 adult females, and 25 immature chimpanzees were recorded at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center. Approximately half of the subjects were mother-reared, and the rest were nursery-reared. Housing included compounds containing about 20 chimpanzees, interconnected indoor-outdoor runs for groups of up to 12 individuals, and smaller indoor-outdoor runs for pairs and trios. Annual wounding rates were calculated for serious wounds (extensive injuries and all those requiring veterinary intervention) as well as for minor wounds. Compound-housed chimpanzees incurred the highest level of minor wounding, but serious wounding levels were not affected by housing condition. Even with a period of dominance instability and elevated levels of wounding in one compound, compound chimpanzees were not injured more than those in smaller social groups over the long term. Nursery-reared females in moderate-sized groups were wounded more than mother-reared females. Also, nursery-reared males and females were wounded less often when paired with mother-reared companions. Overall, this study indicates that maintaining chimpanzees in pairs and trios would not be an effective means for reducing injuries. The management of wounding in chimpanzee colonies is influenced more by the sex and rearing composition of a colony.