Kazuyuki Kanosue - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Kazuyuki Kanosue

Springer eBooks, 2015

In a variety of sports activities and in our daily lives, we utilize locomotory movements such as... more In a variety of sports activities and in our daily lives, we utilize locomotory movements such as walking and running. It is well understood that maintaining and improving their function can be of major significance in the acquisition of a better sports performances and a more fulfilling life. To facilitate appropriate changes in performance, it is essential to know the basic mechanisms underlying them. In the case of the basic locomotory movements, their neuronal control mechanisms are predominantly automatic and quite different from those that underlie voluntarily-induced movements. A number of studies in the last several decades have described the characteristic features and responsible mechanisms in both animals and humans. On the basis of the knowledge obtained in these studies, this chapter will review the recently acquired knowledge to elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying execution of locomotion movements and provide information for construction of possible intervention for improvement in their performance.

PubMed, 1989

By means of local microperfusion of the 3rd cerebral ventricle, antidiuretic and circulatory resp... more By means of local microperfusion of the 3rd cerebral ventricle, antidiuretic and circulatory responses to stimulations with various hypertonic solutions and norepinephrine were analyzed in conscious ducks. The results suggest ionic rather than osmometric responsiveness of periventricular osmoreceptive elements, which is in line with single unit recordings of periventricular neurons tested in vitro for their osmoresponsiveness. These neurons were located subependymally at the site of greatest responsiveness in vivo, and corresponded to morphologically identified neurons projecting to the neuroendocrine hypothalamo-pituitary system. Antidiuresis was combined with increases in arterial pressure and heart rate in response to hypertonic stimulations with monovalent cations; divalent cations produced long-lasting antidiuresis and equivocal circulatory responses. Norepinephrine elicited antidiuresis which was accompanied by arterial hypotension and bradycardia. Osmotically and norepinephrine induced antidiuresis was combined with increases of plasma ADH concentration. Different modulatory actions of intrinsic adrenergic, angiotensinergic and vasotocinergic neurons are suggested in hypothalamic control of autonomic functions.

Journal of Thermal Biology, Apr 1, 1984

The neuronal discharges of medullary neurons were recorded in urethane-anaesthetized rats in resp... more The neuronal discharges of medullary neurons were recorded in urethane-anaesthetized rats in response to three stimulations which produced tail vasodilation, i.e. preoptic warming, scrotal warming and preoptic microinjection of capsaicin. 2. The number of neurons responding to the three stimulations in the same direction amounted to approx. 70~o of the total number studied. The number of neurons responding with facilitation was about 5 times as many as those responding with inhibition. 3. These medullary neurons are mostly located in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis.

European Journal of Sport Science, Dec 10, 2013

In ball games, players have to pay close attention to visual information in order to predict the ... more In ball games, players have to pay close attention to visual information in order to predict the movements of both the opponents and the ball. Previous studies have indicated that players primarily utilise cues concerning the ball and opponents&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; body motion. The information acquired must be effective for observing players to select the subsequent action. The present study evaluated the effects of changes in the video replay speed on the spatial visual search strategy and ability to predict free throw success. We compared eye movements made while observing a basketball free throw by novices and experienced basketball players. Correct response rates were close to chance (50%) at all video speeds for the novices. The correct response rate of experienced players was significantly above chance (and significantly above that of the novices) at the normal speed, but was not different from chance at both slow and fast speeds. Experienced players gazed more on the lower part of the player&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s body when viewing a normal speed video than the novices. The players likely detected critical visual information to predict shot success by properly moving their gaze according to the shooter&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s movements. This pattern did not change when the video speed was decreased, but changed when it was increased. These findings suggest that temporal information is important for predicting action outcomes and that such outcomes are sensitive to video speed.

PLOS ONE, Feb 5, 2016

The contribution of visual information about a pitched ball to the accuracy of baseball-bat conta... more The contribution of visual information about a pitched ball to the accuracy of baseball-bat contact may vary depending on the part of trajectory seen. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between hitting accuracy and the segment of the trajectory of the flying ball that can be seen by the batter. Ten college baseball field players participated in the study. The systematic error and standardized variability of ball-bat contact on the bat coordinate system and pitcher-to-catcher direction when hitting a ball launched from a pitching machine were measured with or without visual occlusion and analyzed using analysis of variance. The visual occlusion timing included occlusion from 150 milliseconds (ms) after the ball release (R+150), occlusion from 150 ms before the expected arrival of the launched ball at the home plate (A-150), and a condition with no occlusion (NO). Twelve trials in each condition were performed using two ball speeds (31.9 mÁs-1 and 40.3 mÁs-1). Visual occlusion did not affect the mean location of ball-bat contact in the bat's long axis, short axis, and pitcher-to-catcher directions. Although the magnitude of standardized variability was significantly smaller in the bat's short axis direction than in the bat's long axis and pitcher-to-catcher directions (p < 0.001), additional visible time from the R+150 condition to the A-150 and NO conditions resulted in a further decrease in standardized variability only in the bat's short axis direction (p < 0.05). The results suggested that there is directional specificity in the magnitude of standardized variability with different visible time. The present study also confirmed the limitation to visual information is the later part of the ball trajectory for improving hitting accuracy, which is likely due to visuo-motor delay.

Brain Research, Mar 1, 2002

Recently we found that food-deprived rats kept under a light-dark cycle showed a progressive redu... more Recently we found that food-deprived rats kept under a light-dark cycle showed a progressive reduction in body temperature during the light phase on each subsequent day while body temperature in the dark phase did not differ from baseline values. In this study, we investigated the effect of lesioning the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) on body temperature modulation by food deprivation. In the SCN-lesioned rats in which daily rhythms of body temperature and activity were abolished, body temperature was unchanged by food deprivation. We also examined the effect of food deprivation on the daily changes in Fos expression in the SCN. Under normal fed conditions the number of SCN cells expressing Fos is high during the day and low at night. Food deprivation attenuated the amplitude of this daily change in Fos expression in the SCN. This tendency was prominent in the dorsal part of the SCN, while the ventral part showed no effect of food deprivation. These findings suggest that the SCN plays some role in body temperature modulation due to food deprivation.

American Journal of Physiology-regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, Jun 1, 2003

To investigate the mechanism involved in the reduction of body core temperature (T core) during f... more To investigate the mechanism involved in the reduction of body core temperature (T core) during fasting in rats, which is selective in the light phase, we measured T core, surface temperature, and oxygen consumption rate in fed control animals and in fasted animals on day 3 of fasting and day 4 of recovery at an ambient temperature (T a) of 23°C by biotelemetry, infrared thermography, and indirect calorimetry, respectively. On the fasting day, 1) T core in the light phase decreased (P Ͻ 0.05) from the control; however, T core in the dark phase was unchanged, 2) tail temperature fell from the control (P Ͻ 0.05, from 30.7 Ϯ 0.1 to 23.9 Ϯ 0.1°C in the dark phase and from 29.4 Ϯ 0.1 to 25.2 Ϯ 0.2°C in the light phase), 3) oxygen consumption rate decreased from the control (P Ͻ 0.05, from 24.37 Ϯ 1.06 to 16.24 Ϯ 0.69 ml ⅐ min Ϫ1 ⅐ kg body wt Ϫ0.75 in the dark phase and from 18.91 Ϯ 0.64 to 14.00 Ϯ 0.41 ml ⅐ min Ϫ1 ⅐ kg body wt Ϫ0.75 in the light phase). All these values returned to the control levels on the recovery day. The results suggest that, in the fasting condition, T core in the dark phase was maintained by suppression of the heat loss mechanism, despite the reduction of metabolic heat production. In contrast, the response was weakened in the light phase, decreasing T core greatly. Moreover, the change in the regulation of tail blood flow was a likely mechanism to suppress heat loss.

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine, 2012

In the present review, how to measure motor imagery ability, brain activity during motor imagery,... more In the present review, how to measure motor imagery ability, brain activity during motor imagery, the benefits of motor imagery practice, and the influence of sensory inputs on motor imagery, are summarized. First, the classification of motor imagery is explained. Many methods have been utilized to evaluate motor imagery ability. For example, questionnaires, mental chronometry, and mental rotation tasks have been used in the psychological approach. Brain activity has been measured utilizing transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and electroencephalography (EEG). Some brain regions are activated motor execution in both and motor imagery, including the supplementary motor area (SMA), the premotor cortex (PM) and the parietal cortex. Although motor imagery is done without movement or muscle contraction, sensory input from the periphery interacts with motor imagery. Brain activation during imagery of an action, as assessed by TMS, is stronger when sensory inputs resemble those present during the actual execution of the action. Many studies have provided evidence of the effects of motor imagery practice on basic motor skills and sport performance. Most elite athletes (70-90%) report that they use motor imagery to improve performance, and professional players, as compared to amateurs, utilize imagery practice more often. Many studies have confirmed that motor imagery practice can also be useful not only in sports, but also for improving performance in patient rehabilitation programs.

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, Mar 1, 2010

The purpose of the present study was to utilise a spring-mass model to (1) continuously measure v... more The purpose of the present study was to utilise a spring-mass model to (1) continuously measure vertical stiffness (K vert) and leg stiffness (K leg) over an entire 400 m sprint, and (2) investigate the relationship between leg spring stiffness (K vert and K vert) and the performance characteristics of mean forward running velocity (V forwad), mean stride frequency (f stride), and mean stride length (L stride). Eight well-trained male athletes performed a 400 m sprint with maximal effort on an outdoor field track. K vert was calculated from the subjects' body mass, ground contact time and flight time at each step. V forwad , f stride and L stride were determined from video images. K vert and V forwad peaked at the 50-100 m interval, and consistently decreased from the middle to the later part of the sprint. K leg peaked at first 50 m interval, and remained constant from next 50 m interval to finish. As compared with peak values, K vert and V forward in the last 50 m decreased by about 40% and 25%, respectively. A significant positive linear relationship existed between the K vert and V forward. While K vert was significantly correlated with f stride , it had no correlation with L stride. Further, no significant positive linear relationship was found between K leg and V forward , f stride , or L stride. This result indicates that in order to keep V forward at later stage of a 400 m sprint, maintaining the higher f stride through retaining a higher K vert would be necessary.

The Journal of Physiology, Jul 1, 2000

We investigated the mechanism of starvation-induced hypothermia in rats.Threshold core temperatur... more We investigated the mechanism of starvation-induced hypothermia in rats.Threshold core temperatures (Tcor) for tail skin vasodilatation and cold-induced thermogenesis were determined after a 3 day starvation using a chronically implanted intravenous thermode. Food deprivation significantly lowered the threshold Tcor for heat production, but did not affect the heat loss threshold.Thermogenic response to a fall in Tcor below its threshold was enhanced by starvation.Preferred ambient temperatures (Tpref) and Tcor were measured before and during a 3 day starvation in a thermal gradient. The 3 day starvation significantly lowered Tcor only in the light phase of the day. The level of hypothermia was the same throughout the fasting period, while Tpref gradually increased during the 3 days of starvation.When rats were starved at a constant ambient temperature of 25°C (no thermal gradient), their Tcor levels were comparable with those of the rats kept in the thermal gradient.The results suggest that, in rats, hypothermia caused by starvation was not due to a decrement in thermogenic capability, but was due to a decrease in the threshold for the activation of thermogenesis.

The Journal of Physiology, Nov 1, 1998

To investigate the characteristics of efferent projections from the preoptic area for the control... more To investigate the characteristics of efferent projections from the preoptic area for the control of non-shivering thermogenesis, we tested the effects of thermal or chemical stimulation, and transections of the preoptic area on the activity of interscapular brown adipose tissue in cold-acclimated and non-acclimated anaesthetized rats.Electrical stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) elicited non-shivering thermogenesis in the brown adipose tissue (BAT); warming the preoptic area to 41.5 °C completely suppressed the thermogenic response.Injections of d,l-homocysteic acid (DLH; 0.5 mm, 0.3 μl) into the preoptic area also significantly attenuated BAT thermogenesis, whereas injections of control vehicle had no effect.Transections of the whole hypothalamus in the coronal plane at the level of the paraventricular nucleus induced rapid and large rises in BAT and rectal temperatures. This response was not blocked by pretreatment with indomethacin. The high rectal and BAT temperatures were sustained more than 1 h, till the end of the experiment. Bilateral knife cuts that included the medial forebrain bundle but not the paraventricular nuclei elicited similar rises in BAT and rectal temperatures. Medial knife cuts had no effect.These results suggest that warm-sensitive neurones in the preoptic area contribute a larger efferent signal for non-shivering thermogenesis than do cold-sensitive neurones, and that the preoptic area contributes a tonic inhibitory input to loci involved with non-shivering thermogenesis. This efferent inhibitory signal passes via lateral, but not medial, hypothalamic pathways.

Physiological Reports, Nov 1, 2015

The objective of this study was to clarify the temporal change of muscle activity during relaxati... more The objective of this study was to clarify the temporal change of muscle activity during relaxation of ipsilateral remote muscles. While participants maintained a constant right wrist extensor isometric force, they dorsiflexed the ipsilateral ankle from resting position or relaxed from dorsiflexed position in response to an audio signal. The wrist extensor force magnitude increased in the 0-400 msec period after the onset of foot contraction compared to that of the resting condition (P < 0.05). On the other hand, wrist extensor force magnitude and electromyographic (EMG) activity decreased in the 0-400 msec period after the onset of ankle dorsiflexion compared to that of the resting condition (P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that foot muscle relaxation induces temporal reduction in hand muscle EMG activity and force magnitude.

PLOS ONE, Sep 28, 2017

The object of this study was to clarify whether corticospinal excitability controlling hand muscl... more The object of this study was to clarify whether corticospinal excitability controlling hand muscles changes concurrently with increases in the imagined contraction level of foot dorsiflexion. Twelve participants performed actual and imagined dorsiflexion of their right foot at three different EMG levels (10, 40 or 80% of the maximum voluntary contraction). During isometric actual-or imagined-dorsiflexion, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was delivered to the right hand area of the left primary motor cortex. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the right extensor carpi radialis (ECR) and flexor carpi radialis (FCR). During actual contraction, MEP amplitudes of ECR and FCR increased with an increased EMG level of dorsiflexion. Similarly, during imagery contraction, MEP amplitudes of ECR and FCR increased with the intensity of imagery contraction. Furthermore, a correlation between MEP amplitude during actual contraction and imagery contraction was observed for both ECR and FCR. Motor imagery of foot contraction induced an enhancement of corticospinal excitability for hand muscles that was dependent on the imagined contraction levels, just as what was observed when there was an actual contraction.

Frontiers in Physiology, Dec 3, 2019

Fine motor control of not only muscle contraction but also muscle relaxation is required for appr... more Fine motor control of not only muscle contraction but also muscle relaxation is required for appropriate movements in both daily life and sports. Movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease and dystonia are often characterized by deficits of muscle relaxation. Neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies suggest that muscle relaxation is an active process requiring cortical activation, and not just the cessation of contraction. In this article, we review the neural mechanisms of muscle relaxation, primarily utilizing research involving transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Several studies utilizing single-pulse TMS have demonstrated that, during the relaxation phase of a muscle, the excitability of the corticospinal tract controlling that particular muscle is more suppressed than in the resting condition. Other studies, utilizing paired-pulse TMS, have shown that the intracortical inhibition is activated just before muscle relaxation. Moreover, muscle relaxation of one body part suppresses cortical activities controlling other body parts in different limbs. Therefore, the cortical activity might not only be a trigger for muscle relaxation of the target muscles but could also bring about an inhibitory effect on other muscles. This spread of inhibition can hinder the appropriate contraction of muscles involved in multi-limb movements such as those used in sports and the play of musical instruments. This may also be the reason why muscle relaxation is so difficult for beginners, infants, elderly, and the cognitively impaired.

Neuroscience Letters, Apr 1, 2012

Our previous studies showed that corticospinal excitability during imagery of squeezing a foam ba... more Our previous studies showed that corticospinal excitability during imagery of squeezing a foam ball was enhanced by somatosensory input generated by passively holding the ball. In the present study, using the same experimental model, we investigated whether corticospinal excitability was influenced by holding the object with the hand opposite to the imagined hand. Corticospinal excitability was assessed by monitoring motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in the first dorsal interosseous muscle following transcranial magnetic stimulation over the motor cortex during motor imagery. Subjects were asked to imagine squeezing a foam ball with the right hand (experiment 1) or the left hand (experiment 2), while either holding nothing (Null condition), a ball in the right hand (Right condition) or a ball in the left hand (Left condition). The MEPs amplitude during motor imagery was increased, only when the holding hand and the imagined hand were on the same side. These results suggest that performance improvement and rehabilitation exercises will be more effective when somatosensory stimulation and motor imagery are done on the same side.

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Jun 10, 2020

Recent work identified an explicit and implicit transfer of motor learning with one limb to the o... more Recent work identified an explicit and implicit transfer of motor learning with one limb to the other untrained limb. Here we pursue the idea that different individual factors differently contribute to the amount of explicit and implicit intermanual transfer of sensorimotor adaptation. In particular we tested a group of judo athletes who show enhanced righthemispheric involvement in motor control and a group of equally trained athletes as control participants. After adaptation to a 60° visual rotation, we estimated awareness of the perturbation and transfer to the untrained, non-dominant left hand in two experiments. We 3

Scientific Reports

When we have rehearsed a movement using an object, we can reproduce the movement without holding ... more When we have rehearsed a movement using an object, we can reproduce the movement without holding the object. However, the reproduced movement sometimes differs from the movement holding a real object, likely because movement recognition is inaccurate. In the present study, we tested whether the recognition capability was dissociated from the acquisition of motor skill memory. Twelve novices were asked to rotate two balls with their right hand as quickly as possible; they practiced the task for 29 days. To evaluate recognition capability, we calculated the difference in coordination pattern of all five digits between the ball-rotation movement and the reproduced movement without holding balls. The recognition capability did not change within the first day, but improved after one week of practice. On the other hand, performance of the ball rotation significantly improved within the first day. Since improvement of performance is likely associated with acquisition of motor skill memory,...