Keith Friedman - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Keith Friedman

Research paper thumbnail of Considerations on 6 Fiber Architectures of a Carbon/Epoxy Composite in the Design of a Vehicle Body

SAE technical paper series, Jul 9, 2002

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Research paper thumbnail of Frontal Offset and Angled Impact Passive Protection

SAE Technical Paper Series, Mar 1, 1993

Occupant protection in offset and strongly angled frontal impacts represents a crash mode in whic... more Occupant protection in offset and strongly angled frontal impacts represents a crash mode in which a significant number of severe and fatal injuries occur each year in the United States. To date, no United States auto manufacturers have acknowledged dealing with or addressing the problem. This discussion paper provides a literature review, describing the recognition by researchers for more than 20 years that this impact configuration represents a significant and foreseeable accident situation. A brief overview of the frequency of occurrence is provided. This is followed by an example of case studies, and a description of the countermeasure analysis for a selected case. Countermeasures which would improve the safety of occupants in offset frontal impacts are as follows: (1) Restraints can be designed to offset structural deficiencies in offset and strongly angled impacts; (2) The interior configuration of the passenger compartment can be adjusted to better deal with intrusion; (3) Passive interior padding can mitigate the severity of head, neck and thoracic injuries; and (4) low weight modifications of existing engine and passenger compartment structures can resist or limit intrusion. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 886366.

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Research paper thumbnail of The Ability of 3 Point Safety Belts to Restrain Occupants in Rollover Crashes

Three point safety belts are intended to restrain front seat occupants in motor vehicle crashes. ... more Three point safety belts are intended to restrain front seat occupants in motor vehicle crashes. Their purpose is to reduce the severity of occupant collisions with the interior of a vehicle and thus to reduce occupant injury. Manufacturers and the government test occupant protection in frontal collisions both for compliance with federal requirements and under a federal consumer information program. No consensus exists for a test of the ability of seat belts to prevent harmful contact with the roof and roof structure of vehicles. This paper describes a simple test procedure and provides data from tests of some common production safety belt systems. These tests demonstrate that most of the production belts place the head and neck in potentially injurious positions in a rollover. These tests also show that simple geometric improvements could provide substantial head and neck protection in rollover crashes. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528.

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Research paper thumbnail of Impact Induced Fires: Statistical Analysis of FARS and State Data Files (1978-2001)

SAE technical paper series, Apr 11, 2005

This paper is a part of a larger report (Friedman, Kenney, & Holloway, 2003), Impact Induced ... more This paper is a part of a larger report (Friedman, Kenney, & Holloway, 2003), Impact Induced Fires & Fuel Leakage: Statistical Analysis of FARS and State Data Files (1978-2001). This larger report included a review of the literature of fire and fuel leaks in post-collision passenger vehicles from 1957 to 2003, replicated Malliaris' (1991) methodology in his landmark study of post-collision fires in the State of Michigan and FARS data, and furthered the analysis by examining post-collision fires and fuel leaks with three state accident databases-Maryland, Illinois and Pennsylvania. The current paper is focused on the conclusions and overall recommendations for data collection and analysis based on the findings from the state accident databases and FARS analyses.

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Research paper thumbnail of Repeatability of the carousel dynamic stability and rollover test device

Proceedings of the 26th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), 2019

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Research paper thumbnail of Vehicle Structural Design Utilizing Optimized Finite Element Modeling

SAE Technical Paper Series, Feb 23, 1998

A study of an existing B-pillar was conducted to examine the changes required to increase the lat... more A study of an existing B-pillar was conducted to examine the changes required to increase the lateral load carrying capability by a factor of ten. A finite element optimization package was used to adjust the geometric and material characteristics simultaneously while minimizing weight. The results show that the weight and cost necessary for the ten-fold improvement in lateral load carrying capability were very low. Further, the results illustrate how structural design optimization with finite element modeling can be effectively utilized to create cost effective elements for use in an integrated occupant protection system.

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Research paper thumbnail of Roof Crush Versus Occupant Injury From 1988 to 1992 NASS

SAE Technical Paper Series, Feb 23, 1998

This paper describes the relationship between roof crush and restrained occupant injury in rollov... more This paper describes the relationship between roof crush and restrained occupant injury in rollover accidents as derived from the analysis of 1988-1992 National Accident Sampling System (NASS) files. It extends the residual headroom parameter to the entire population of head, face and neck occupants injured inside the compartment. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD E201404.

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Research paper thumbnail of Strength Behavior of Metal-To-Metal and Metal-To-Composite Joints

SAE technical paper series, Oct 16, 2001

ABSTRACT

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Research paper thumbnail of Comparison of Upper and Lower Hybrid III Dummy Neck Compression Forces Under Vertical Loading

Advances in Bioengineering, Nov 11, 2001

The determination of the relationship of the upper and lower Hybrid III dummy neck transducer loa... more The determination of the relationship of the upper and lower Hybrid III dummy neck transducer loads during vertical drop test loading was of interest in the present study. The anthropometric test device is a tool used in crash analysis. It is typically used for frontal or side crash analysis. It has however been used for vertical drop or rollover studies (1).

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Research paper thumbnail of Impact Induced Fires: Pickup Design Feature Analysis

SAE technical paper series, Apr 3, 2006

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Research paper thumbnail of Statistical Analysis of Crash Conditions and Their Relationship to Injuries

Statistical models were developed relating injury probabilities in generalized body regions to cr... more Statistical models were developed relating injury probabilities in generalized body regions to crash conditions. The data available for use was the Restraint System Evaluation Program file which contains a sample of front seat occupants of 1973 through 1975 model year automobiles in 1974-1975 towaway accidents. The file had been upgraded with the inclusion of calculated crash severity parameters such as barrier equivalent velocity and various crush measures. During the analysis a number of additional crash severity parameters were formulated. A large number of statistical techniques were utilized during the course of the work including AID, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, categorical analysis, and logistic analysis. The analyses done addressed primarily unrestrained unejected occupants in frontal and side impacts. Additionally, restrained occupants were considered to a lesser extent. Generally, the resulting models provide an injury probability description whose most significant parameter is crash severity but which also includes occupant characteristics and other parameters.

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Research paper thumbnail of Roof collapse and the risk of severe

Proceedings of the 13th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV), 1991

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Research paper thumbnail of The Safe Road to Fuel Economy

This paper considers and explains the 1975 projected and 1990 actual Safety and Fuel Economy of s... more This paper considers and explains the 1975 projected and 1990 actual Safety and Fuel Economy of small cars and characterizes for 1996 and 2001 reasonably modified regulations which would result in improvements consistent with industry potential and consumer demands for the safety and fuel economy of various size cars, with practical modifications to current vehicles. An estimate of the resulting reduction of casualties and improvement in fuel economy is provided. In 1975 NHTSA's Research Safety Vehicle (RSV) Program established the analytical framework for assessing present and future auto safety gains. The 1975-1980 Minicars RSV and Large Research Safety Vehicle (LRSV) program established a baseline for quantifying the effects on injuries and fatalities of design alternatives applied to current 1990 cars for future production. Estimates are coupled with recent and more sophisticated accident data, the results of the later RSV prototype design phases, published safety studies in the intervening period, recent regulatory implementations, manufacturer's confidential design efforts and production of safety improvements, and some 200 detailed severe injury accident investigations of the past seven years. The results indicate that with modest, achievable regulatory changes (FMVSS 208 frontal and 45 deg angled 35 mph barrier impacts, the S8.3 rollover and a 40 mpg CAFE), vehicular fatalities and injuries will continue to decline, the disparity between small and large car and light truck safety can be ameliorated, while manufacturers simultaneously improve fuel economy 40% by 2001.

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Research paper thumbnail of Restraint effectiveness during rollover motion

A large number of restrained vehicle occupants in the United States suffer severe head and neck i... more A large number of restrained vehicle occupants in the United States suffer severe head and neck injuries during rollover accidents. Occupant protection in rollover impacts can be provided through the use of many components, one of which is the restraint system. The ability of various restraint systems to control occupant kinematics and keep occupant heads away from potential injurious loading conditions is important in providing protection to restrained occupants in rollover impacts. An experimental study was conducted to assess the ability of various restraints to control human volunteer vertical motions. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD E201282.

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Research paper thumbnail of Potential effects of automatic braking on accident fatalities and serious injuries

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Research paper thumbnail of Potential Effects of Deceleration Pulse Variations on Injury Measures Computed in Aircraft Seat HIC Analysis Testing

SAE technical paper series, Sep 19, 2017

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Research paper thumbnail of Virtual Testing Applied to Door Latch Performance Evaluation

Vehicle door latch minimum force capability testing presently utilizes uniaxial quasi-static load... more Vehicle door latch minimum force capability testing presently utilizes uniaxial quasi-static loading conditions created toward the middle of the last century. Current technology enables more sophisticated virtual testing of a broad range of systems. Door latch failures have been observed in vehicles under a variety of conditions. Typically these conditions involve multiple axis loading conditions. The loading conditions presented during rollovers on passenger vehicle side door latches are not currently evaluated. Background on these conditions is reviewed. Rollover crash test results, rollover crashes and physical FMVSS 206 latch testing are reviewed. In this paper, the creation and validation of a passenger vehicle door latch model is described. The multi-axis loading conditions observed in virtual rollover testing at the latch location are characterized. These loads are then applied to the virtual testing of a latch in both the secondary and primary latch positions. The results are then compared with crash test and real world rollover results for the same latch. The results indicate that while a door latch in the secondary latch position may meet minimum existing uniaxial horizontal plane loading requirements, the incorporation of multi-axis loading conditions may result in failure of the latch to accomplish its intended purpose at loads substantially below the FMVSS 206 uniaxial failure loads. The findings suggest the need for reexamining the relevance of existing door latch testing practices in light of the prevalence of rollover impacts and other impact conditions in today's vehicle fleet environment.

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Research paper thumbnail of Potential Effects of Friction on Injury Measures Computed in Aircraft Seat HIC Analysis Testing

SAE technical paper series, Sep 19, 2017

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Research paper thumbnail of An Investigation of Hybrid III and Living Human Drop Tests

Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 2000

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Research paper thumbnail of A framework for improving of heavy truck cab crashworthiness under rollover conditions

Proceedings of the 26th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), 2019

In 2012 the US Congress directed the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) to impro... more In 2012 the US Congress directed the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) to improve commercial motor vehicle safety through the MAP-21 Act. NHTSA reported to the US Congress in 2015 that heavy truck rollover crashworthiness should be improved. To that end NHTSA sent a letter to the president of SAE asking if improvements in test methods could be suggested that would result in improvement of rollover performance. In this study we review the performance of heavy truck cab structures that meet the requirements of J2422 and suggest a framework for improving rollover crashworthiness for heavy trucks.

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Research paper thumbnail of Considerations on 6 Fiber Architectures of a Carbon/Epoxy Composite in the Design of a Vehicle Body

SAE technical paper series, Jul 9, 2002

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Research paper thumbnail of Frontal Offset and Angled Impact Passive Protection

SAE Technical Paper Series, Mar 1, 1993

Occupant protection in offset and strongly angled frontal impacts represents a crash mode in whic... more Occupant protection in offset and strongly angled frontal impacts represents a crash mode in which a significant number of severe and fatal injuries occur each year in the United States. To date, no United States auto manufacturers have acknowledged dealing with or addressing the problem. This discussion paper provides a literature review, describing the recognition by researchers for more than 20 years that this impact configuration represents a significant and foreseeable accident situation. A brief overview of the frequency of occurrence is provided. This is followed by an example of case studies, and a description of the countermeasure analysis for a selected case. Countermeasures which would improve the safety of occupants in offset frontal impacts are as follows: (1) Restraints can be designed to offset structural deficiencies in offset and strongly angled impacts; (2) The interior configuration of the passenger compartment can be adjusted to better deal with intrusion; (3) Passive interior padding can mitigate the severity of head, neck and thoracic injuries; and (4) low weight modifications of existing engine and passenger compartment structures can resist or limit intrusion. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 886366.

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Research paper thumbnail of The Ability of 3 Point Safety Belts to Restrain Occupants in Rollover Crashes

Three point safety belts are intended to restrain front seat occupants in motor vehicle crashes. ... more Three point safety belts are intended to restrain front seat occupants in motor vehicle crashes. Their purpose is to reduce the severity of occupant collisions with the interior of a vehicle and thus to reduce occupant injury. Manufacturers and the government test occupant protection in frontal collisions both for compliance with federal requirements and under a federal consumer information program. No consensus exists for a test of the ability of seat belts to prevent harmful contact with the roof and roof structure of vehicles. This paper describes a simple test procedure and provides data from tests of some common production safety belt systems. These tests demonstrate that most of the production belts place the head and neck in potentially injurious positions in a rollover. These tests also show that simple geometric improvements could provide substantial head and neck protection in rollover crashes. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528.

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Research paper thumbnail of Impact Induced Fires: Statistical Analysis of FARS and State Data Files (1978-2001)

SAE technical paper series, Apr 11, 2005

This paper is a part of a larger report (Friedman, Kenney, & Holloway, 2003), Impact Induced ... more This paper is a part of a larger report (Friedman, Kenney, & Holloway, 2003), Impact Induced Fires & Fuel Leakage: Statistical Analysis of FARS and State Data Files (1978-2001). This larger report included a review of the literature of fire and fuel leaks in post-collision passenger vehicles from 1957 to 2003, replicated Malliaris' (1991) methodology in his landmark study of post-collision fires in the State of Michigan and FARS data, and furthered the analysis by examining post-collision fires and fuel leaks with three state accident databases-Maryland, Illinois and Pennsylvania. The current paper is focused on the conclusions and overall recommendations for data collection and analysis based on the findings from the state accident databases and FARS analyses.

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Research paper thumbnail of Repeatability of the carousel dynamic stability and rollover test device

Proceedings of the 26th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), 2019

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Research paper thumbnail of Vehicle Structural Design Utilizing Optimized Finite Element Modeling

SAE Technical Paper Series, Feb 23, 1998

A study of an existing B-pillar was conducted to examine the changes required to increase the lat... more A study of an existing B-pillar was conducted to examine the changes required to increase the lateral load carrying capability by a factor of ten. A finite element optimization package was used to adjust the geometric and material characteristics simultaneously while minimizing weight. The results show that the weight and cost necessary for the ten-fold improvement in lateral load carrying capability were very low. Further, the results illustrate how structural design optimization with finite element modeling can be effectively utilized to create cost effective elements for use in an integrated occupant protection system.

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Research paper thumbnail of Roof Crush Versus Occupant Injury From 1988 to 1992 NASS

SAE Technical Paper Series, Feb 23, 1998

This paper describes the relationship between roof crush and restrained occupant injury in rollov... more This paper describes the relationship between roof crush and restrained occupant injury in rollover accidents as derived from the analysis of 1988-1992 National Accident Sampling System (NASS) files. It extends the residual headroom parameter to the entire population of head, face and neck occupants injured inside the compartment. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD E201404.

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Research paper thumbnail of Strength Behavior of Metal-To-Metal and Metal-To-Composite Joints

SAE technical paper series, Oct 16, 2001

ABSTRACT

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Research paper thumbnail of Comparison of Upper and Lower Hybrid III Dummy Neck Compression Forces Under Vertical Loading

Advances in Bioengineering, Nov 11, 2001

The determination of the relationship of the upper and lower Hybrid III dummy neck transducer loa... more The determination of the relationship of the upper and lower Hybrid III dummy neck transducer loads during vertical drop test loading was of interest in the present study. The anthropometric test device is a tool used in crash analysis. It is typically used for frontal or side crash analysis. It has however been used for vertical drop or rollover studies (1).

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Research paper thumbnail of Impact Induced Fires: Pickup Design Feature Analysis

SAE technical paper series, Apr 3, 2006

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Statistical Analysis of Crash Conditions and Their Relationship to Injuries

Statistical models were developed relating injury probabilities in generalized body regions to cr... more Statistical models were developed relating injury probabilities in generalized body regions to crash conditions. The data available for use was the Restraint System Evaluation Program file which contains a sample of front seat occupants of 1973 through 1975 model year automobiles in 1974-1975 towaway accidents. The file had been upgraded with the inclusion of calculated crash severity parameters such as barrier equivalent velocity and various crush measures. During the analysis a number of additional crash severity parameters were formulated. A large number of statistical techniques were utilized during the course of the work including AID, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, categorical analysis, and logistic analysis. The analyses done addressed primarily unrestrained unejected occupants in frontal and side impacts. Additionally, restrained occupants were considered to a lesser extent. Generally, the resulting models provide an injury probability description whose most significant parameter is crash severity but which also includes occupant characteristics and other parameters.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Roof collapse and the risk of severe

Proceedings of the 13th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV), 1991

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of The Safe Road to Fuel Economy

This paper considers and explains the 1975 projected and 1990 actual Safety and Fuel Economy of s... more This paper considers and explains the 1975 projected and 1990 actual Safety and Fuel Economy of small cars and characterizes for 1996 and 2001 reasonably modified regulations which would result in improvements consistent with industry potential and consumer demands for the safety and fuel economy of various size cars, with practical modifications to current vehicles. An estimate of the resulting reduction of casualties and improvement in fuel economy is provided. In 1975 NHTSA's Research Safety Vehicle (RSV) Program established the analytical framework for assessing present and future auto safety gains. The 1975-1980 Minicars RSV and Large Research Safety Vehicle (LRSV) program established a baseline for quantifying the effects on injuries and fatalities of design alternatives applied to current 1990 cars for future production. Estimates are coupled with recent and more sophisticated accident data, the results of the later RSV prototype design phases, published safety studies in the intervening period, recent regulatory implementations, manufacturer's confidential design efforts and production of safety improvements, and some 200 detailed severe injury accident investigations of the past seven years. The results indicate that with modest, achievable regulatory changes (FMVSS 208 frontal and 45 deg angled 35 mph barrier impacts, the S8.3 rollover and a 40 mpg CAFE), vehicular fatalities and injuries will continue to decline, the disparity between small and large car and light truck safety can be ameliorated, while manufacturers simultaneously improve fuel economy 40% by 2001.

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Research paper thumbnail of Restraint effectiveness during rollover motion

A large number of restrained vehicle occupants in the United States suffer severe head and neck i... more A large number of restrained vehicle occupants in the United States suffer severe head and neck injuries during rollover accidents. Occupant protection in rollover impacts can be provided through the use of many components, one of which is the restraint system. The ability of various restraint systems to control occupant kinematics and keep occupant heads away from potential injurious loading conditions is important in providing protection to restrained occupants in rollover impacts. An experimental study was conducted to assess the ability of various restraints to control human volunteer vertical motions. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD E201282.

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Research paper thumbnail of Potential effects of automatic braking on accident fatalities and serious injuries

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Potential Effects of Deceleration Pulse Variations on Injury Measures Computed in Aircraft Seat HIC Analysis Testing

SAE technical paper series, Sep 19, 2017

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Virtual Testing Applied to Door Latch Performance Evaluation

Vehicle door latch minimum force capability testing presently utilizes uniaxial quasi-static load... more Vehicle door latch minimum force capability testing presently utilizes uniaxial quasi-static loading conditions created toward the middle of the last century. Current technology enables more sophisticated virtual testing of a broad range of systems. Door latch failures have been observed in vehicles under a variety of conditions. Typically these conditions involve multiple axis loading conditions. The loading conditions presented during rollovers on passenger vehicle side door latches are not currently evaluated. Background on these conditions is reviewed. Rollover crash test results, rollover crashes and physical FMVSS 206 latch testing are reviewed. In this paper, the creation and validation of a passenger vehicle door latch model is described. The multi-axis loading conditions observed in virtual rollover testing at the latch location are characterized. These loads are then applied to the virtual testing of a latch in both the secondary and primary latch positions. The results are then compared with crash test and real world rollover results for the same latch. The results indicate that while a door latch in the secondary latch position may meet minimum existing uniaxial horizontal plane loading requirements, the incorporation of multi-axis loading conditions may result in failure of the latch to accomplish its intended purpose at loads substantially below the FMVSS 206 uniaxial failure loads. The findings suggest the need for reexamining the relevance of existing door latch testing practices in light of the prevalence of rollover impacts and other impact conditions in today's vehicle fleet environment.

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Research paper thumbnail of Potential Effects of Friction on Injury Measures Computed in Aircraft Seat HIC Analysis Testing

SAE technical paper series, Sep 19, 2017

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Research paper thumbnail of An Investigation of Hybrid III and Living Human Drop Tests

Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 2000

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Research paper thumbnail of A framework for improving of heavy truck cab crashworthiness under rollover conditions

Proceedings of the 26th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), 2019

In 2012 the US Congress directed the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) to impro... more In 2012 the US Congress directed the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) to improve commercial motor vehicle safety through the MAP-21 Act. NHTSA reported to the US Congress in 2015 that heavy truck rollover crashworthiness should be improved. To that end NHTSA sent a letter to the president of SAE asking if improvements in test methods could be suggested that would result in improvement of rollover performance. In this study we review the performance of heavy truck cab structures that meet the requirements of J2422 and suggest a framework for improving rollover crashworthiness for heavy trucks.

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