Keith Lyle - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Keith Lyle
Politics and the Life Sciences, 2018
Whether Geneva Conventions (GC) rights should apply to terrorists is a contentious question that ... more Whether Geneva Conventions (GC) rights should apply to terrorists is a contentious question that has received little attention in public opinion research. Both personality and contextual factors may be important. We queried participants’ support for applying the GC to alleged terrorists, but first we measured participants’ authoritarianism and presented them with a scenario concerning an alleged terrorist. We manipulated whether (1) the scenario contained examples of GC rights and (2) the alleged terrorist’s religious affiliation was Muslim or non-Muslim. Support for applying the GC to alleged terrorists was high and unaffected by providing examples of GC provisions, but it was negatively related to authoritarianism. Support was reduced by priming with a Muslim terrorist, but only among participants exhibiting a behavioral marker for limited interhemispheric interaction — consistent-handedness. Consistent-handers in our sample expressed greater authoritarianism, suggesting that limited interhemispheric interaction promotes greater authoritarianism, which decreases support for applying the GC to alleged terrorists.
2015 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition Proceedings, 2015
Journal of experimental psychology. General, Jan 9, 2015
Within a week of the attack of September 11, 2001, a consortium of researchers from across the Un... more Within a week of the attack of September 11, 2001, a consortium of researchers from across the United States distributed a survey asking about the circumstances in which respondents learned of the attack (their flashbulb memories) and the facts about the attack itself (their event memories). Follow-up surveys were distributed 11, 25, and 119 months after the attack. The study, therefore, examines retention of flashbulb memories and event memories at a substantially longer retention interval than any previous study using a test-retest methodology, allowing for the study of such memories over the long term. There was rapid forgetting of both flashbulb and event memories within the first year, but the forgetting curves leveled off after that, not significantly changing even after a 10-year delay. Despite the initial rapid forgetting, confidence remained high throughout the 10-year period. Five putative factors affecting flashbulb memory consistency and event memory accuracy were examin...
Psychology and Aging, 2008
We describe three theoretical accounts of age-related increases in falsely remembering that imagi... more We describe three theoretical accounts of age-related increases in falsely remembering that imagined actions were performed . To investigate these accounts and further explore age-related changes in reality monitoring of action memories, we used a new paradigm in which actions were (a) imagined-only (b) actually performed, or (c) both imagined and performed. Older adults were more likely than younger adults to misremember the source of imagined-only actions, with older adults' more often specifying that the action was imagined and also that it was performed. For both age groups, as repetitions of the imagined-only events increased, illusions that the actions were only performed decreased. These patterns suggest that both older and younger adults utilize qualitative characteristics when making reality-monitoring judgments and that repeated imagination produces richer records of both sensory details and cognitive operations. However, sensory information derived from imagination appears to be more similar to that derived from performance for older than younger adults.
Psychological Science, 2009
Popular history films sometimes contain major historical inaccuracies. Two experiments investigat... more Popular history films sometimes contain major historical inaccuracies. Two experiments investigated how watching such films influences people's ability to remember associated texts. Subjects watched film clips and studied texts about various historical topics. Whereas the texts contained only correct information, the film clips contained both correct information (consistent with the text) and misinformation (contradicted by the text). Before watching each clip, subjects received a specific warning, a general warning, or no warning about the misinformation. One week later, they returned for a cued-recall test about the texts. Watching a film clip increased correct recall of consistent information relative to recall of the same information when subjects did not see the clip. However, when the information in the film contradicted the text, subjects often (falsely) recalled misinformation from the film. The specific warning substantially reduced this misinformation effect. Teachers should use popular history films with caution and should warn students about major inaccuracies in the films.
Psychological Review, 2001
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iv Acknowledgements Many people were instrumental to the development, executi... more ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iv Acknowledgements Many people were instrumental to the development, execution, and writing of this thesis. Most important among these is my advisor, Richard Shiffrin. His insight and guidance are sprinkled liberally throughout this work. Nearly all the experiments were designed and performed through the hard work and dedication of two students: Keith Lyle and Kirsten Ruys. Their names, as well as Richard Shiffrin's, appear in a version of this work submitted for publication. Besides those directly involved in the priming studies, there was a supporting cast of characters. Most important amongst these were Karen Loffland and Coralee Sons who made all the red tape melt away. Without the expertise of Bill Wang the technical difficulties would have been insurmountable. The advice and comments of members of the Shiffrin lab, which included Mark Steyvers, David Diller, Denis Cousineau, Amy Criss, Lael Schooler, Rachel Shoup and Peter Nobel, were invaluable. William K. Estes and Eric-Jan Wagenmakers deserve recognition for helpful comments on early drafts of this thesis. I am grateful to my parents, Ernest and Ellen, for bringing me into this world and instilling in me a sense of scientific curiousity. Most important of all, I would like to thank my wife, Christina Anderson, who believed in me through it all. v
Memory, 2010
Saccade-induced retrieval enhancement (SIRE) is the effect whereby making bilateral saccades enha... more Saccade-induced retrieval enhancement (SIRE) is the effect whereby making bilateral saccades enhances the subsequent retrieval of memories. Two experiments explored SIRE's potential to improve eyewitness evidence. Participants viewed slideshows depicting crimes, and received contradictory and additive misinformation about event details either once (Experiment 1) or three times (Experiment 2). Participants then performed saccades or a fixation control task before being tested on their memory for the slideshows and making confidence judgements. Saccades increased discrimination between seen and unseen event details regardless of whether or what type of misinformation was presented. Because prior studies indicated that SIRE might be more robust for individuals who are strongly right-handed versus not, we examined SIRE as a function of handedness and found that saccades improved memory for event details regardless of participants' handedness. However, participants who were not strongly right-handed had fewer false memories than participants who were strongly right-handed, extending previous findings of superior memory among individuals who are not strongly right-handed. Saccades also increased confidence in true memories (Experiment 1) and decreased confidence in false memories (Experiment 2). The results support SIRE's potential to improve eyewitness evidence.
Memory, 2014
Making repetitive saccadic eye movements has been found to increase subsequent episodic memory re... more Making repetitive saccadic eye movements has been found to increase subsequent episodic memory retrieval and also to increase subsequent top-down attentional control. We theorise that these effects are related such that saccade-induced changes in attentional processing facilitate memory retrieval. We tested this idea by examining the effect of saccade execution on retrieval conditions that differed in relative ease of consciously accessing episodic memories. Based on recent theories of episodic retrieval, we reasoned that there is a larger role for top-down attention when memories are more difficult to access. Consequently, we expected saccade execution to have a greater facilitative effect on retrieval when memories were more difficult to access. We obtained the expected result in a recall procedure in Experiment 1 and in a recognition procedure in Experiment 2. We also examined an individual difference factor-consistency of handedness-as a possible moderator of saccade execution effects on retrieval. We discuss how our top-down attentional control hypothesis can be extended to explain beneficial effects of saccade execution on other types of cognition, as well as negative effects on retrieval in some cases.
Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition, 2014
Individuals differ in the consistency with which they use one hand over the other to perform ever... more Individuals differ in the consistency with which they use one hand over the other to perform everyday activities. Some individuals are very consistent, habitually using a single hand to perform most tasks. Others are relatively inconsistent, and hence make greater use of both hands. More- versus less-consistent individuals have been shown to differ in numerous aspects of personality and cognition. In several respects consistent-handed individuals resemble authoritarian individuals. For example, both consistent-handedness and authoritarianism have been linked to cognitive inflexibility. Therefore we hypothesised that consistent-handedness is an external marker for authoritarianism. Confirming our hypothesis, we found that consistent-handers scored higher than inconsistent-handers on a measure of submission to authority, were more likely to identify with a conservative political party (Republican), and expressed less-positive attitudes towards out-groups. We propose that authoritarianism may be influenced by the degree of interaction between the left and right brain hemispheres, which has been found to differ between consistent- and inconsistent-handed individuals.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2002
- tested two-alternative, forced-choice (2-AFC) perceptual identification in a short-term pri... more 2001) tested two-alternative, forced-choice (2-AFC) perceptual identification in a short-term priming task. For repetition priming, passive viewing of primes resulted in a preference to choose repeated words, but actively responding to primes resulted in a preference against choosing repeated words. These results were explained with a computational model, responding optimally with unknown sources of evidence (ROUSE), using the offsetting mechanisms of source confusion and discounting. An analysis of ROUSE revealed conditions under which discounting efficacy should diminish, causing a preference for primed words even with active prime processing. Two new studies confirm 2 such conditions: very short target flash durations and very low similarity between primes and primed choice words. These a priori predictions contrast with the a posteriori data fits of a multinomial model developed by R. .
Brain and Cognition, 2010
Retrieval of memories is enhanced when bilateral saccades are made immediately before attempting ... more Retrieval of memories is enhanced when bilateral saccades are made immediately before attempting retrieval. One hypothesis is that saccades enhance retrieval by increasing interaction of the brain hemispheres. To test this, subjects viewed arrays of lateralized letters and indicated whether target letters matched either of two probe letters. Matching targets and probes were presented to either the same hemisphere (within-hemisphere trials) or separate hemispheres (across-hemisphere trials). Match detection requires interhemispheric interaction on across-hemisphere trials but primarily intrahemispheric processing on within-hemisphere trials. Subjects performed letter matching following saccades and a fixation control condition. Saccades increased match-detection accuracy on within-hemisphere trials only, suggesting that, counter to the hypothesis, saccades enhance intrahemispheric processing but not interhemispheric interaction. Across-hemisphere accuracy was higher, however, for subjects who were not strongly right-handed, versus those who were, and the absence of strong right-handedness may reflect greater interhemispheric interaction. We discuss implications for accounts of saccade-induced retrieval enhancement.
Perception & Psychophysics, 2002
In a recent paper, Craig and Lyle (2001) measured tactile spatial acuity on the palm and compared... more In a recent paper, Craig and Lyle (2001) measured tactile spatial acuity on the palm and compared these results with the results from similar measures on the fingertip. The changes in sensitivity between the two sites appeared to be consistent with estimates of the relative density of innervation between the two sites. Rather than compare their results with changes in the density of innervation, Craig and Lyle should have compared them with changes in the spacing between receptors. On this basis, psychophysical performance is much poorer on the palm than one would predict on the basis of the spacing between receptors. Some possible reasons are offered for the difference between the psychophysical results and the predictions based on receptor spacing.
Perception & Psychophysics, 2001
Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2004
... reported analyses. 394 KB Lyle and MK Johnson Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Ap... more ... reported analyses. 394 KB Lyle and MK Johnson Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Appl. Cognit. Psychol. 18: 393403 (2004) Page 3. Materials We used the same photographs of faces as in Dodson et al. (1997, Experiment ...
Journal of …, Jan 1, 2009
More than 3,000 individuals from seven US cities reported on their memories of learning of the te... more More than 3,000 individuals from seven US cities reported on their memories of learning of the terrorist attacks of September 11, as well as details about the attack, one week, 11 months, and/or 35 months after the assault. Some studies of flashbulb memories examining long-term retention show slowing in the rate of forgetting after a year, whereas others demonstrate accelerated forgetting. The present paper indicates that (1) the rate of forgetting for flashbulb memories and event memory (memory for details about the event itself) slows after a year, (2) the strong emotional reactions elicited by flashbulb events are remembered poorly, worse than non-emotional features such as where and from whom one learned of the attack, and (3) the content of flashbulb and event memories stabilizes after a year. The results are discussed in terms of community memory practices.
Politics and the Life Sciences, 2018
Whether Geneva Conventions (GC) rights should apply to terrorists is a contentious question that ... more Whether Geneva Conventions (GC) rights should apply to terrorists is a contentious question that has received little attention in public opinion research. Both personality and contextual factors may be important. We queried participants’ support for applying the GC to alleged terrorists, but first we measured participants’ authoritarianism and presented them with a scenario concerning an alleged terrorist. We manipulated whether (1) the scenario contained examples of GC rights and (2) the alleged terrorist’s religious affiliation was Muslim or non-Muslim. Support for applying the GC to alleged terrorists was high and unaffected by providing examples of GC provisions, but it was negatively related to authoritarianism. Support was reduced by priming with a Muslim terrorist, but only among participants exhibiting a behavioral marker for limited interhemispheric interaction — consistent-handedness. Consistent-handers in our sample expressed greater authoritarianism, suggesting that limited interhemispheric interaction promotes greater authoritarianism, which decreases support for applying the GC to alleged terrorists.
2015 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition Proceedings, 2015
Journal of experimental psychology. General, Jan 9, 2015
Within a week of the attack of September 11, 2001, a consortium of researchers from across the Un... more Within a week of the attack of September 11, 2001, a consortium of researchers from across the United States distributed a survey asking about the circumstances in which respondents learned of the attack (their flashbulb memories) and the facts about the attack itself (their event memories). Follow-up surveys were distributed 11, 25, and 119 months after the attack. The study, therefore, examines retention of flashbulb memories and event memories at a substantially longer retention interval than any previous study using a test-retest methodology, allowing for the study of such memories over the long term. There was rapid forgetting of both flashbulb and event memories within the first year, but the forgetting curves leveled off after that, not significantly changing even after a 10-year delay. Despite the initial rapid forgetting, confidence remained high throughout the 10-year period. Five putative factors affecting flashbulb memory consistency and event memory accuracy were examin...
Psychology and Aging, 2008
We describe three theoretical accounts of age-related increases in falsely remembering that imagi... more We describe three theoretical accounts of age-related increases in falsely remembering that imagined actions were performed . To investigate these accounts and further explore age-related changes in reality monitoring of action memories, we used a new paradigm in which actions were (a) imagined-only (b) actually performed, or (c) both imagined and performed. Older adults were more likely than younger adults to misremember the source of imagined-only actions, with older adults' more often specifying that the action was imagined and also that it was performed. For both age groups, as repetitions of the imagined-only events increased, illusions that the actions were only performed decreased. These patterns suggest that both older and younger adults utilize qualitative characteristics when making reality-monitoring judgments and that repeated imagination produces richer records of both sensory details and cognitive operations. However, sensory information derived from imagination appears to be more similar to that derived from performance for older than younger adults.
Psychological Science, 2009
Popular history films sometimes contain major historical inaccuracies. Two experiments investigat... more Popular history films sometimes contain major historical inaccuracies. Two experiments investigated how watching such films influences people's ability to remember associated texts. Subjects watched film clips and studied texts about various historical topics. Whereas the texts contained only correct information, the film clips contained both correct information (consistent with the text) and misinformation (contradicted by the text). Before watching each clip, subjects received a specific warning, a general warning, or no warning about the misinformation. One week later, they returned for a cued-recall test about the texts. Watching a film clip increased correct recall of consistent information relative to recall of the same information when subjects did not see the clip. However, when the information in the film contradicted the text, subjects often (falsely) recalled misinformation from the film. The specific warning substantially reduced this misinformation effect. Teachers should use popular history films with caution and should warn students about major inaccuracies in the films.
Psychological Review, 2001
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iv Acknowledgements Many people were instrumental to the development, executi... more ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iv Acknowledgements Many people were instrumental to the development, execution, and writing of this thesis. Most important among these is my advisor, Richard Shiffrin. His insight and guidance are sprinkled liberally throughout this work. Nearly all the experiments were designed and performed through the hard work and dedication of two students: Keith Lyle and Kirsten Ruys. Their names, as well as Richard Shiffrin's, appear in a version of this work submitted for publication. Besides those directly involved in the priming studies, there was a supporting cast of characters. Most important amongst these were Karen Loffland and Coralee Sons who made all the red tape melt away. Without the expertise of Bill Wang the technical difficulties would have been insurmountable. The advice and comments of members of the Shiffrin lab, which included Mark Steyvers, David Diller, Denis Cousineau, Amy Criss, Lael Schooler, Rachel Shoup and Peter Nobel, were invaluable. William K. Estes and Eric-Jan Wagenmakers deserve recognition for helpful comments on early drafts of this thesis. I am grateful to my parents, Ernest and Ellen, for bringing me into this world and instilling in me a sense of scientific curiousity. Most important of all, I would like to thank my wife, Christina Anderson, who believed in me through it all. v
Memory, 2010
Saccade-induced retrieval enhancement (SIRE) is the effect whereby making bilateral saccades enha... more Saccade-induced retrieval enhancement (SIRE) is the effect whereby making bilateral saccades enhances the subsequent retrieval of memories. Two experiments explored SIRE's potential to improve eyewitness evidence. Participants viewed slideshows depicting crimes, and received contradictory and additive misinformation about event details either once (Experiment 1) or three times (Experiment 2). Participants then performed saccades or a fixation control task before being tested on their memory for the slideshows and making confidence judgements. Saccades increased discrimination between seen and unseen event details regardless of whether or what type of misinformation was presented. Because prior studies indicated that SIRE might be more robust for individuals who are strongly right-handed versus not, we examined SIRE as a function of handedness and found that saccades improved memory for event details regardless of participants' handedness. However, participants who were not strongly right-handed had fewer false memories than participants who were strongly right-handed, extending previous findings of superior memory among individuals who are not strongly right-handed. Saccades also increased confidence in true memories (Experiment 1) and decreased confidence in false memories (Experiment 2). The results support SIRE's potential to improve eyewitness evidence.
Memory, 2014
Making repetitive saccadic eye movements has been found to increase subsequent episodic memory re... more Making repetitive saccadic eye movements has been found to increase subsequent episodic memory retrieval and also to increase subsequent top-down attentional control. We theorise that these effects are related such that saccade-induced changes in attentional processing facilitate memory retrieval. We tested this idea by examining the effect of saccade execution on retrieval conditions that differed in relative ease of consciously accessing episodic memories. Based on recent theories of episodic retrieval, we reasoned that there is a larger role for top-down attention when memories are more difficult to access. Consequently, we expected saccade execution to have a greater facilitative effect on retrieval when memories were more difficult to access. We obtained the expected result in a recall procedure in Experiment 1 and in a recognition procedure in Experiment 2. We also examined an individual difference factor-consistency of handedness-as a possible moderator of saccade execution effects on retrieval. We discuss how our top-down attentional control hypothesis can be extended to explain beneficial effects of saccade execution on other types of cognition, as well as negative effects on retrieval in some cases.
Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition, 2014
Individuals differ in the consistency with which they use one hand over the other to perform ever... more Individuals differ in the consistency with which they use one hand over the other to perform everyday activities. Some individuals are very consistent, habitually using a single hand to perform most tasks. Others are relatively inconsistent, and hence make greater use of both hands. More- versus less-consistent individuals have been shown to differ in numerous aspects of personality and cognition. In several respects consistent-handed individuals resemble authoritarian individuals. For example, both consistent-handedness and authoritarianism have been linked to cognitive inflexibility. Therefore we hypothesised that consistent-handedness is an external marker for authoritarianism. Confirming our hypothesis, we found that consistent-handers scored higher than inconsistent-handers on a measure of submission to authority, were more likely to identify with a conservative political party (Republican), and expressed less-positive attitudes towards out-groups. We propose that authoritarianism may be influenced by the degree of interaction between the left and right brain hemispheres, which has been found to differ between consistent- and inconsistent-handed individuals.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2002
- tested two-alternative, forced-choice (2-AFC) perceptual identification in a short-term pri... more 2001) tested two-alternative, forced-choice (2-AFC) perceptual identification in a short-term priming task. For repetition priming, passive viewing of primes resulted in a preference to choose repeated words, but actively responding to primes resulted in a preference against choosing repeated words. These results were explained with a computational model, responding optimally with unknown sources of evidence (ROUSE), using the offsetting mechanisms of source confusion and discounting. An analysis of ROUSE revealed conditions under which discounting efficacy should diminish, causing a preference for primed words even with active prime processing. Two new studies confirm 2 such conditions: very short target flash durations and very low similarity between primes and primed choice words. These a priori predictions contrast with the a posteriori data fits of a multinomial model developed by R. .
Brain and Cognition, 2010
Retrieval of memories is enhanced when bilateral saccades are made immediately before attempting ... more Retrieval of memories is enhanced when bilateral saccades are made immediately before attempting retrieval. One hypothesis is that saccades enhance retrieval by increasing interaction of the brain hemispheres. To test this, subjects viewed arrays of lateralized letters and indicated whether target letters matched either of two probe letters. Matching targets and probes were presented to either the same hemisphere (within-hemisphere trials) or separate hemispheres (across-hemisphere trials). Match detection requires interhemispheric interaction on across-hemisphere trials but primarily intrahemispheric processing on within-hemisphere trials. Subjects performed letter matching following saccades and a fixation control condition. Saccades increased match-detection accuracy on within-hemisphere trials only, suggesting that, counter to the hypothesis, saccades enhance intrahemispheric processing but not interhemispheric interaction. Across-hemisphere accuracy was higher, however, for subjects who were not strongly right-handed, versus those who were, and the absence of strong right-handedness may reflect greater interhemispheric interaction. We discuss implications for accounts of saccade-induced retrieval enhancement.
Perception & Psychophysics, 2002
In a recent paper, Craig and Lyle (2001) measured tactile spatial acuity on the palm and compared... more In a recent paper, Craig and Lyle (2001) measured tactile spatial acuity on the palm and compared these results with the results from similar measures on the fingertip. The changes in sensitivity between the two sites appeared to be consistent with estimates of the relative density of innervation between the two sites. Rather than compare their results with changes in the density of innervation, Craig and Lyle should have compared them with changes in the spacing between receptors. On this basis, psychophysical performance is much poorer on the palm than one would predict on the basis of the spacing between receptors. Some possible reasons are offered for the difference between the psychophysical results and the predictions based on receptor spacing.
Perception & Psychophysics, 2001
Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2004
... reported analyses. 394 KB Lyle and MK Johnson Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Ap... more ... reported analyses. 394 KB Lyle and MK Johnson Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Appl. Cognit. Psychol. 18: 393403 (2004) Page 3. Materials We used the same photographs of faces as in Dodson et al. (1997, Experiment ...
Journal of …, Jan 1, 2009
More than 3,000 individuals from seven US cities reported on their memories of learning of the te... more More than 3,000 individuals from seven US cities reported on their memories of learning of the terrorist attacks of September 11, as well as details about the attack, one week, 11 months, and/or 35 months after the assault. Some studies of flashbulb memories examining long-term retention show slowing in the rate of forgetting after a year, whereas others demonstrate accelerated forgetting. The present paper indicates that (1) the rate of forgetting for flashbulb memories and event memory (memory for details about the event itself) slows after a year, (2) the strong emotional reactions elicited by flashbulb events are remembered poorly, worse than non-emotional features such as where and from whom one learned of the attack, and (3) the content of flashbulb and event memories stabilizes after a year. The results are discussed in terms of community memory practices.