Ketan Vakil - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Ketan Vakil

Research paper thumbnail of Formulating a New Orthodontic Index: An Indian Board of Orthodontics Initiative

The Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, Apr 1, 2020

A proposal to formulate an orthodontic index specific for the Indian Board of Orthodontics (IBO) ... more A proposal to formulate an orthodontic index specific for the Indian Board of Orthodontics (IBO) to determine the acceptability and degree of difficulty of a cases submitted for the phase III examination was discussed at the College of Diplomates meet (CDIBO). To ascertain the degree of difficulty of a case is very subjective; therefore, the need to quantify the complexity of a case in a standard format is required. To develop a Discrepancy Index for the IBO, 20 Dental and Cephalometric components of a malocclusion and 20 intraoral frontal photographs would have to be evaluated and a weightage score for each component would be assigned. Components such as upper and lower anterior proclination, commonly seen in our Asian population which have been omitted in the commonly used indices such as PAR (Peer Assessment Review) IOTN (Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need) and the ICON (Index of Complexity,Outcome and Need) have been included. The proposed IBO Index would add uniformity and standardization in assessing the degree of difficulty and also the degree of improvement of a case, which would be a beneficial tool for a fair evaluation.

Research paper thumbnail of Formulating a New Orthodontic Index: An Indian Board of Orthodontics Initiative—Part 2

The Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, Mar 28, 2022

A proposal to formulate an orthodontic index specific for the Indian Board of Orthodontics (IBO) ... more A proposal to formulate an orthodontic index specific for the Indian Board of Orthodontics (IBO) to determine the acceptability and degree of difficulty of a cases submitted for the phase III examination was discussed at the College of Diplomates meet (CDIBO). To ascertain the degree of difficulty of a case is very subjective; therefore, the need to quantify the complexity of a case in a standard format is required. To develop a Discrepancy Index for the IBO, 20 Dental and Cephalometric components of a malocclusion and 20 intraoral frontal photographs would have to be evaluated and a weightage score for each component would be assigned. Components such as upper and lower anterior proclination, commonly seen in our Asian population which have been omitted in the commonly used indices such as PAR (Peer Assessment Review) IOTN (Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need) and the ICON (Index of Complexity,Outcome and Need) have been included. The proposed IBO Index would add uniformity and standardization in assessing the degree of difficulty and also the degree of improvement of a case, which would be a beneficial tool for a fair evaluation.

Research paper thumbnail of Formulating a New Orthodontic Index: An Indian Board of Orthodontics Initiative

Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, 2020

A proposal to formulate an orthodontic index specific for the Indian Board of Orthodontics (IBO) ... more A proposal to formulate an orthodontic index specific for the Indian Board of Orthodontics (IBO) to determine the acceptability and degree of difficulty of a cases submitted for the phase III examination was discussed at the College of Diplomates meet (CDIBO). To ascertain the degree of difficulty of a case is very subjective; therefore, the need to quantify the complexity of a case in a standard format is required. To develop a Discrepancy Index for the IBO, 20 Dental and Cephalometric components of a malocclusion and 20 intraoral frontal photographs would have to be evaluated and a weightage score for each component would be assigned. Components such as upper and lower anterior proclination, commonly seen in our Asian population which have been omitted in the commonly used indices such as PAR (Peer Assessment Review) IOTN (Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need) and the ICON (Index of Complexity,Outcome and Need) have been included. The proposed IBO Index would add uniformity and sta...

Research paper thumbnail of Hyoid bone position and head posture comparison in skeletal Class I and Class II subjects: A retrospective cephalometric study

APOS Trends in Orthodontics, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Orthodontic Camouflage in Skeletal Class III Malocclusion: A Contemporary Review

Journal of Orofacial Research, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Soldered Power Arm: An Easy and Effective Method for Intrusion and Retraction of Anterior Teeth

The Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of A multidisciplinary treatment approach of complete transposition of impacted maxillary left canine with maxillary first premolar in presence of bilateral congenital absence of maxillary lateral incisors

APOS Trends in Orthodontics, Jan 11, 2016

The maxillary permanent canine is the tooth most frequently involved, which is often transposed w... more The maxillary permanent canine is the tooth most frequently involved, which is often transposed with the first premolar followed by transposition between the maxillary permanent canine and maxillary lateral incisor. This study describes the correction of complete transposition of the maxillary left first premolar with impacted permanent maxillary left canine and congenital missing maxillary lateral incisor. The current case report describes a multidisciplinary approach for the alignment of impacted and transposed teeth with surgical exposure of impacted maxillary canine and restorative treatment of transposed maxillary left first premolar. The satisfactory results were achieved with maximum three-dimensional control of tooth movement and without any iatrogenic damage.

Research paper thumbnail of Simultaneous retraction and intrusion using a single palatal micro-implant

Journal of orthodontic research, 2014

This case report describes the treatment of a case with skeletal Class II, gummy smile, anterior ... more This case report describes the treatment of a case with skeletal Class II, gummy smile, anterior deep bite and convex facial profi le. While treating such a severe case, the outcome may not always be successful with orthodontic therapy alone. For this reason, surgical therapy is often chosen to gain an esthetic facial profi le and a good smile. However, sometimes the patients reject surgical treatment and an alternative method must be considered. Skeletal anchorage systems such as miniscrews are now frequently used for correcting severe malocclusion that should be treated by orthodontics and surgical therapy. In this case report, we treated a skeletal Class II malocclusion with convex profi le and gummy smile using miniscrews, which were placed in the mid-palatal region for simultaneous intrusion and retraction of upper anteriors.

Research paper thumbnail of Correction of severe deep bite and gummy smile using mini-screw anchorage: A case report

Journal of the world federation of orthodontists, Dec 1, 2015

The patient was a 23-year-old girl who had an Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion, severe over... more The patient was a 23-year-old girl who had an Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion, severe overjet, and deep bite with a gummy smile. She had both impacted mandibular canine teeth. The objectives were to correct deep bite, gummy smile, accentuated overjet, alignment of impacted canine and to achieve adequate overbite and overjet. The treatment involved extraction of maxillary first premolars proceeding with retraction and intrusion of the upper anterior teeth with mini-screw implants as the orthodontic anchorage. After treatment, adequate overbite and overjet and a satisfactory maxillary gingival exposure in the smile were obtained. The mini-screw implant anchorage method is useful for correction of severe overjet and a deep bite with a gummy smile.

Research paper thumbnail of A case report on management of complex malocclusion using infra-zygomatic bone screws

Journal of Contemporary Orthodontics

Here is a case report of a 20 year old male patient who reported with chief complaint of irregula... more Here is a case report of a 20 year old male patient who reported with chief complaint of irregular teeth and un-esthetic smile. Patient was diagnosed with hypodivergent face pattern, retroclined upper incisors and anterior deep bite. Molars were in End-on relationship. Treatment was planned using passive self-ligation (Damon system) and enmasse arch distalization using Infra-zygomatic bone screws. Treatment result showed marked improvement in facial esthetics and occlusion by incorporating predictable biomechanics.

Research paper thumbnail of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Research paper thumbnail of Management of Class II Malocclusion with Modification in Forsus Fatigue Resistance Device

Management of class II malocclusion in adolescents by growth modulation is one of the most diffic... more Management of class II malocclusion in adolescents by growth modulation is one of the most difficult and commonly encountered scenario in clinical orthodontics. Noncompliance has been a major concern for orthodontists. This case report describes the management

Research paper thumbnail of Management of Class II Malocclusion with Modification in Forsus Fatigue Resistance Device: A Case Report

Murlidhar R Sastri1, Harshal A Jain2, Ketan K Vakil3, Krishna Nayak4 1Professor, Department of Or... more Murlidhar R Sastri1, Harshal A Jain2, Ketan K Vakil3, Krishna Nayak4 1Professor, Department of Orthodontics, SMBT Dental College & Hospital, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India, 2Post-graduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, SMBT Dental College & Hospital, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India, 3Professor & Head, Department of Orthodontics, SMBT Dental College & Hospital, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India,4Professor & Head, Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, A.B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, India

Research paper thumbnail of Managing Class II Malocclusions with Miniscrew Implants - Case Reports

Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, 2009

Various methods are available for class II correction by moving molar distally. Miniscrews placed... more Various methods are available for class II correction by moving molar distally. Miniscrews placed in the maxillary buccal interradicular space between the second premolar and the first molar at an oblique angle were useful for moving maxillary molars distally. Miniscrews provide sufficient anchorage for incisor retraction in Class II treatment without unwanted orthodontic side effects. In this article three cases were presented, in which class II malocclusion is corrected by retracting the anteriors and distalizing the molars by using mini screw implants.

Research paper thumbnail of A Novel Method of Bonding

Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, 2014

Orthodontic bonding has been done by direct and indirect methods. Both the methods have their own... more Orthodontic bonding has been done by direct and indirect methods. Both the methods have their own advantages and limitations. Although, direct bonding is preferred method by most of the orthodontist, it is a time consuming procedure requiring skill and proficiency. Indirect bonding has the advantages of allowing accurate bracket placement, but has disadvantages like the expense of the materials, the additional laboratory procedure, and the difficulty in achieving consistent and predictable adhesion to the teeth. This article shows a new method of bonding combining the direct and indirect methods, to increase the clinician’s efficiency and better express the inbuilt features of the bracket.

Research paper thumbnail of A case report on correction of class II division 2 malocclusion using molar-to-molar appliance

Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, 2018

Temporomandibular joint assessment • No signs or symptoms of temporomandibular disorder. Intraora... more Temporomandibular joint assessment • No signs or symptoms of temporomandibular disorder. Intraoral examination Oral hygiene and dental health Oral hygiene status was fair-to-poor with stains and deposits on labial and lingual surfaces.

Research paper thumbnail of Acrylic button: A clinical innovation in forsus fatigue resistance device

Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, 2016

Forsus fatigue resistance device*, a fixed functional appliance, is now most widely used for corr... more Forsus fatigue resistance device*, a fixed functional appliance, is now most widely used for correction of Class II malocclusion. The common problem with this appliance is frequent debonding of mandibular canine brackets. The present article describes a simple, chairside fabrication of acrylic button which will ensure prevention of debonding of brackets.

Research paper thumbnail of Amalgamation of orthodontics and restorative dentistry: An integral part of esthetic dentistry - Report of two cases

Indian Journal of Multidisciplinary Dentistry, 2016

Restorative management of patients with teeth following orthodontic treatment is often necessary.... more Restorative management of patients with teeth following orthodontic treatment is often necessary. Ideally, restorative treatment is done before start of the orthodontic treatment. These are situations where the buccal surface of the teeth is broken or fractured, so it needs to be restored for proper bracket placement. Whereas in some situations, the restorative finishing is done at the end of orthodontic treatment. Successful treatment of these cases is therefore dependent not only on the correct treatment plan but also on the correct sequencing of treatment between the different members of the dental team. This article will discuss multiple factors such as tooth proportion and tooth position that must be considered to obtain the best esthetic and functional result following orthodontic treatment.

Research paper thumbnail of A multidisciplinary treatment approach of complete transposition of impacted maxillary left canine with maxillary first premolar in presence of bilateral congenital absence of maxillary lateral incisors

APOS Trends in Orthodontics, 2016

The maxillary permanent canine is the tooth most frequently involved, which is often transposed w... more The maxillary permanent canine is the tooth most frequently involved, which is often transposed with the first premolar followed by transposition between the maxillary permanent canine and maxillary lateral incisor. This study describes the correction of complete transposition of the maxillary left first premolar with impacted permanent maxillary left canine and congenital missing maxillary lateral incisor. The current case report describes a multidisciplinary approach for the alignment of impacted and transposed teeth with surgical exposure of impacted maxillary canine and restorative treatment of transposed maxillary left first premolar. The satisfactory results were achieved with maximum three-dimensional control of tooth movement and without any iatrogenic damage.

Research paper thumbnail of 2APOSTrendsOrthod Hyoid bone

Research paper thumbnail of Formulating a New Orthodontic Index: An Indian Board of Orthodontics Initiative

The Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, Apr 1, 2020

A proposal to formulate an orthodontic index specific for the Indian Board of Orthodontics (IBO) ... more A proposal to formulate an orthodontic index specific for the Indian Board of Orthodontics (IBO) to determine the acceptability and degree of difficulty of a cases submitted for the phase III examination was discussed at the College of Diplomates meet (CDIBO). To ascertain the degree of difficulty of a case is very subjective; therefore, the need to quantify the complexity of a case in a standard format is required. To develop a Discrepancy Index for the IBO, 20 Dental and Cephalometric components of a malocclusion and 20 intraoral frontal photographs would have to be evaluated and a weightage score for each component would be assigned. Components such as upper and lower anterior proclination, commonly seen in our Asian population which have been omitted in the commonly used indices such as PAR (Peer Assessment Review) IOTN (Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need) and the ICON (Index of Complexity,Outcome and Need) have been included. The proposed IBO Index would add uniformity and standardization in assessing the degree of difficulty and also the degree of improvement of a case, which would be a beneficial tool for a fair evaluation.

Research paper thumbnail of Formulating a New Orthodontic Index: An Indian Board of Orthodontics Initiative—Part 2

The Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, Mar 28, 2022

A proposal to formulate an orthodontic index specific for the Indian Board of Orthodontics (IBO) ... more A proposal to formulate an orthodontic index specific for the Indian Board of Orthodontics (IBO) to determine the acceptability and degree of difficulty of a cases submitted for the phase III examination was discussed at the College of Diplomates meet (CDIBO). To ascertain the degree of difficulty of a case is very subjective; therefore, the need to quantify the complexity of a case in a standard format is required. To develop a Discrepancy Index for the IBO, 20 Dental and Cephalometric components of a malocclusion and 20 intraoral frontal photographs would have to be evaluated and a weightage score for each component would be assigned. Components such as upper and lower anterior proclination, commonly seen in our Asian population which have been omitted in the commonly used indices such as PAR (Peer Assessment Review) IOTN (Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need) and the ICON (Index of Complexity,Outcome and Need) have been included. The proposed IBO Index would add uniformity and standardization in assessing the degree of difficulty and also the degree of improvement of a case, which would be a beneficial tool for a fair evaluation.

Research paper thumbnail of Formulating a New Orthodontic Index: An Indian Board of Orthodontics Initiative

Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, 2020

A proposal to formulate an orthodontic index specific for the Indian Board of Orthodontics (IBO) ... more A proposal to formulate an orthodontic index specific for the Indian Board of Orthodontics (IBO) to determine the acceptability and degree of difficulty of a cases submitted for the phase III examination was discussed at the College of Diplomates meet (CDIBO). To ascertain the degree of difficulty of a case is very subjective; therefore, the need to quantify the complexity of a case in a standard format is required. To develop a Discrepancy Index for the IBO, 20 Dental and Cephalometric components of a malocclusion and 20 intraoral frontal photographs would have to be evaluated and a weightage score for each component would be assigned. Components such as upper and lower anterior proclination, commonly seen in our Asian population which have been omitted in the commonly used indices such as PAR (Peer Assessment Review) IOTN (Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need) and the ICON (Index of Complexity,Outcome and Need) have been included. The proposed IBO Index would add uniformity and sta...

Research paper thumbnail of Hyoid bone position and head posture comparison in skeletal Class I and Class II subjects: A retrospective cephalometric study

APOS Trends in Orthodontics, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Orthodontic Camouflage in Skeletal Class III Malocclusion: A Contemporary Review

Journal of Orofacial Research, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Soldered Power Arm: An Easy and Effective Method for Intrusion and Retraction of Anterior Teeth

The Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of A multidisciplinary treatment approach of complete transposition of impacted maxillary left canine with maxillary first premolar in presence of bilateral congenital absence of maxillary lateral incisors

APOS Trends in Orthodontics, Jan 11, 2016

The maxillary permanent canine is the tooth most frequently involved, which is often transposed w... more The maxillary permanent canine is the tooth most frequently involved, which is often transposed with the first premolar followed by transposition between the maxillary permanent canine and maxillary lateral incisor. This study describes the correction of complete transposition of the maxillary left first premolar with impacted permanent maxillary left canine and congenital missing maxillary lateral incisor. The current case report describes a multidisciplinary approach for the alignment of impacted and transposed teeth with surgical exposure of impacted maxillary canine and restorative treatment of transposed maxillary left first premolar. The satisfactory results were achieved with maximum three-dimensional control of tooth movement and without any iatrogenic damage.

Research paper thumbnail of Simultaneous retraction and intrusion using a single palatal micro-implant

Journal of orthodontic research, 2014

This case report describes the treatment of a case with skeletal Class II, gummy smile, anterior ... more This case report describes the treatment of a case with skeletal Class II, gummy smile, anterior deep bite and convex facial profi le. While treating such a severe case, the outcome may not always be successful with orthodontic therapy alone. For this reason, surgical therapy is often chosen to gain an esthetic facial profi le and a good smile. However, sometimes the patients reject surgical treatment and an alternative method must be considered. Skeletal anchorage systems such as miniscrews are now frequently used for correcting severe malocclusion that should be treated by orthodontics and surgical therapy. In this case report, we treated a skeletal Class II malocclusion with convex profi le and gummy smile using miniscrews, which were placed in the mid-palatal region for simultaneous intrusion and retraction of upper anteriors.

Research paper thumbnail of Correction of severe deep bite and gummy smile using mini-screw anchorage: A case report

Journal of the world federation of orthodontists, Dec 1, 2015

The patient was a 23-year-old girl who had an Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion, severe over... more The patient was a 23-year-old girl who had an Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion, severe overjet, and deep bite with a gummy smile. She had both impacted mandibular canine teeth. The objectives were to correct deep bite, gummy smile, accentuated overjet, alignment of impacted canine and to achieve adequate overbite and overjet. The treatment involved extraction of maxillary first premolars proceeding with retraction and intrusion of the upper anterior teeth with mini-screw implants as the orthodontic anchorage. After treatment, adequate overbite and overjet and a satisfactory maxillary gingival exposure in the smile were obtained. The mini-screw implant anchorage method is useful for correction of severe overjet and a deep bite with a gummy smile.

Research paper thumbnail of A case report on management of complex malocclusion using infra-zygomatic bone screws

Journal of Contemporary Orthodontics

Here is a case report of a 20 year old male patient who reported with chief complaint of irregula... more Here is a case report of a 20 year old male patient who reported with chief complaint of irregular teeth and un-esthetic smile. Patient was diagnosed with hypodivergent face pattern, retroclined upper incisors and anterior deep bite. Molars were in End-on relationship. Treatment was planned using passive self-ligation (Damon system) and enmasse arch distalization using Infra-zygomatic bone screws. Treatment result showed marked improvement in facial esthetics and occlusion by incorporating predictable biomechanics.

Research paper thumbnail of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Research paper thumbnail of Management of Class II Malocclusion with Modification in Forsus Fatigue Resistance Device

Management of class II malocclusion in adolescents by growth modulation is one of the most diffic... more Management of class II malocclusion in adolescents by growth modulation is one of the most difficult and commonly encountered scenario in clinical orthodontics. Noncompliance has been a major concern for orthodontists. This case report describes the management

Research paper thumbnail of Management of Class II Malocclusion with Modification in Forsus Fatigue Resistance Device: A Case Report

Murlidhar R Sastri1, Harshal A Jain2, Ketan K Vakil3, Krishna Nayak4 1Professor, Department of Or... more Murlidhar R Sastri1, Harshal A Jain2, Ketan K Vakil3, Krishna Nayak4 1Professor, Department of Orthodontics, SMBT Dental College & Hospital, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India, 2Post-graduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, SMBT Dental College & Hospital, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India, 3Professor & Head, Department of Orthodontics, SMBT Dental College & Hospital, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India,4Professor & Head, Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, A.B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, India

Research paper thumbnail of Managing Class II Malocclusions with Miniscrew Implants - Case Reports

Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, 2009

Various methods are available for class II correction by moving molar distally. Miniscrews placed... more Various methods are available for class II correction by moving molar distally. Miniscrews placed in the maxillary buccal interradicular space between the second premolar and the first molar at an oblique angle were useful for moving maxillary molars distally. Miniscrews provide sufficient anchorage for incisor retraction in Class II treatment without unwanted orthodontic side effects. In this article three cases were presented, in which class II malocclusion is corrected by retracting the anteriors and distalizing the molars by using mini screw implants.

Research paper thumbnail of A Novel Method of Bonding

Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, 2014

Orthodontic bonding has been done by direct and indirect methods. Both the methods have their own... more Orthodontic bonding has been done by direct and indirect methods. Both the methods have their own advantages and limitations. Although, direct bonding is preferred method by most of the orthodontist, it is a time consuming procedure requiring skill and proficiency. Indirect bonding has the advantages of allowing accurate bracket placement, but has disadvantages like the expense of the materials, the additional laboratory procedure, and the difficulty in achieving consistent and predictable adhesion to the teeth. This article shows a new method of bonding combining the direct and indirect methods, to increase the clinician’s efficiency and better express the inbuilt features of the bracket.

Research paper thumbnail of A case report on correction of class II division 2 malocclusion using molar-to-molar appliance

Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, 2018

Temporomandibular joint assessment • No signs or symptoms of temporomandibular disorder. Intraora... more Temporomandibular joint assessment • No signs or symptoms of temporomandibular disorder. Intraoral examination Oral hygiene and dental health Oral hygiene status was fair-to-poor with stains and deposits on labial and lingual surfaces.

Research paper thumbnail of Acrylic button: A clinical innovation in forsus fatigue resistance device

Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, 2016

Forsus fatigue resistance device*, a fixed functional appliance, is now most widely used for corr... more Forsus fatigue resistance device*, a fixed functional appliance, is now most widely used for correction of Class II malocclusion. The common problem with this appliance is frequent debonding of mandibular canine brackets. The present article describes a simple, chairside fabrication of acrylic button which will ensure prevention of debonding of brackets.

Research paper thumbnail of Amalgamation of orthodontics and restorative dentistry: An integral part of esthetic dentistry - Report of two cases

Indian Journal of Multidisciplinary Dentistry, 2016

Restorative management of patients with teeth following orthodontic treatment is often necessary.... more Restorative management of patients with teeth following orthodontic treatment is often necessary. Ideally, restorative treatment is done before start of the orthodontic treatment. These are situations where the buccal surface of the teeth is broken or fractured, so it needs to be restored for proper bracket placement. Whereas in some situations, the restorative finishing is done at the end of orthodontic treatment. Successful treatment of these cases is therefore dependent not only on the correct treatment plan but also on the correct sequencing of treatment between the different members of the dental team. This article will discuss multiple factors such as tooth proportion and tooth position that must be considered to obtain the best esthetic and functional result following orthodontic treatment.

Research paper thumbnail of A multidisciplinary treatment approach of complete transposition of impacted maxillary left canine with maxillary first premolar in presence of bilateral congenital absence of maxillary lateral incisors

APOS Trends in Orthodontics, 2016

The maxillary permanent canine is the tooth most frequently involved, which is often transposed w... more The maxillary permanent canine is the tooth most frequently involved, which is often transposed with the first premolar followed by transposition between the maxillary permanent canine and maxillary lateral incisor. This study describes the correction of complete transposition of the maxillary left first premolar with impacted permanent maxillary left canine and congenital missing maxillary lateral incisor. The current case report describes a multidisciplinary approach for the alignment of impacted and transposed teeth with surgical exposure of impacted maxillary canine and restorative treatment of transposed maxillary left first premolar. The satisfactory results were achieved with maximum three-dimensional control of tooth movement and without any iatrogenic damage.

Research paper thumbnail of 2APOSTrendsOrthod Hyoid bone