Kevin Norton - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Kevin Norton
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2014
International journal of sports medicine, 1995
This study examined the relationship between the time required to fully utilise the maximal accum... more This study examined the relationship between the time required to fully utilise the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) and event specificity of track cyclists. Twelve track endurance and 6 sprint high performance track cyclists performed four treatments of 70 s, 120 s, 300 s and 115% VO2max of maximal cycling on an air-braked ergometer. Peak blood lactate was measured immediately after each test with VO2 kinetics being assessed during the 115% VO2max time to exhaustion test. When the two cycling groups were combined there was no significant difference in the MAOD when assessed under the four different exercise durations. However, when the groups were analysed separately the following results were apparent: (1) the sprint cyclists achieved a significantly greater MAOD (66.9 +/- 2.2 ml.kg-1) compared to the track endurance cyclists (57.6 +/- 6.7 ml.kg-1) when a 70 s test duration was employed (2) even though the track endurance cyclists achieved their greatest MAOD during the 3...
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 1990
Mean arterial pressure (Pa), heart rate, cardiac output (Q), and Q distribution (with radiolabele... more Mean arterial pressure (Pa), heart rate, cardiac output (Q), and Q distribution (with radiolabeled microspheres) were measured in miniature swine as they ran at high levels on a motor-driven treadmill. Each animal ran on two occasions: once during exercise at maximal O2 uptake (VO2max) and once at an intensity estimated to require approximately 115% VO2max. The purpose was to assess these cardiovascular variables to determine whether the calculated resistance to blood flow during supramaximal exercise was different from that during maximal exercise. A total of 114 tissues/organs were dissected for blood flow analysis. Pa and Q were unaltered between the two exercise conditions. Blood flow to all but one of the 62 skeletal muscles sampled was unchanged between conditions as were the blood flows to the visceral organs and brain. The results demonstrate that vascular resistance was constant in all these tissues between maximal and supramaximal exercise intensities. Elevated blood flows...
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 1990
To study the distribution of blood flow after blood volume expansion, seven miniature swine ran a... more To study the distribution of blood flow after blood volume expansion, seven miniature swine ran at high speed (17.6-20 km/h, estimated to require 115% of maximal O2 uptake) on a motor-driven treadmill on two occasions: once during normovolemia and once after an acute 15% blood volume expansion (homologous whole blood). O2 uptake, cardiac output, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and distribution of blood flow (with radiolabeled microspheres) were measured at the same time during each of the exercise bouts. Maximal heart rate was identical between conditions (mean 266); mean arterial pressure was elevated during the hypovolemic exercise (149 +/- 5 vs. 137 +/- 6 mmHg). Although cardiac output was higher and arterial O2 saturation was maintained during the hypervolemic condition (10.5 +/- 0.7 vs. 9.3 +/- 0.6 l/min), O2 uptake was not different (1.74 +/- 0.08 vs. 1.74 +/- 0.09 l/min). Mean blood flows to cardiac (+12.9%), locomotory (+9.8%), and respiratory (+7.5%) muscles were all el...
International journal of sports medicine, 1992
Pulse oximetry is used extensively during exercise stress-testing in the clinical and sports medi... more Pulse oximetry is used extensively during exercise stress-testing in the clinical and sports medicine settings. There are few validation studies to assess the appropriateness of using pulse oximetry under conditions of potentially compromised peripheral blood flow. To study the accuracy of pulse oximetry during severe exercise stress, 10 athletes undertook 3 bouts of exhaustive exercise; once at an intensity requiring VO2max (max), once at 115% of VO2max (Smax), and once at Smax while FIO2 was increased to 0.30. The results indicate relatively large underestimations occur when pulse oximetry is used to estimate %SaO2 during exercise, when compared to the criterion samples of gas analysis in arterial blood. These differences were exacerbated as the exercise intensity increased from a mean(+/- SE) difference of 2.9 +/- 0.7 %SaO2 at max to 4.6 +/- 0.7 %SaO2 at Smax. Breathing a higher FIO2 reversed the hypoxemia that occurred during the normoxic exercise, however, pulse oximetry measur...
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 1992
The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of regular voluntary exercise in pregnant n... more The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of regular voluntary exercise in pregnant normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats on 1) uteroplacental perfusion and mean arterial pressure in the resting conscious condition and 2) fetal number, fetal weight, and number of fetal resorptions. WKYs and SHRs were randomly assigned to standard cages [CWKY (n = 10); CSHR (n = 6)] or cages with activity wheels [EWKY (n = 7); ESHR (n = 8)]. EWKYs and ESHRs exercised for 12 wk, and then all rats were bred and experiments were conducted on gestational day 17. Resting blood flow (microspheres), heart rate (HR), and mean arterial pressure (Pa) were measured. No significant difference was found in Pa, HR, uterine blood flow (ESHRs 52 +/- 8 ml.min-1.100 g-1; CSHRs 28 +/- 6 ml.min-1.100 g-1), or maternal placental blood flow (ESHRs, 122 +/- 31 ml.min-1.100 g-1; CSHRs 78 +/- 21 ml.min-1.100 g-1) among the groups. Exercise altered the relationship between mater...
The Physician and sportsmedicine, 2014
Health/fitness facilities are popular venues for physical activity, where increasingly more indiv... more Health/fitness facilities are popular venues for physical activity, where increasingly more individuals at risk of cardiovascular events exercise to achieve positive health outcomes. The aim of our study was to analyze cardiac emergency preparedness in health/fitness facilities in Queensland, Australia. Cross-sectional survey of health/fitness facilities in Queensland. A risk management questionnaire was administered over 7 months, July 2009 to January 2010, using an online or paper-based version. The data are presented as the proportion of survey respondents giving specific responses to questionnaire items related to cardiac emergency preparedness, especially the provision of automated external defibrillators (AEDs). Fifty-two health/fitness facility managers responded to the survey. Most of the surveyed facilities conducted pre-activity screening (92%). Of those with a written emergency plan (79%), only 37% physically rehearsed their emergency response systems at regular intervals...
Journal of law and medicine, 2014
The Australian Fitness Industry Risk Management (AFIRM) Project was set up to explore the operati... more The Australian Fitness Industry Risk Management (AFIRM) Project was set up to explore the operation of rules and regulations for the delivery of safe fitness services. This article summarises the results of recent focus group research and a national survey of risk management practices by the AFIRM Project. Our focus group research in four States identified the following most important concerns: (1) the competency of fitness professionals; (2) the effectiveness of pre-exercise screening and the management of de-conditioned clients; (3) poor supervision of fitness service users and incorrect use of equipment; (4) fitness trainers failing to remain within their scope of practice; (5) equipment misuse (as distinct from incorrect use); and (6) poor fitness training environments. This information was then used to develop 45 specific items for a questionnaire that was disseminated throughout the fitness industry. The survey, which is the largest ever conducted in the Australian fitness ind...
International journal of sports physiology and performance, 2012
The understanding of the gap between Under 18 y (U18) and senior-level competition and the evolut... more The understanding of the gap between Under 18 y (U18) and senior-level competition and the evolution of this gap in Australian Football lack a strong evidence base. Despite the multimillion dollars invested in recruitment, scientific research on successful transition is limited. No studies have compared individual players' movement rate, game statistics and ball speed in U18 and senior competition of the Australian Football League across time. This project compared differences in player movement and ball speed between matches from senior AFL competitive matches and U18 players in the 2003 and 2009 seasons. TrakPerformance Software and Global Positioning System (GPS) technology were used to analyze the movement of players, ball speed and game statistics. ANOVA compared the two levels of competition over time. Observed interactions for distance traveled per minute of play (P = .009), number of sprints per minute of play (P < .001), time spent at sprint speed in the game (P <...
Australian journal of science and medicine in sport, 1995
This paper outlines a general strategy for mathematical modeling of cycling performance. This str... more This paper outlines a general strategy for mathematical modeling of cycling performance. This strategy involves formulating one expression describing the power available for external work from physiological sources. The variables used in this expression include maximal aerobic power (VO2max), fractional utilisation of VO2max, mechanical efficiency, maximal accumulated oxygen deficit, and the time constants relating to the expression of aerobic and anaerobic capacities. A second expression describing the power demand of cycling is then constructed. The variables used in this expression include the mass, projected frontal area and drag characteristics of the system, the coefficient of rolling resistance, environmental variables such as temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity, wind speed and direction and the slope of the course. The two expressions are equated and solved using an iterative procedure. Two series of trials were used to assess the predictive accuracy of the m...
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 1993
A model of cycling performance is presented. The model is based on equating two expressions for t... more A model of cycling performance is presented. The model is based on equating two expressions for the total amount of work performed. One expression is deduced from biomechanical principles deriving energy requirements from total resistance. The other models the energy available from aerobic and anaerobic energy systems, including the effect of oxygen uptake kinetics at the onset of exercise. The equation can then be solved for any of the variables. Empirically derived field and laboratory data were used to assess the accuracy of the model. Model estimates of 4,000-m individual pursuit performance times showed a correlation of 0.803 (P < or = 0.0001) with times measured in 18 high-performance track cyclists, with a mean difference (predicted--measured) of 4.6 s (1.3% of mean performance time). The model enables estimates of the performance impact of alterations in physiological, biomechanical, anthropometric, and environmental parameters.
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2014
ABSTRACT The AFIRM Project is designed to consider, firstly, how does Australian regulation curre... more ABSTRACT The AFIRM Project is designed to consider, firstly, how does Australian regulation currently control risk management in the fitness industry and thereby prevent adverse health outcomes and injury, and the legal liability associated with those risks? Secondly, what sustainable changes could be made to Australian regulation for more effective risk management in the health and fitness industry in order to prevent the risk of adverse health outcomes and injury, and the legal liability associated with those risks?. Our objective is to develop new best practice benchmarks to improve safety in the fitness industry and reduce the risk of adverse health and injury outcomes. After conducting focus groups in four States of Australia using nominal group technique, we developed a survey that was administered to 1178 people. We also conducted observational audits of fitness facilities. See "Design". Of the 1 178 survey respondents, 62% were female, the mean age was 40, 46% were self-employed or sole traders and 32% were part-time employees of a fitness facility. Focus group respondents reported (lack of) education, (lack of) supervision, (poor) technique, (defective) equipment, (unsuitable) environment and overcrowding as principal issues in the focus group sessions, while also raising the issues of scope of practice, defective pre-exercise screening, medical risks associated with de-conditioned clients, poor or inappropriate nutritional advice, inadequacy of qualifications and unrealistic expectations of clients as key risks, from their perspective. The survey was designed around these themes and was conducted online in May and June 2013 and promoted through a communications strategy of social media, direct e-marketing and (minor) traditional media. It used 45×6-point Likert scale items (e.g. "How frequently do you observe customers using weights that are too heavy?") that were then factor analysed. The results will be provided.
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2014
Background Fitness facilities provide an avenue for people to engage in physical activity, howeve... more Background Fitness facilities provide an avenue for people to engage in physical activity, however it is important that these facilities do all in their power to reduce the likelihood of injuries occurring. The attitudes and practices of those employed in the fitness industry with respect to risk management are import-ant for implementation of injury prevention measures, as are risk management procedures currently in place.
International journal of sports medicine, 1990
The primary purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of estimating oxygen uptake (VO2)... more The primary purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of estimating oxygen uptake (VO2) from the flywheel revolution rate of a bicycle wind-loaded simulator. VO2 at four different flywheel revolution rates was measured on a Findlay Road Machine (FRM). Ten male trained cyclists, 10 male untrained cyclists, 10 female trained cyclists and 10 female untrained cyclists served as subjects. Significant curvilinear relationships (P less than 0.01) were found between road speed estimated from flywheel revolution rate and VO2 expressed as 1.min-1, ml.kg-1.min-1, 1.min-1.m-2 (r = 0.97, 0.96, 0.98, respectively). The absolute standard error of the mean VO2 was 0.21 l.min-1 (9.6%), 3.71 ml.kg-1.min-1 (11.5%) and 0.10 l.min-1.m-2 (7.9%), respectively. The relationship between VO2 and speed was similar to that reported during road cycling. To determine the magnitude of between-machine differences in VO2, six subjects randomly performed cycling using two different FMR. Significant (P less...
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 2009
Tobacco products are widely sold and marketed, yet integrated data systems for identifying, track... more Tobacco products are widely sold and marketed, yet integrated data systems for identifying, tracking, and characterizing products are lacking. Tobacco manufacturers recently have developed potential reduced exposure products (PREP) with implied or explicit health claims. Currently, a systematic approach for identifying, defining, and evaluating PREPs sold at the local, state, or national levels in the United States has not been developed. Identifying, characterizing, and monitoring new tobacco products could be greatly enhanced with a responsive surveillance system. This article critically reviews available surveillance data sources for identifying and tracking tobacco products, including PREPs, evaluating strengths and weaknesses of potential data sources in light of their reliability and validity. With the absence of regulations mandating disclosure of product-specific information, it is likely that public health officials will need to rely on a variety of imperfect data sources to help identify, characterize, and monitor tobacco products, including PREPs. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3334-48)
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2014
International journal of sports medicine, 1995
This study examined the relationship between the time required to fully utilise the maximal accum... more This study examined the relationship between the time required to fully utilise the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) and event specificity of track cyclists. Twelve track endurance and 6 sprint high performance track cyclists performed four treatments of 70 s, 120 s, 300 s and 115% VO2max of maximal cycling on an air-braked ergometer. Peak blood lactate was measured immediately after each test with VO2 kinetics being assessed during the 115% VO2max time to exhaustion test. When the two cycling groups were combined there was no significant difference in the MAOD when assessed under the four different exercise durations. However, when the groups were analysed separately the following results were apparent: (1) the sprint cyclists achieved a significantly greater MAOD (66.9 +/- 2.2 ml.kg-1) compared to the track endurance cyclists (57.6 +/- 6.7 ml.kg-1) when a 70 s test duration was employed (2) even though the track endurance cyclists achieved their greatest MAOD during the 3...
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 1990
Mean arterial pressure (Pa), heart rate, cardiac output (Q), and Q distribution (with radiolabele... more Mean arterial pressure (Pa), heart rate, cardiac output (Q), and Q distribution (with radiolabeled microspheres) were measured in miniature swine as they ran at high levels on a motor-driven treadmill. Each animal ran on two occasions: once during exercise at maximal O2 uptake (VO2max) and once at an intensity estimated to require approximately 115% VO2max. The purpose was to assess these cardiovascular variables to determine whether the calculated resistance to blood flow during supramaximal exercise was different from that during maximal exercise. A total of 114 tissues/organs were dissected for blood flow analysis. Pa and Q were unaltered between the two exercise conditions. Blood flow to all but one of the 62 skeletal muscles sampled was unchanged between conditions as were the blood flows to the visceral organs and brain. The results demonstrate that vascular resistance was constant in all these tissues between maximal and supramaximal exercise intensities. Elevated blood flows...
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 1990
To study the distribution of blood flow after blood volume expansion, seven miniature swine ran a... more To study the distribution of blood flow after blood volume expansion, seven miniature swine ran at high speed (17.6-20 km/h, estimated to require 115% of maximal O2 uptake) on a motor-driven treadmill on two occasions: once during normovolemia and once after an acute 15% blood volume expansion (homologous whole blood). O2 uptake, cardiac output, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and distribution of blood flow (with radiolabeled microspheres) were measured at the same time during each of the exercise bouts. Maximal heart rate was identical between conditions (mean 266); mean arterial pressure was elevated during the hypovolemic exercise (149 +/- 5 vs. 137 +/- 6 mmHg). Although cardiac output was higher and arterial O2 saturation was maintained during the hypervolemic condition (10.5 +/- 0.7 vs. 9.3 +/- 0.6 l/min), O2 uptake was not different (1.74 +/- 0.08 vs. 1.74 +/- 0.09 l/min). Mean blood flows to cardiac (+12.9%), locomotory (+9.8%), and respiratory (+7.5%) muscles were all el...
International journal of sports medicine, 1992
Pulse oximetry is used extensively during exercise stress-testing in the clinical and sports medi... more Pulse oximetry is used extensively during exercise stress-testing in the clinical and sports medicine settings. There are few validation studies to assess the appropriateness of using pulse oximetry under conditions of potentially compromised peripheral blood flow. To study the accuracy of pulse oximetry during severe exercise stress, 10 athletes undertook 3 bouts of exhaustive exercise; once at an intensity requiring VO2max (max), once at 115% of VO2max (Smax), and once at Smax while FIO2 was increased to 0.30. The results indicate relatively large underestimations occur when pulse oximetry is used to estimate %SaO2 during exercise, when compared to the criterion samples of gas analysis in arterial blood. These differences were exacerbated as the exercise intensity increased from a mean(+/- SE) difference of 2.9 +/- 0.7 %SaO2 at max to 4.6 +/- 0.7 %SaO2 at Smax. Breathing a higher FIO2 reversed the hypoxemia that occurred during the normoxic exercise, however, pulse oximetry measur...
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 1992
The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of regular voluntary exercise in pregnant n... more The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of regular voluntary exercise in pregnant normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats on 1) uteroplacental perfusion and mean arterial pressure in the resting conscious condition and 2) fetal number, fetal weight, and number of fetal resorptions. WKYs and SHRs were randomly assigned to standard cages [CWKY (n = 10); CSHR (n = 6)] or cages with activity wheels [EWKY (n = 7); ESHR (n = 8)]. EWKYs and ESHRs exercised for 12 wk, and then all rats were bred and experiments were conducted on gestational day 17. Resting blood flow (microspheres), heart rate (HR), and mean arterial pressure (Pa) were measured. No significant difference was found in Pa, HR, uterine blood flow (ESHRs 52 +/- 8 ml.min-1.100 g-1; CSHRs 28 +/- 6 ml.min-1.100 g-1), or maternal placental blood flow (ESHRs, 122 +/- 31 ml.min-1.100 g-1; CSHRs 78 +/- 21 ml.min-1.100 g-1) among the groups. Exercise altered the relationship between mater...
The Physician and sportsmedicine, 2014
Health/fitness facilities are popular venues for physical activity, where increasingly more indiv... more Health/fitness facilities are popular venues for physical activity, where increasingly more individuals at risk of cardiovascular events exercise to achieve positive health outcomes. The aim of our study was to analyze cardiac emergency preparedness in health/fitness facilities in Queensland, Australia. Cross-sectional survey of health/fitness facilities in Queensland. A risk management questionnaire was administered over 7 months, July 2009 to January 2010, using an online or paper-based version. The data are presented as the proportion of survey respondents giving specific responses to questionnaire items related to cardiac emergency preparedness, especially the provision of automated external defibrillators (AEDs). Fifty-two health/fitness facility managers responded to the survey. Most of the surveyed facilities conducted pre-activity screening (92%). Of those with a written emergency plan (79%), only 37% physically rehearsed their emergency response systems at regular intervals...
Journal of law and medicine, 2014
The Australian Fitness Industry Risk Management (AFIRM) Project was set up to explore the operati... more The Australian Fitness Industry Risk Management (AFIRM) Project was set up to explore the operation of rules and regulations for the delivery of safe fitness services. This article summarises the results of recent focus group research and a national survey of risk management practices by the AFIRM Project. Our focus group research in four States identified the following most important concerns: (1) the competency of fitness professionals; (2) the effectiveness of pre-exercise screening and the management of de-conditioned clients; (3) poor supervision of fitness service users and incorrect use of equipment; (4) fitness trainers failing to remain within their scope of practice; (5) equipment misuse (as distinct from incorrect use); and (6) poor fitness training environments. This information was then used to develop 45 specific items for a questionnaire that was disseminated throughout the fitness industry. The survey, which is the largest ever conducted in the Australian fitness ind...
International journal of sports physiology and performance, 2012
The understanding of the gap between Under 18 y (U18) and senior-level competition and the evolut... more The understanding of the gap between Under 18 y (U18) and senior-level competition and the evolution of this gap in Australian Football lack a strong evidence base. Despite the multimillion dollars invested in recruitment, scientific research on successful transition is limited. No studies have compared individual players' movement rate, game statistics and ball speed in U18 and senior competition of the Australian Football League across time. This project compared differences in player movement and ball speed between matches from senior AFL competitive matches and U18 players in the 2003 and 2009 seasons. TrakPerformance Software and Global Positioning System (GPS) technology were used to analyze the movement of players, ball speed and game statistics. ANOVA compared the two levels of competition over time. Observed interactions for distance traveled per minute of play (P = .009), number of sprints per minute of play (P < .001), time spent at sprint speed in the game (P <...
Australian journal of science and medicine in sport, 1995
This paper outlines a general strategy for mathematical modeling of cycling performance. This str... more This paper outlines a general strategy for mathematical modeling of cycling performance. This strategy involves formulating one expression describing the power available for external work from physiological sources. The variables used in this expression include maximal aerobic power (VO2max), fractional utilisation of VO2max, mechanical efficiency, maximal accumulated oxygen deficit, and the time constants relating to the expression of aerobic and anaerobic capacities. A second expression describing the power demand of cycling is then constructed. The variables used in this expression include the mass, projected frontal area and drag characteristics of the system, the coefficient of rolling resistance, environmental variables such as temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity, wind speed and direction and the slope of the course. The two expressions are equated and solved using an iterative procedure. Two series of trials were used to assess the predictive accuracy of the m...
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 1993
A model of cycling performance is presented. The model is based on equating two expressions for t... more A model of cycling performance is presented. The model is based on equating two expressions for the total amount of work performed. One expression is deduced from biomechanical principles deriving energy requirements from total resistance. The other models the energy available from aerobic and anaerobic energy systems, including the effect of oxygen uptake kinetics at the onset of exercise. The equation can then be solved for any of the variables. Empirically derived field and laboratory data were used to assess the accuracy of the model. Model estimates of 4,000-m individual pursuit performance times showed a correlation of 0.803 (P < or = 0.0001) with times measured in 18 high-performance track cyclists, with a mean difference (predicted--measured) of 4.6 s (1.3% of mean performance time). The model enables estimates of the performance impact of alterations in physiological, biomechanical, anthropometric, and environmental parameters.
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2014
ABSTRACT The AFIRM Project is designed to consider, firstly, how does Australian regulation curre... more ABSTRACT The AFIRM Project is designed to consider, firstly, how does Australian regulation currently control risk management in the fitness industry and thereby prevent adverse health outcomes and injury, and the legal liability associated with those risks? Secondly, what sustainable changes could be made to Australian regulation for more effective risk management in the health and fitness industry in order to prevent the risk of adverse health outcomes and injury, and the legal liability associated with those risks?. Our objective is to develop new best practice benchmarks to improve safety in the fitness industry and reduce the risk of adverse health and injury outcomes. After conducting focus groups in four States of Australia using nominal group technique, we developed a survey that was administered to 1178 people. We also conducted observational audits of fitness facilities. See "Design". Of the 1 178 survey respondents, 62% were female, the mean age was 40, 46% were self-employed or sole traders and 32% were part-time employees of a fitness facility. Focus group respondents reported (lack of) education, (lack of) supervision, (poor) technique, (defective) equipment, (unsuitable) environment and overcrowding as principal issues in the focus group sessions, while also raising the issues of scope of practice, defective pre-exercise screening, medical risks associated with de-conditioned clients, poor or inappropriate nutritional advice, inadequacy of qualifications and unrealistic expectations of clients as key risks, from their perspective. The survey was designed around these themes and was conducted online in May and June 2013 and promoted through a communications strategy of social media, direct e-marketing and (minor) traditional media. It used 45×6-point Likert scale items (e.g. "How frequently do you observe customers using weights that are too heavy?") that were then factor analysed. The results will be provided.
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2014
Background Fitness facilities provide an avenue for people to engage in physical activity, howeve... more Background Fitness facilities provide an avenue for people to engage in physical activity, however it is important that these facilities do all in their power to reduce the likelihood of injuries occurring. The attitudes and practices of those employed in the fitness industry with respect to risk management are import-ant for implementation of injury prevention measures, as are risk management procedures currently in place.
International journal of sports medicine, 1990
The primary purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of estimating oxygen uptake (VO2)... more The primary purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of estimating oxygen uptake (VO2) from the flywheel revolution rate of a bicycle wind-loaded simulator. VO2 at four different flywheel revolution rates was measured on a Findlay Road Machine (FRM). Ten male trained cyclists, 10 male untrained cyclists, 10 female trained cyclists and 10 female untrained cyclists served as subjects. Significant curvilinear relationships (P less than 0.01) were found between road speed estimated from flywheel revolution rate and VO2 expressed as 1.min-1, ml.kg-1.min-1, 1.min-1.m-2 (r = 0.97, 0.96, 0.98, respectively). The absolute standard error of the mean VO2 was 0.21 l.min-1 (9.6%), 3.71 ml.kg-1.min-1 (11.5%) and 0.10 l.min-1.m-2 (7.9%), respectively. The relationship between VO2 and speed was similar to that reported during road cycling. To determine the magnitude of between-machine differences in VO2, six subjects randomly performed cycling using two different FMR. Significant (P less...
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 2009
Tobacco products are widely sold and marketed, yet integrated data systems for identifying, track... more Tobacco products are widely sold and marketed, yet integrated data systems for identifying, tracking, and characterizing products are lacking. Tobacco manufacturers recently have developed potential reduced exposure products (PREP) with implied or explicit health claims. Currently, a systematic approach for identifying, defining, and evaluating PREPs sold at the local, state, or national levels in the United States has not been developed. Identifying, characterizing, and monitoring new tobacco products could be greatly enhanced with a responsive surveillance system. This article critically reviews available surveillance data sources for identifying and tracking tobacco products, including PREPs, evaluating strengths and weaknesses of potential data sources in light of their reliability and validity. With the absence of regulations mandating disclosure of product-specific information, it is likely that public health officials will need to rely on a variety of imperfect data sources to help identify, characterize, and monitor tobacco products, including PREPs. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3334-48)