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Papers by Kevin Wolff

This study was conducted to address the dropping rates in residential placements of adjudicated y... more This study was conducted to address the dropping rates in residential placements of adjudicated youth after the 1990s. Policymakers, advocates, and reseraches began to attirbute the decline to reform measures and proposed that this was the cause of the drop seen in historic national crime. In response, researchers set out to use state-level data on economic factors, crime rates, political ideology scores, and youth justice policies and practices to test the association between the youth justice policy environment and recent reductions in out-of-home placements for adjudicated youth. This data collection contains two files, a multivariate and bivariate analyses. In the multivariate file the aim was to assess the impact of the progressive policy characteristics on the dependent variable which is known as youth confinement. In the bivariate analyses file Wave 1-Wave 10 the aim was to assess the states as they are divided into 2 groups across all 16 dichotomized variables that comprised...

Supplemental material, Appendix_A for Predicting Sexual Recidivism by Turgut Ozkan, Stephen J. Cl... more Supplemental material, Appendix_A for Predicting Sexual Recidivism by Turgut Ozkan, Stephen J. Clipper, Alex R. Piquero, Michael Baglivio and Kevin Wolff in Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment

Social Science Research, 2012

Foreclosure rates in America reached unprecedented levels during the last half of the 2000s, and ... more Foreclosure rates in America reached unprecedented levels during the last half of the 2000s, and many observers have speculated that elevated crime rates were one of the probable negative collateral consequences of this trend. We examine this issue with a comprehensive county-level analysis of the role of foreclosure in shaping contemporary crime patterns, highlighting the possibility of theoretically informed non-linear and conditional relationships. Multivariate regression models that account for the well-documented spatial autocorrelation of crime rates and the possible endogeneity of foreclosure reveal a positive association between rates of foreclosure and property crime that accelerates significantly once foreclosure rates attain historically high levels. Multiplicative models indicate that this pattern holds for burglary across diverse county conditions, but the observed nonlinear effect of foreclosure on robbery rates is limited primarily to areas that also exhibit relatively high levels of resource deprivation and limited new housing construction.

Social Science Quarterly, 2012

ABSTRACT Objective. We examine whether there is a significant effect of foreclosure on robbery an... more ABSTRACT Objective. We examine whether there is a significant effect of foreclosure on robbery and burglary across neighborhoods, and whether this varies systematically across cities. Specifically, we consider whether several city-level attributes—overall foreclosure rates, levels of socioeconomic disadvantage and prior vacancy rates, the degree of recent new housing construction, housing affordability, and the quantity and quality of policing—moderate the relationship between neighborhood levels of foreclosure and crime. Methods. We examine our research questions with a rich database on foreclosure, crime, and other attributes for 5,517 census tracts situated within 50 large U.S. cities. We estimate multilevel overdispersed Poisson regression to explore city-level variability in the neighborhood-level effects of foreclosure on crime. Results. We find significant between-city variation in the estimated effects of neighborhood-level rates of foreclosure on crime. High neighborhood foreclosure rates yield elevated robbery rates primarily in cities with relatively low foreclosure rates and high levels of socioeconomic disadvantage. Foreclosure is more strongly related to burglary rates in cities with little new home construction and declining police forces. Conclusions. The broader city-level context in which neighborhoods are located is important for shaping whether high rates of foreclosure yield elevated crime rates.

Justice Quarterly, 2012

This paper describes and evaluates some fundamental facts about the contemporary crime drop, summ... more This paper describes and evaluates some fundamental facts about the contemporary crime drop, summarizes the major explanations that have been offered for it, and assesses the validity of these explanations in light of observed trends. In contrast with much of the recent literature, we argue that the locus of the crime drop in the 1990s is not wholly consistent with the available data and that while New York City experienced substantial crime decreases, its uniqueness has been exaggerated. We suggest that it is important to partition the crime drop observed in New York City and elsewhere into global and more localized shifts, and we offer some observations about the factors that appear most germane to driving these different dimensions of recent crime drops. We conclude with some suggestions for future inquiry. Keywords crime trends; 1990s crime drop; New York City Eric Baumer is the Allen E. Liska Professor of Criminology at Florida State University. His research focuses on spatial and temporal dynamics of crime and punishment. His scholarship has appeared in Criminology, Justice Quarterly, American Journal of Sociology, and American Sociological Review. Kevin Wolff is a doctoral candidate in the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University. His research focuses on crime trends and the role of neighborhood context in shaping attitudes and behavior.

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 2013

ABSTRACT High rates of foreclosures during the "Great Recession" raised concern... more ABSTRACT High rates of foreclosures during the "Great Recession" raised concerns about the potential harmful effects of the housing crisis not just on the economy, but also on levels of crime. Grounded primarily in theories of social disorganization and incivility, a growing body of empirical research has been directed at exploring whether the foreclosure crisis stimulated higher crime rates in America than would otherwise have been experienced. Many studies have now reported a significant association between rates of foreclosure and crime during the recession, but we are skeptical of whether this represents a causal effect because it is unclear whether the traditional regression approaches applied in most of the extent research account sufficiently for preexisting differences present in areas that experienced varying levels of foreclosure. We advance the literature on foreclosure and crime by employing a propensity score matching (PSM) technique to better account for such differences, evaluating whether U.S. counties that received larger "doses" of foreclosure during the recent recession experienced higher levels of property crime than comparable counties in which rates of foreclosure remained relatively low. Our analysis shows that, once prerecession differences between counties with high versus medium-to-low foreclosure rates are removed, there is no evidence of a significant association between rates of foreclosure and crime. 509025C CJ30110.1177/1043986213509025Journal of Contemporary Criminal JusticeWolff et al. research-article2013

International journal of environmental research and public health, Jan 16, 2017

While homicide perpetrated by juveniles is a relatively rare occurrence, between 2010 and 2014, a... more While homicide perpetrated by juveniles is a relatively rare occurrence, between 2010 and 2014, approximately 7%-8% of all murders involved a juvenile offender. Unfortunately, few studies have prospectively examined the predictors of homicide offending, with none examining first-time murder among a sample of adjudicated male and female youth. The current study employed data on 5908 juvenile offenders (70% male, 45% Black) first arrested at the age of 12 or younger to prospectively examine predictors of an arrest for homicide/attempted homicide by the age of 18. Among these early-onset offenders, males, Black youth, those living in households with family members with a history of mental illness, those engaging in self-mutilation, and those with elevated levels of anger/aggression (all measured by age 13) were more likely to be arrested for homicide/attempted homicide by age 18. These findings add to the scant scientific literature on the predictors of homicide, and illustrate potenti...

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Juvenile perpetrators account for over 25% of all sexual offenses, and over one-third of such off... more Juvenile perpetrators account for over 25% of all sexual offenses, and over one-third of such offenses are against victims under the age of 18. Given empirical connections between adverse childhood experience (ACE) exposure and perpetration of violence, we create victim typologies based on the juveniles’ relationship to their victims among 5539 justice-involved adolescents who have committed violent against-person sexual felonies. Multinomial logistic regression is used to assess which covariates, including individual ACE exposures and cumulative traumatic exposures, are associated with victim typologies. This approach allows for better targeting of violence prevention efforts, as a more nuanced understanding of the increased likelihood to victimize specific victim groups lends to potential differences in treatment provision, beyond simplistic findings regarding ACE exposure increasing offending. Results indicate five classes of victim types, ranging from a low of 6.4%, with primari...

Journal of Criminal Justice

Abstract Purpose Heightened exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) is associated with e... more Abstract Purpose Heightened exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) is associated with early-onset offending, gang-involvement, reoffending, and offending chronicity. However, examining whether cumulative ACE or specific ACE exposure is related to differences in who these juveniles victimize has been neglected. Given theoretical connections between ACE exposure and the individuals youth victimize, we examine whether ACEs differentiate victims based on the juveniles' relationship to their victims among 28,579 justice-involved adolescents who have committed violent against-person felonies. Methods A series of logistic regression models is used to assess which covariates, including cumulative ACEs and individual ACE exposures, are associated with specified victim groups. This approach allows for better targeting of violence prevention efforts, as a more nuanced understanding of the increased likelihood to victimize specific groups lends to potential differences in treatment provision, beyond simplistic findings regarding the association between ACE exposure and increases in offending. Results Cumulative ACEs decrease violent offending against strangers, while increasing likelihood of victimizing family, authority, and having multiple victim types, while specific ACE exposures also differentiate victim groups. Household mental health problems and household incarceration histories have the most substantial effects among individual ACEs. Conclusion ACE exposure differentiates between groups of victims and may necessitate different treatment and intervention responses. Policy implications are discussed.

These data are part of NACJD's Fast Track Release and are distributed as they were received f... more These data are part of NACJD's Fast Track Release and are distributed as they were received from the data depositor. The files have been zipped by NACJD for release, but not checked or processed except for the removal of direct identifiers. Users should refer to the accompanying readme file for a brief description of the files available with this collection and consult the investigator(s) if further information is needed. The study integrated neighborhood-level data on robbery and burglary gathered from local police agencies across the United States, foreclosure data from RealtyTrac (a real estate information company), and a wide variety of social, economic, and demographic control variables from multiple sources. Using census tracts to approximate neighborhoods, the study regressed 2009 neighborhood robbery and burglary rates on foreclosure rates measured for 2007-2008 (a period during which foreclosure spiked dramatically in the nation), while accounting for 2007 robbery and burglary rates and other control variables that captured differences in social, economic, and demographic context across American neighborhoods and cities for this period. The analysis was based on more than 7,200 census tracts in over 60 large cities spread across 29 states. Core research questions were addressed with a series of multivariate multilevel and single-level regression models that accounted for the skewed nature of neighborhood crime patterns and the well-documented spatial dependence of crime. The study contains one data file with 8,198 cases and 99 variables.

The Florida Department of Juvenile Justice works with the Florida Network in seeking respite alte... more The Florida Department of Juvenile Justice works with the Florida Network in seeking respite alternatives for all appropriate juvenile justice domestic violence (DV) cases. Respite care provided in shelters operated by The Florida Network includes a number of services unavailable to youth held in secure detention. Therefore, it’s plausible that receiving this care may impact the probability of re-

Crime & Delinquency

Although Elijah Anderson’s code of the street thesis has received a great deal of scholarly atten... more Although Elijah Anderson’s code of the street thesis has received a great deal of scholarly attention, fewer studies have examined the characteristics associated with its adoption. Existing evidence is supportive of Anderson’s initial observations, however, less is known about the association between personality and emotional characteristics and adopting street code norms. The current study assesses the role of DeLisi and Vaughn’s difficult temperament index in the adoption of the street code among a sample of juvenile justice-involved youth. Results indicated youth with more difficult temperaments, characterized by lower levels of effortful control and higher levels of negative emotionality, were more likely to report greater street code adherence. Implications for juvenile justice policy and future research are discussed.

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

The maltreatment-offending relationship has been well elucidated. Less examined are protective fa... more The maltreatment-offending relationship has been well elucidated. Less examined are protective factors that effectively serve to mitigate offending among ACE-exposed youth. The current study examines whether cumulative positive childhood experiences (PCEs) are themselves associated with a reduction in recidivism among juvenile justice-involved adolescents, and the ability of cumulative PCE to moderate the ACE-recidivism relationship. Results demonstrate, among over 28,000 juvenile offenders, high ACE scores were associated with increased reoffending, and high PCE scores were associated with decreased recidivism, as measured by both rearrest and reconviction. Further, among juveniles with four or more ACEs who have six or more PCEs, reconviction was 23% lower and rearrest 22% lower when compared to those youth with four or more ACEs and less than six PCEs, controlling for a host of demographic and criminal history measures. Findings indicate that among youth with high PCE scores the ...

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

Homicide Studies

Past research exploring correlates to gunshot wound fatality have focused on the distance between... more Past research exploring correlates to gunshot wound fatality have focused on the distance between the victim/incident location and trauma care facilities. Far less is known regarding the role of first responders in linking individuals to trauma care services. This study introduces a new method for measuring proximity to trauma care services and first responder locations, using the STATA OSRMTIME package to assess this relationship. A positive and significant relationship was found between travel time, measured in minutes, from first responder locations and the likelihood of gunshot fatality, controlling for age, race, sex, and, injury severity.

Police Practice and Research

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

Childhood maltreatment and inept parental disciplinary, attachment, and monitoring practices evid... more Childhood maltreatment and inept parental disciplinary, attachment, and monitoring practices evidence a relationship with early and severe childhood and adolescent aggression and have figured prominently as causative factors in theoretical and empirical underpinnings of lifelong antisocial behavior. Abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction have been linked to both violent offending and higher scores on measures of dispositional tendencies associated with psychopathy. The current study incorporates these lines of research by examining a potential pathway by which cumulative adverse childhood experience exposure, rather than single exposures assessed independently, leads to chronic and serious juvenile offending. Specifically, we leverage a sample of 64,007 juvenile offenders who have aged out of the juvenile justice system to examine the extent to which the effects of traumatic exposure on age of onset (first arrest) as well as residential placement, total offenses, and serious, vio...

Criminology & Public Policy

Justice Evaluation Journal

This study was conducted to address the dropping rates in residential placements of adjudicated y... more This study was conducted to address the dropping rates in residential placements of adjudicated youth after the 1990s. Policymakers, advocates, and reseraches began to attirbute the decline to reform measures and proposed that this was the cause of the drop seen in historic national crime. In response, researchers set out to use state-level data on economic factors, crime rates, political ideology scores, and youth justice policies and practices to test the association between the youth justice policy environment and recent reductions in out-of-home placements for adjudicated youth. This data collection contains two files, a multivariate and bivariate analyses. In the multivariate file the aim was to assess the impact of the progressive policy characteristics on the dependent variable which is known as youth confinement. In the bivariate analyses file Wave 1-Wave 10 the aim was to assess the states as they are divided into 2 groups across all 16 dichotomized variables that comprised...

Supplemental material, Appendix_A for Predicting Sexual Recidivism by Turgut Ozkan, Stephen J. Cl... more Supplemental material, Appendix_A for Predicting Sexual Recidivism by Turgut Ozkan, Stephen J. Clipper, Alex R. Piquero, Michael Baglivio and Kevin Wolff in Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment

Social Science Research, 2012

Foreclosure rates in America reached unprecedented levels during the last half of the 2000s, and ... more Foreclosure rates in America reached unprecedented levels during the last half of the 2000s, and many observers have speculated that elevated crime rates were one of the probable negative collateral consequences of this trend. We examine this issue with a comprehensive county-level analysis of the role of foreclosure in shaping contemporary crime patterns, highlighting the possibility of theoretically informed non-linear and conditional relationships. Multivariate regression models that account for the well-documented spatial autocorrelation of crime rates and the possible endogeneity of foreclosure reveal a positive association between rates of foreclosure and property crime that accelerates significantly once foreclosure rates attain historically high levels. Multiplicative models indicate that this pattern holds for burglary across diverse county conditions, but the observed nonlinear effect of foreclosure on robbery rates is limited primarily to areas that also exhibit relatively high levels of resource deprivation and limited new housing construction.

Social Science Quarterly, 2012

ABSTRACT Objective. We examine whether there is a significant effect of foreclosure on robbery an... more ABSTRACT Objective. We examine whether there is a significant effect of foreclosure on robbery and burglary across neighborhoods, and whether this varies systematically across cities. Specifically, we consider whether several city-level attributes—overall foreclosure rates, levels of socioeconomic disadvantage and prior vacancy rates, the degree of recent new housing construction, housing affordability, and the quantity and quality of policing—moderate the relationship between neighborhood levels of foreclosure and crime. Methods. We examine our research questions with a rich database on foreclosure, crime, and other attributes for 5,517 census tracts situated within 50 large U.S. cities. We estimate multilevel overdispersed Poisson regression to explore city-level variability in the neighborhood-level effects of foreclosure on crime. Results. We find significant between-city variation in the estimated effects of neighborhood-level rates of foreclosure on crime. High neighborhood foreclosure rates yield elevated robbery rates primarily in cities with relatively low foreclosure rates and high levels of socioeconomic disadvantage. Foreclosure is more strongly related to burglary rates in cities with little new home construction and declining police forces. Conclusions. The broader city-level context in which neighborhoods are located is important for shaping whether high rates of foreclosure yield elevated crime rates.

Justice Quarterly, 2012

This paper describes and evaluates some fundamental facts about the contemporary crime drop, summ... more This paper describes and evaluates some fundamental facts about the contemporary crime drop, summarizes the major explanations that have been offered for it, and assesses the validity of these explanations in light of observed trends. In contrast with much of the recent literature, we argue that the locus of the crime drop in the 1990s is not wholly consistent with the available data and that while New York City experienced substantial crime decreases, its uniqueness has been exaggerated. We suggest that it is important to partition the crime drop observed in New York City and elsewhere into global and more localized shifts, and we offer some observations about the factors that appear most germane to driving these different dimensions of recent crime drops. We conclude with some suggestions for future inquiry. Keywords crime trends; 1990s crime drop; New York City Eric Baumer is the Allen E. Liska Professor of Criminology at Florida State University. His research focuses on spatial and temporal dynamics of crime and punishment. His scholarship has appeared in Criminology, Justice Quarterly, American Journal of Sociology, and American Sociological Review. Kevin Wolff is a doctoral candidate in the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University. His research focuses on crime trends and the role of neighborhood context in shaping attitudes and behavior.

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 2013

ABSTRACT High rates of foreclosures during the "Great Recession" raised concern... more ABSTRACT High rates of foreclosures during the "Great Recession" raised concerns about the potential harmful effects of the housing crisis not just on the economy, but also on levels of crime. Grounded primarily in theories of social disorganization and incivility, a growing body of empirical research has been directed at exploring whether the foreclosure crisis stimulated higher crime rates in America than would otherwise have been experienced. Many studies have now reported a significant association between rates of foreclosure and crime during the recession, but we are skeptical of whether this represents a causal effect because it is unclear whether the traditional regression approaches applied in most of the extent research account sufficiently for preexisting differences present in areas that experienced varying levels of foreclosure. We advance the literature on foreclosure and crime by employing a propensity score matching (PSM) technique to better account for such differences, evaluating whether U.S. counties that received larger "doses" of foreclosure during the recent recession experienced higher levels of property crime than comparable counties in which rates of foreclosure remained relatively low. Our analysis shows that, once prerecession differences between counties with high versus medium-to-low foreclosure rates are removed, there is no evidence of a significant association between rates of foreclosure and crime. 509025C CJ30110.1177/1043986213509025Journal of Contemporary Criminal JusticeWolff et al. research-article2013

International journal of environmental research and public health, Jan 16, 2017

While homicide perpetrated by juveniles is a relatively rare occurrence, between 2010 and 2014, a... more While homicide perpetrated by juveniles is a relatively rare occurrence, between 2010 and 2014, approximately 7%-8% of all murders involved a juvenile offender. Unfortunately, few studies have prospectively examined the predictors of homicide offending, with none examining first-time murder among a sample of adjudicated male and female youth. The current study employed data on 5908 juvenile offenders (70% male, 45% Black) first arrested at the age of 12 or younger to prospectively examine predictors of an arrest for homicide/attempted homicide by the age of 18. Among these early-onset offenders, males, Black youth, those living in households with family members with a history of mental illness, those engaging in self-mutilation, and those with elevated levels of anger/aggression (all measured by age 13) were more likely to be arrested for homicide/attempted homicide by age 18. These findings add to the scant scientific literature on the predictors of homicide, and illustrate potenti...

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Juvenile perpetrators account for over 25% of all sexual offenses, and over one-third of such off... more Juvenile perpetrators account for over 25% of all sexual offenses, and over one-third of such offenses are against victims under the age of 18. Given empirical connections between adverse childhood experience (ACE) exposure and perpetration of violence, we create victim typologies based on the juveniles’ relationship to their victims among 5539 justice-involved adolescents who have committed violent against-person sexual felonies. Multinomial logistic regression is used to assess which covariates, including individual ACE exposures and cumulative traumatic exposures, are associated with victim typologies. This approach allows for better targeting of violence prevention efforts, as a more nuanced understanding of the increased likelihood to victimize specific victim groups lends to potential differences in treatment provision, beyond simplistic findings regarding ACE exposure increasing offending. Results indicate five classes of victim types, ranging from a low of 6.4%, with primari...

Journal of Criminal Justice

Abstract Purpose Heightened exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) is associated with e... more Abstract Purpose Heightened exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) is associated with early-onset offending, gang-involvement, reoffending, and offending chronicity. However, examining whether cumulative ACE or specific ACE exposure is related to differences in who these juveniles victimize has been neglected. Given theoretical connections between ACE exposure and the individuals youth victimize, we examine whether ACEs differentiate victims based on the juveniles' relationship to their victims among 28,579 justice-involved adolescents who have committed violent against-person felonies. Methods A series of logistic regression models is used to assess which covariates, including cumulative ACEs and individual ACE exposures, are associated with specified victim groups. This approach allows for better targeting of violence prevention efforts, as a more nuanced understanding of the increased likelihood to victimize specific groups lends to potential differences in treatment provision, beyond simplistic findings regarding the association between ACE exposure and increases in offending. Results Cumulative ACEs decrease violent offending against strangers, while increasing likelihood of victimizing family, authority, and having multiple victim types, while specific ACE exposures also differentiate victim groups. Household mental health problems and household incarceration histories have the most substantial effects among individual ACEs. Conclusion ACE exposure differentiates between groups of victims and may necessitate different treatment and intervention responses. Policy implications are discussed.

These data are part of NACJD's Fast Track Release and are distributed as they were received f... more These data are part of NACJD's Fast Track Release and are distributed as they were received from the data depositor. The files have been zipped by NACJD for release, but not checked or processed except for the removal of direct identifiers. Users should refer to the accompanying readme file for a brief description of the files available with this collection and consult the investigator(s) if further information is needed. The study integrated neighborhood-level data on robbery and burglary gathered from local police agencies across the United States, foreclosure data from RealtyTrac (a real estate information company), and a wide variety of social, economic, and demographic control variables from multiple sources. Using census tracts to approximate neighborhoods, the study regressed 2009 neighborhood robbery and burglary rates on foreclosure rates measured for 2007-2008 (a period during which foreclosure spiked dramatically in the nation), while accounting for 2007 robbery and burglary rates and other control variables that captured differences in social, economic, and demographic context across American neighborhoods and cities for this period. The analysis was based on more than 7,200 census tracts in over 60 large cities spread across 29 states. Core research questions were addressed with a series of multivariate multilevel and single-level regression models that accounted for the skewed nature of neighborhood crime patterns and the well-documented spatial dependence of crime. The study contains one data file with 8,198 cases and 99 variables.

The Florida Department of Juvenile Justice works with the Florida Network in seeking respite alte... more The Florida Department of Juvenile Justice works with the Florida Network in seeking respite alternatives for all appropriate juvenile justice domestic violence (DV) cases. Respite care provided in shelters operated by The Florida Network includes a number of services unavailable to youth held in secure detention. Therefore, it’s plausible that receiving this care may impact the probability of re-

Crime & Delinquency

Although Elijah Anderson’s code of the street thesis has received a great deal of scholarly atten... more Although Elijah Anderson’s code of the street thesis has received a great deal of scholarly attention, fewer studies have examined the characteristics associated with its adoption. Existing evidence is supportive of Anderson’s initial observations, however, less is known about the association between personality and emotional characteristics and adopting street code norms. The current study assesses the role of DeLisi and Vaughn’s difficult temperament index in the adoption of the street code among a sample of juvenile justice-involved youth. Results indicated youth with more difficult temperaments, characterized by lower levels of effortful control and higher levels of negative emotionality, were more likely to report greater street code adherence. Implications for juvenile justice policy and future research are discussed.

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

The maltreatment-offending relationship has been well elucidated. Less examined are protective fa... more The maltreatment-offending relationship has been well elucidated. Less examined are protective factors that effectively serve to mitigate offending among ACE-exposed youth. The current study examines whether cumulative positive childhood experiences (PCEs) are themselves associated with a reduction in recidivism among juvenile justice-involved adolescents, and the ability of cumulative PCE to moderate the ACE-recidivism relationship. Results demonstrate, among over 28,000 juvenile offenders, high ACE scores were associated with increased reoffending, and high PCE scores were associated with decreased recidivism, as measured by both rearrest and reconviction. Further, among juveniles with four or more ACEs who have six or more PCEs, reconviction was 23% lower and rearrest 22% lower when compared to those youth with four or more ACEs and less than six PCEs, controlling for a host of demographic and criminal history measures. Findings indicate that among youth with high PCE scores the ...

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

Homicide Studies

Past research exploring correlates to gunshot wound fatality have focused on the distance between... more Past research exploring correlates to gunshot wound fatality have focused on the distance between the victim/incident location and trauma care facilities. Far less is known regarding the role of first responders in linking individuals to trauma care services. This study introduces a new method for measuring proximity to trauma care services and first responder locations, using the STATA OSRMTIME package to assess this relationship. A positive and significant relationship was found between travel time, measured in minutes, from first responder locations and the likelihood of gunshot fatality, controlling for age, race, sex, and, injury severity.

Police Practice and Research

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

Childhood maltreatment and inept parental disciplinary, attachment, and monitoring practices evid... more Childhood maltreatment and inept parental disciplinary, attachment, and monitoring practices evidence a relationship with early and severe childhood and adolescent aggression and have figured prominently as causative factors in theoretical and empirical underpinnings of lifelong antisocial behavior. Abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction have been linked to both violent offending and higher scores on measures of dispositional tendencies associated with psychopathy. The current study incorporates these lines of research by examining a potential pathway by which cumulative adverse childhood experience exposure, rather than single exposures assessed independently, leads to chronic and serious juvenile offending. Specifically, we leverage a sample of 64,007 juvenile offenders who have aged out of the juvenile justice system to examine the extent to which the effects of traumatic exposure on age of onset (first arrest) as well as residential placement, total offenses, and serious, vio...

Criminology & Public Policy

Justice Evaluation Journal