Khandaker Mursheda Farhana - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Khandaker Mursheda Farhana

A relatively large percentage of the population in Bangladesh lives under the poverty line and is... more A relatively large percentage of the population in Bangladesh lives under the poverty line and is affected
by the country’s degrading natural resources. Agroforestry has been seen as one of the few options to
lift people out of poverty. Research into the costs and benefits of agroforestry was undertaken in
Capasia Village in Northern Bangladesh. Initial results indicate that agroforestry may not only be an
optimal livelihood solution for poor farmers, biodiversity conservation and environmental sustainability
but agroforestry systems also provide good economic rates of return. Thus the farmers who engage in
agroforestry are benefited in different ways.

Shifting cultivation is claimed as the major cause of drastic deforestation in the uplands of Eas... more Shifting cultivation is claimed as the major cause of drastic deforestation in the uplands of Eastern Bangladesh. Agroforestry is considered
as one of the very few options to protect the existing forest and, additionally, lift people out of the poverty trap. This paper indicates that
agroforestry may not only be good for (agro)biodiversity and sustainability, but has a good economic rate of return. Both quantitative and
qualitative methods are used to analyse data. The fi nancial analysis indicates that agroforestry systems give positive and much higher net
present value (NPV) than shifting cultivation. In addition, it is more profi table and less risky than other agricultural options. Appropriate
strategies leading to the right choice of species, optimal species combinations, solving land tenure problems, ensuring initial support and
imparting training to farmers could promote agroforestry systems and enhance farm income.

This research was conducted in six typical villages of Northern Bangladesh. A sample of 170 farme... more This research was conducted in six typical villages of Northern Bangladesh. A sample of 170
farmers was selected. Research indicates that the farmers practising agroforestry own small farms
and the income of agroforestry helps them to reduce their poverty, maintain their socio-economic
needs and sustain their livelihoods. Agroforestry is not a new concept in the study area. The people
have been practicing agroforestry traditionally in the form of home gardens, hedgerows and alley
cropping. Homestead agroforestry is an age old practice. Alley cropping and hedgerow agroforestry
systems are comparatively new. Yet alley cropping is now most popular and is widely accepted in
the study area because of its socio-economic advantages and environmental sustainability.

Abstract-This paper analysed the effect of the age the household head amongst 10 villages on the ... more Abstract-This paper analysed the effect of the age the household head amongst 10 villages on the
remittance determinants and their socioeconomic impacts of remittance receiving households in rural
Bangladesh. Using micro-economic data from a survey conducted in 2013, statistical analysis was
carried out on 300 rural households. The empirical findings provided that the valuable discrimination
among the different age group of the household heads. The household unit analysis showed that
remittance determinants and socio-economic impact vary from household head age group at the same
community level of households. Moreover, relationship between the socioeconomic impact from
remittance and demographic determinants also vary due to the age of the household head
discrimination among the same rural area at the origin country.

This paper analysed the effect of the employment status of household head amongst 10 villages on ... more This paper analysed the effect of the employment status of household head amongst 10 villages on the remittance determinants of
remittance receiving households in rural Bangladesh from Italy. Using micro-economic data from a survey conducted in 2013,
multivariate analysis was carried out on 300 rural households. The empirical findings provided that the differences of the
relationship among the other three (housewife, businessman and other) employment status of the household head. As for
housewife is mostly associates with the age of migrant, marital status of the migrant, number of visit by the migrant, age of
household head, investment in housing development and household living expenses. While businessman is closely related with all
variables as housewife and also more determinants such as educational attainment of the household head, relation to the migrant,
investment in business and loan repayment. The other categories of employment status show the significant relationship with the
age of migrant, household land and living expenses at the origin. The study suggests that the employment status of the household
head has strong correlation with socio-economic as well as socio-demographic characteristics in the remittance behaviour of
Bangladeshi households. Thus, highlight the importance of differentiating with respect to employment status of the household
head when analysing the determinants of remittances.

The present study investigates the investment variation of remittance determinants in terms inves... more The present study investigates the investment variation of remittance determinants in terms
investing in financial sectors and capital market in rural villages. Using micro-economic data
from a survey conducted in 2013, multivariate analysis was carried out on 300 rural
households. The empirical results show that the significance level and determinants vary
from the investment in financial sector and specially investment in share market. The key
determinants explore the household income and religions are strongly significant for the both
sectors. In addition, investment in financial sectors is strongly significance with the
household remittances, educational level of migrants and household heads; and household
head relation to migrant. On the other hand, investment in share market is highly significant
with the duration of migration, marital status and employment status of the household head.
The study suggests that the very less number of household investing government promoting
investment sectors which are specialised for the remittances receiving households.

This paper analysed the effect of marital status of household members amongst 10 villages on the ... more This paper analysed the effect of marital status of household members amongst 10 villages on the
remittance determinants of remittance receiving households in rural Bangladesh from Italy. Using
micro-economic data from a survey conducted in 2013, multivariate analysis was carried out on 300
rural households. The empirical findings provided that the remittance micro-economic determinants
are associates with socio-economic that vary from married to unmarried migrant and household head at
the same community level of the households. The study suggests that marital status has strong
correlation with socio-economic as well as socio-demographic characteristics in the remittance
behaviour of Bangladeshi households. Thus highlight the importance of differentiating with respect to
marital status when analysing the determinants of remittances.

This paper analysed the household head relation to the migrant and remittances determinants among... more This paper analysed the household head relation to the migrant and remittances determinants among
ten villages on the remittances receiving households in rural Bangladesh. The household survey data
from Bangladesh for the period of July to December, 2013, to analyse determinants of remittances at
the left behind household members. Rather than multilevel models, use a three stages backward
regressions elimination estimation process and build up econometric best fit model of remittances,
which helps us the focus the analysis on the explanation of remittances determinants heterogeneity in
micro-economic level of studies. The empirical findings suggest that the household head relation to the
migrant is one of the strong determinants of remittances as well as other variables. In addition, the
household head relation to migrant such a father, mother, brother and wife also have different
influential factors while the most common variable as number of visit by the migrant at the origin is
strongly associates with all the relationship to the migrant although level of significance has slightly
discrimination. Overall, the findings suggests that the age of migrant are strongly associates with
father, wife and brother relation of the household head while the age of household head as father and
wife. The investment in housing development strongly associates wife, brother and mother household
head whereas household living expenses with father and wife. Individual determinants such as
household income, land and marital status of the migrant are strongly associates with father, wife and
mother household head respectively.

Educational attainment of the household member is one of the micro-economic determinant of remitt... more Educational attainment of the household member is one of the micro-economic determinant of
remittances remains an unclear in terms of level of education. This paper analyse household microeconomic
survey data. Employ three stages multivariate analysis carry out two regressions equations
on 300 rural households. The empirical findings provide that the education is not significant
determinant remittances while unit analysis shows that the significance relationship depends on the
level of education of the migrant and the household head. Such level of education is also move with
the cycle of socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the migrant, household head and
household composition.

This paper examines the factors of rural-urban migration in Bangladesh. It is found that the unde... more This paper examines the factors of rural-urban migration in Bangladesh. It is found that the
underlying cause of migration is mainly driven by economic and social factors i.e., unemployment,
poverty, political and ethnic conflicts, religious etc. In the migration process the push factors are more
active then pull factors, as poverty and unemployment always push the poor villagers to change their
residence to the cities. After migration majority of the migrants comparatively improved their
livelihoods in the city. Although poor migrants have contributed significantly to the economic growth
and gained from higher wages in higher productivity areas, they remain socially and economically
excluded from the wider benefits of economic growth such as access to food and education, housing,
sanitation and freedom. The study results highlight the need to target migrant groups and urban poor
within urban areas in the provision of availability of work and social care services.

Unskilled and short-term labour migration from Bangladesh to Malaysia has long historical phenome... more Unskilled and short-term labour migration from Bangladesh to Malaysia has long historical
phenomenon which has been contributing both countries micro and macro economy in terms of
remittances (Bangladesh) and shortage of 3D labour (Malaysia). This paper objective is to describe
migration process, pattern and policies as a sending country (Bangladesh) and receiving country
(Malaysia) between developing-developing nations. This study uses cross data from official sources of
Bangladesh, Malaysia and also World Bank migration and remittances database. The arithmetic
analysis indicates that there is no significance relationship between migration stock and remittance per
capita (migrant in Malaysia). The descriptive statistics show that the cumulative and documented
migrant stock has been decreasing while volume and per capita remittance has been increasing during
the period. The most exciting results provide that the per capita remittance increased during 10 years
5,154.36% based on cumulative sending migrant stock from Bangladesh. Furthermore, the
unbelievable results provide that the per capita remittance increase since 2005 to 2014 over 10 years
11,636.10% based on documented migrant stock. On the other hand documented migrant stock
increased only 21.78%. Thus the study suggest depth investigation between the countries actual
migrant stock (documented and undocumented) and remittance (formal or informal) and to develop
better framework to recruit international labour in Malaysia (high deficiency of general labour)
especially for Bangladesh (high labour surplus).

International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research, 2014

This paper analysed the effect of the relation of the household head to the migrant amongst 10 vi... more This paper analysed the effect of the relation of the household head to the migrant amongst 10 villages on the remittance determinants and their socioeconomic impacts of remittance receiving households in rural Bangladesh. Using micro-economic data from a survey conducted in 2013, statistical analysis was carried out on 300 rural households. The empirical findings provided that the household head relation to the migrant such as father, mother, wife and brother has variation of remittance determinants and their socioeconomic impact in rural area at the origin. The household unit analysis also showed that remittance determinants and socio-economic impact vary from household head relation at the same community level of households. Moreover, relationship between the socioeconomic impact from remittance and demographic determinants also vary due to the household head relationship discrimination among the same rural area at the origin country.

International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research, 2014

This paper analysed the effect of gender differences of household head amongst 10 villages on the... more This paper analysed the effect of gender differences of household head amongst 10 villages on the remittance determinants and their socioeconomic impacts of remittance receiving households in rural Bangladesh. Using micro economic data from a survey conducted in 2013, multivariate analysis was carried out on 300 rural households. The empirical findings provided that the remittance determinants (migrant age, marital status and number of visit; household head age, marital status, level of education and employment status) and impacts (saving and investment patterns; determinants: age of migrant, number of visit by the migrant, marital status of the migrant, age and education of household head) vary from male to female household head at the same community level of the households. The study suggest that the strong gender differences in the remittance behaviour of Bangladeshi households and highlight the importance of differentiating with respect to gender background when analysing the determinants of remittances.

Migration is a relevant phenomenon with important implications at three different levels: local, ... more Migration is a relevant phenomenon with important implications at three different levels: local, regional and international. On the wider level, migration is tightly related with globalization and with the workflow of human resources towards the host countries; on a local level, rural to urban migration is one of the most important aspects of the economy of the state. This paper analyses the situation of Bangladesh, with a particular focus on the causes and consequences of women and children migration, who move to big cities like Rajshahi to find work and to enhance their livelihood. The paper looks at the role of work in acquiring dignity, the filial duty in a traditionally hierarchically structured society and also women and children as active-decision makers in the migration process. The paper also focuses on the characteristics of migrant people, with sex and age disaggregated data, and statistics about the different families' situations and the type of work in which the migrant people are involved in.

International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research, 2014