Khin Susu Khine Zaw - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Khin Susu Khine Zaw
Minerals, 2021
The Bukit Botol and Bukit Ketaya deposits are two examples of volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (V... more The Bukit Botol and Bukit Ketaya deposits are two examples of volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) deposits that occur in the Tasik Chini area, Central Belt of Peninsular Malaysia. The mineralisation is divided into subzones distinguished by spatial, mineralogical, and textural characteristics. The primary sulphide minerals include pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena, with lesser amounts of Sn- and Ag-bearing minerals, with Au. However, pyrrhotite is absent from both deposits. This study presents the results of sphalerite chemistry analysed by using an electron microprobe. Two types of sphalerite are recognised: sphalerite from the Bukit Botol deposit reveals a range of
Mogok gem corundum samples from twelve localities were analyzed for trace element signatures (LA-... more Mogok gem corundum samples from twelve localities were analyzed for trace element signatures (LA-ICP-MS method) and oxygen isotope values (δ 18 O, by laser fluorination). The study augmented earlier findings on Mogok gem suites that suggested the Mogok tract forms a high vanadium gem corundum area and also identified rare alluvial ruby and sapphire grains characterised by unusually high silicon, calcium and gallium, presence of noticeable boron, tin and niobium and very low iron, titanium and magnesium contents. Oxygen isotope values (δ 18 O) for the ruby and high Si-Ca-Ga corundum (20‰-25‰) and for sapphire (10‰-20‰) indicate typical crustal values, with values >20‰ being typical of carbonate genesis. The high Si-Ca-Ga ruby has high chromium (up to 3.2 wt % Cr) and gallium (up to 0. 08 wt % Ga) compared to most Mogok ruby (<2 wt % Cr; <0.02 wt % Ga). In trace element ratio plots the Si-Ca-Ga-rich corundum falls into separate fields from the typical Mogok metamorphic fields. The high Ga/Mg ratios (46-521) lie well within the magmatic range (>6), and with other features suggest a potential skarn-like, carbonate-related genesis with a high degree of magmatic fluid input The overall trace element results widen the range of different signatures identified within Mogok gem corundum suites and indicate complex OPEN ACCESS Minerals 2015, 5 62 genesis. The expanded geochemical platform, related to a variety of metamorphic, metasomatic and magmatic sources, now provides a wider base for geographic typing of Mogok gem corundum suites. It allows more detailed comparisons with suites from other deposits and will assist identification of Mogok gem corundum sources used in jewelry.
'i, 7bk},o l92-03PZ jZrpan; 27he Kbchi Prefectural IV4bkeno Botanical Garden, 4200-6 Godai-san, K... more 'i, 7bk},o l92-03PZ jZrpan; 27he Kbchi Prefectural IV4bkeno Botanical Garden, 4200-6 Godai-san, Kbchi 781-8J25. mpan; 3Botanical Garclens. Graduate School ofScience, Uitiversity of7bkyo, 3-7-1 HZiktLsan, Bunlyo-ku. 7btvo 112-OOOI, Jbpan,' 41V2iture and PP71diijZi Conservation Division, lbtiestDepartment PPlest Gyogon ¢ insein, }kngon, Adyanmar Morphological characteristics of the heterostylous subsimb, Reinwarcitia indica occurring in Mandalay Divisioq Myanmarl were examined, The species is typically distyIous, and shows dmorphism in pollen size, exine sculpture ofpollen grains, stigrna size and length of stigrnatic papillae. Pollen grains from long-styled morphs are significantly smaller in size than those of short-styled morphs. Exine of the pollen grains from the two morphs has two knds ofprocesses, vermcate and spinulous ones. These processes are longer and more swollen in the short-styled morphs than in the long-styled morphs and appear more densely packed in the long-styled morphs. Unlike most of the heterostylous species, the species concerned here was characterized by having the stigmatic papillae which were obviously slerider and longer in the short-styled morpks than in the long-styled morphs.
Minerals, 2019
Gems are materials used for adornment or decoration that must satisfy several criteria where they... more Gems are materials used for adornment or decoration that must satisfy several criteria where they must be aesthetic and visually appealing; relatively rare; hard and tough enough to resist “normal” wear; and able to withstand corrosion by skin contact and cosmetics [...]
Minerals, 2019
Ruby in diverse geological settings leaves petrogenetic clues, in its zoning, inclusions, trace e... more Ruby in diverse geological settings leaves petrogenetic clues, in its zoning, inclusions, trace elements and oxygen isotope values. Rock-hosted and isolated crystals are compared from Myanmar, SE Asia, and New South Wales, East Australia. Myanmar ruby typifies metasomatized and metamorphic settings, while East Australian ruby xenocrysts are derived from basalts that tapped underlying fold belts. The respective suites include homogeneous ruby; bi-colored inner (violet blue) and outer (red) zoned ruby; ruby-sapphirine-spinel composites; pink to red grains and multi-zoned crystals of red-pink-white-violet (core to rim). Ruby ages were determined by using U-Pb isotopes in titanite inclusions (Thurein Taung; 32.4 Ma) and zircon inclusions (Mong Hsu; 23.9 Ma) and basalt dating in NSW, >60–40 Ma. Trace element oxide plots suggest marble sources for Thurein Taung and Mong Hsu ruby and ultramafic-mafic sources for Mong Hsu (dark cores). NSW rubies suggest metasomatic (Barrington Tops), ul...
Minerals, 2019
Greece contains several gem corundum deposits set within diverse geological settings, mostly with... more Greece contains several gem corundum deposits set within diverse geological settings, mostly within the Rhodope (Xanthi and Drama areas) and Attico-Cycladic (Naxos and Ikaria islands) tectono-metamorphic units. In the Xanthi area, the sapphire (pink, blue to purple) deposits are stratiform, occurring within marble layers alternating with amphibolites. Deep red rubies in the Paranesti-Drama area are restricted to boudinaged lenses of Al-rich metapyroxenites alternating with amphibolites and gneisses. Both occurrences are oriented parallel to the ultra-high pressure/high pressure (UHP/HP) Nestos suture zone. On central Naxos Island, colored sapphires are associated with desilicated granite pegmatites intruding ultramafic lithologies (plumasites), occurring either within the pegmatites themselves or associated metasomatic reaction zones. In contrast, on southern Naxos and Ikaria Islands, blue sapphires occur in extensional fissures within Mesozoic metabauxites hosted in marbles. Minera...
Qaleh-Zari is a Fe-oxide Cu-Ag-Au vein type deposit located 180 km south of Birjand, in eastern I... more Qaleh-Zari is a Fe-oxide Cu-Ag-Au vein type deposit located 180 km south of Birjand, in eastern Iran. Host rocks are mainly Tertiary calc-alkaline to K-rich calc-alkaline with transition to shoshonitic andesite and andesitic basalts, but in the central part shale and sandstone of Jurassic age. Andesitic rocks from the western region of Qaleh-Zari were dated to 40.5 ± 2 Ma. Four trends of faults and joints are identified in the mine area. Cu-Ag-Au mineralization is present only in the oldest sets of faults and joints that crosscut the Tertiary and Jurassic units. Three major subparallel steep quartz veins are identified. No.1 vein is about 650 m long and No.3 vein is less than 500 m long. No.2 vein is traced for more than 3.5 km horizontally along strike (N40° W) and more than 350 m down dip. Specularite and quartz are the most abundant primary oxides. Chalcopyrite is the only hypogene copper mineral. Silver is present as sulfosalt minerals. Paragenesis: Stage I: specularite, quartz, Fe-chlorite, chalcopyrite and sulfosalts. Specularite deposited first and forms 10 to 25 percent of the vein. Stage II: quartz, chalcopyrite, pyrite, chlorite ± hematite ± sulfosalt minerals. Stage III: quartz ± pyrite ± chalcopyrite. Stage IV: hematite, quartz, and ± calcite. The ores grade typically 2-9% Cu, 100-650 ppm Ag, and 0.5-35 ppm Au. Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions associated with Cu, Ag, and Au deposition were varying between 360°C and 240°C. The salinity of the fluid was between 1 to 6 wt % NaCl equiv and the CO 2 content was low (less than 1 mole %). The δ 34 S CDT values of pyrite and chalcopyrite were between 0.4 to 2.2‰, which was consistent with a magmatic-hydrothermal or leached volcanic source. The δ 13 C PDB values of calcite were between 16.9 to 17.4‰ and the calculated δ 13 C PDB of the fluid is between −3.8 and −3.0‰. The δ 18 O SMOW of the carbonates were between 16.96 and 19.40‰. Calculated fluid δ 18 O SMOW values were 7.4 to 9.8‰, which overlapped the range of magmatic water. The C and O isotopic values of calcite were similar to porphyry copper deposits, possibly indicating magmatic affinities for the ore fluids. Based on the presence of hematite, chalcopyrite, Fe-rich chlorite and locally pyrite, and on the absence of magnetite and pyrrhotite, the ore fluid was very oxidized. Oxygen fugacity was estimated to have been between 10 −27 and 10 −32 , and the fugacity of H 2 S was less than 10 −3.5 .
The Mesozoic to Tertiary tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia is the result of the convergence an... more The Mesozoic to Tertiary tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia is the result of the convergence and collision of fragments of Gondwanaland with Eurasia culminating in the collision of India. A rapidly growing geochronological database is placing tight constraints on the timing and duration of magmatic episodes, metallogenic and tectonic events in the Himalayas, Tibet and eastern Indochina. However, there is little comparable geochronology for Myanmar. This SHRIMP U-Pb in zircon geochronology focuses on granitoids from the Mogok Metamorphic Belt (MMB, a belt of high grade metamorphic rocks at the edge of the Shan-Thai Terrane), the Myeik Archipelago (Shan-Thai Terrane) and the west Myanmar Terrane. Strongly deformed granitic orthogneisses in the MMB near Mandalay contain Jurassic (~170 Ma) zircons that have partly recrystallised during ~43 Ma high-grade metamorphism. A hornblende syenite from Mandalay also contains Jurassic zircons with evidence of Eocene metamorphism rimmed by thin z...
Tectonic Setting of Pondaung Sandstones, Southern Chindwin Basin, Myanmar: evidence from XRF-majo... more Tectonic Setting of Pondaung Sandstones, Southern Chindwin Basin, Myanmar: evidence from XRF-major and trace element geochemical analysis and LA ICP-MS U-Pb zircon Geochronology KYAW LINN OO1, KHIN ZAW2, MYITTA3, DAY WA AUNG3 1Department of Geology, University of Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar, Schlumberger Information Solution, 33C/35, 7-1/2 Mile, Pyay Rd., Yangon, Myanmar E-mail address: koo@yangon.oilfield.slb.com 2CODES ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, E-mail address: Khin.Zaw@utas.edu.au 3Department of Geology, University of Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar Detrital information preserved in the Eocene clastic sequences of Southern Chindwin area in the northern part of Central Myanmar Basin revealed an “Erosional Unroofing History” of a calc-alkaline continental magmatic arc during the fluvial sedimentation of Pondaung Formation in Late Middle Eocene (Bartonian). The XRF-immobile trace element plots and LA ICP-MS U-Pb zircon geochron...
The southern Chindwin Basin is characterized by clastic sequences of Pondaung Formation (Late Mid... more The southern Chindwin Basin is characterized by clastic sequences of Pondaung Formation (Late Middle Eocene) and Yaw Formation (Late Eocene). The Pondaung Formation was deposited in a fluvial system of braided to meandering river deposits. The most widely distributed and dominated units of the Pondaung Formation are thick bedded, coarse grained volcaniclastic sandstones in the lower part and thick variegated clays in the upper part. The Yaw Formation was deposited in a deltaic system dominated by a thick sequence of shale with sandstone intercalations. LA ICP-MS U-Pb zircon geochronology of the detrital zircon grains from the volcaniclastic sandstone units of the Pondaung Formation yielded an Early Middle Eocene age (51.6 and 43.3 Ma or average age around 47.2 Ma). Petrographic and XRF-immobile trace elements studies of the volcaniclastic components of the Pondaung sandstones indicate that they are plagioclase feldspar-phyric volcanic lithic fragments with andesite and minor rhyodac...
Volume 4: Energy Systems Analysis, Thermodynamics and Sustainability; Combustion Science and Engineering; Nanoengineering for Energy, Parts A and B, 2011
ABSTRACT
The G-Plate Program is a powerful freeware that is capable for both the visualization and the man... more The G-Plate Program is a powerful freeware that is capable for both the visualization and the manipulation of plate tectonic reconstructions (see http://www.gplates.org/). Developed by the EarthByte Project in the School of Geosciences at the University of Sydney, the program is newly adopted for our SE Asia tectonic reconstruction. Our SE Asia tectonic reconstruction is built on the global G-Plate tectonic model constructed by Seton et al. (2012) and Wright et al. (2012). We have substantially modified the SE Asia part of their works, based on our new founding and recent important published literature. For instance, the Paleozoic SE Asia tectonic history has been referenced from Sone and Metcalfe (2008) and Metcalfe (2006; 2009; 2012; 2013), whereas the Mesozoic and Cenozoic SE Asia tectonic history have been referenced from e.g., Aitchison et al. (2011); Hall (2002, 2009, 2012), Searle et al. (2012; 2010) and Searle and Morley (2011). Paleolatitudes of the various East Asia tecton...
Minerals, 2021
The Bukit Botol and Bukit Ketaya deposits are two examples of volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (V... more The Bukit Botol and Bukit Ketaya deposits are two examples of volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) deposits that occur in the Tasik Chini area, Central Belt of Peninsular Malaysia. The mineralisation is divided into subzones distinguished by spatial, mineralogical, and textural characteristics. The primary sulphide minerals include pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena, with lesser amounts of Sn- and Ag-bearing minerals, with Au. However, pyrrhotite is absent from both deposits. This study presents the results of sphalerite chemistry analysed by using an electron microprobe. Two types of sphalerite are recognised: sphalerite from the Bukit Botol deposit reveals a range of
Mogok gem corundum samples from twelve localities were analyzed for trace element signatures (LA-... more Mogok gem corundum samples from twelve localities were analyzed for trace element signatures (LA-ICP-MS method) and oxygen isotope values (δ 18 O, by laser fluorination). The study augmented earlier findings on Mogok gem suites that suggested the Mogok tract forms a high vanadium gem corundum area and also identified rare alluvial ruby and sapphire grains characterised by unusually high silicon, calcium and gallium, presence of noticeable boron, tin and niobium and very low iron, titanium and magnesium contents. Oxygen isotope values (δ 18 O) for the ruby and high Si-Ca-Ga corundum (20‰-25‰) and for sapphire (10‰-20‰) indicate typical crustal values, with values >20‰ being typical of carbonate genesis. The high Si-Ca-Ga ruby has high chromium (up to 3.2 wt % Cr) and gallium (up to 0. 08 wt % Ga) compared to most Mogok ruby (<2 wt % Cr; <0.02 wt % Ga). In trace element ratio plots the Si-Ca-Ga-rich corundum falls into separate fields from the typical Mogok metamorphic fields. The high Ga/Mg ratios (46-521) lie well within the magmatic range (>6), and with other features suggest a potential skarn-like, carbonate-related genesis with a high degree of magmatic fluid input The overall trace element results widen the range of different signatures identified within Mogok gem corundum suites and indicate complex OPEN ACCESS Minerals 2015, 5 62 genesis. The expanded geochemical platform, related to a variety of metamorphic, metasomatic and magmatic sources, now provides a wider base for geographic typing of Mogok gem corundum suites. It allows more detailed comparisons with suites from other deposits and will assist identification of Mogok gem corundum sources used in jewelry.
'i, 7bk},o l92-03PZ jZrpan; 27he Kbchi Prefectural IV4bkeno Botanical Garden, 4200-6 Godai-san, K... more 'i, 7bk},o l92-03PZ jZrpan; 27he Kbchi Prefectural IV4bkeno Botanical Garden, 4200-6 Godai-san, Kbchi 781-8J25. mpan; 3Botanical Garclens. Graduate School ofScience, Uitiversity of7bkyo, 3-7-1 HZiktLsan, Bunlyo-ku. 7btvo 112-OOOI, Jbpan,' 41V2iture and PP71diijZi Conservation Division, lbtiestDepartment PPlest Gyogon ¢ insein, }kngon, Adyanmar Morphological characteristics of the heterostylous subsimb, Reinwarcitia indica occurring in Mandalay Divisioq Myanmarl were examined, The species is typically distyIous, and shows dmorphism in pollen size, exine sculpture ofpollen grains, stigrna size and length of stigrnatic papillae. Pollen grains from long-styled morphs are significantly smaller in size than those of short-styled morphs. Exine of the pollen grains from the two morphs has two knds ofprocesses, vermcate and spinulous ones. These processes are longer and more swollen in the short-styled morphs than in the long-styled morphs and appear more densely packed in the long-styled morphs. Unlike most of the heterostylous species, the species concerned here was characterized by having the stigmatic papillae which were obviously slerider and longer in the short-styled morpks than in the long-styled morphs.
Minerals, 2019
Gems are materials used for adornment or decoration that must satisfy several criteria where they... more Gems are materials used for adornment or decoration that must satisfy several criteria where they must be aesthetic and visually appealing; relatively rare; hard and tough enough to resist “normal” wear; and able to withstand corrosion by skin contact and cosmetics [...]
Minerals, 2019
Ruby in diverse geological settings leaves petrogenetic clues, in its zoning, inclusions, trace e... more Ruby in diverse geological settings leaves petrogenetic clues, in its zoning, inclusions, trace elements and oxygen isotope values. Rock-hosted and isolated crystals are compared from Myanmar, SE Asia, and New South Wales, East Australia. Myanmar ruby typifies metasomatized and metamorphic settings, while East Australian ruby xenocrysts are derived from basalts that tapped underlying fold belts. The respective suites include homogeneous ruby; bi-colored inner (violet blue) and outer (red) zoned ruby; ruby-sapphirine-spinel composites; pink to red grains and multi-zoned crystals of red-pink-white-violet (core to rim). Ruby ages were determined by using U-Pb isotopes in titanite inclusions (Thurein Taung; 32.4 Ma) and zircon inclusions (Mong Hsu; 23.9 Ma) and basalt dating in NSW, >60–40 Ma. Trace element oxide plots suggest marble sources for Thurein Taung and Mong Hsu ruby and ultramafic-mafic sources for Mong Hsu (dark cores). NSW rubies suggest metasomatic (Barrington Tops), ul...
Minerals, 2019
Greece contains several gem corundum deposits set within diverse geological settings, mostly with... more Greece contains several gem corundum deposits set within diverse geological settings, mostly within the Rhodope (Xanthi and Drama areas) and Attico-Cycladic (Naxos and Ikaria islands) tectono-metamorphic units. In the Xanthi area, the sapphire (pink, blue to purple) deposits are stratiform, occurring within marble layers alternating with amphibolites. Deep red rubies in the Paranesti-Drama area are restricted to boudinaged lenses of Al-rich metapyroxenites alternating with amphibolites and gneisses. Both occurrences are oriented parallel to the ultra-high pressure/high pressure (UHP/HP) Nestos suture zone. On central Naxos Island, colored sapphires are associated with desilicated granite pegmatites intruding ultramafic lithologies (plumasites), occurring either within the pegmatites themselves or associated metasomatic reaction zones. In contrast, on southern Naxos and Ikaria Islands, blue sapphires occur in extensional fissures within Mesozoic metabauxites hosted in marbles. Minera...
Qaleh-Zari is a Fe-oxide Cu-Ag-Au vein type deposit located 180 km south of Birjand, in eastern I... more Qaleh-Zari is a Fe-oxide Cu-Ag-Au vein type deposit located 180 km south of Birjand, in eastern Iran. Host rocks are mainly Tertiary calc-alkaline to K-rich calc-alkaline with transition to shoshonitic andesite and andesitic basalts, but in the central part shale and sandstone of Jurassic age. Andesitic rocks from the western region of Qaleh-Zari were dated to 40.5 ± 2 Ma. Four trends of faults and joints are identified in the mine area. Cu-Ag-Au mineralization is present only in the oldest sets of faults and joints that crosscut the Tertiary and Jurassic units. Three major subparallel steep quartz veins are identified. No.1 vein is about 650 m long and No.3 vein is less than 500 m long. No.2 vein is traced for more than 3.5 km horizontally along strike (N40° W) and more than 350 m down dip. Specularite and quartz are the most abundant primary oxides. Chalcopyrite is the only hypogene copper mineral. Silver is present as sulfosalt minerals. Paragenesis: Stage I: specularite, quartz, Fe-chlorite, chalcopyrite and sulfosalts. Specularite deposited first and forms 10 to 25 percent of the vein. Stage II: quartz, chalcopyrite, pyrite, chlorite ± hematite ± sulfosalt minerals. Stage III: quartz ± pyrite ± chalcopyrite. Stage IV: hematite, quartz, and ± calcite. The ores grade typically 2-9% Cu, 100-650 ppm Ag, and 0.5-35 ppm Au. Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions associated with Cu, Ag, and Au deposition were varying between 360°C and 240°C. The salinity of the fluid was between 1 to 6 wt % NaCl equiv and the CO 2 content was low (less than 1 mole %). The δ 34 S CDT values of pyrite and chalcopyrite were between 0.4 to 2.2‰, which was consistent with a magmatic-hydrothermal or leached volcanic source. The δ 13 C PDB values of calcite were between 16.9 to 17.4‰ and the calculated δ 13 C PDB of the fluid is between −3.8 and −3.0‰. The δ 18 O SMOW of the carbonates were between 16.96 and 19.40‰. Calculated fluid δ 18 O SMOW values were 7.4 to 9.8‰, which overlapped the range of magmatic water. The C and O isotopic values of calcite were similar to porphyry copper deposits, possibly indicating magmatic affinities for the ore fluids. Based on the presence of hematite, chalcopyrite, Fe-rich chlorite and locally pyrite, and on the absence of magnetite and pyrrhotite, the ore fluid was very oxidized. Oxygen fugacity was estimated to have been between 10 −27 and 10 −32 , and the fugacity of H 2 S was less than 10 −3.5 .
The Mesozoic to Tertiary tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia is the result of the convergence an... more The Mesozoic to Tertiary tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia is the result of the convergence and collision of fragments of Gondwanaland with Eurasia culminating in the collision of India. A rapidly growing geochronological database is placing tight constraints on the timing and duration of magmatic episodes, metallogenic and tectonic events in the Himalayas, Tibet and eastern Indochina. However, there is little comparable geochronology for Myanmar. This SHRIMP U-Pb in zircon geochronology focuses on granitoids from the Mogok Metamorphic Belt (MMB, a belt of high grade metamorphic rocks at the edge of the Shan-Thai Terrane), the Myeik Archipelago (Shan-Thai Terrane) and the west Myanmar Terrane. Strongly deformed granitic orthogneisses in the MMB near Mandalay contain Jurassic (~170 Ma) zircons that have partly recrystallised during ~43 Ma high-grade metamorphism. A hornblende syenite from Mandalay also contains Jurassic zircons with evidence of Eocene metamorphism rimmed by thin z...
Tectonic Setting of Pondaung Sandstones, Southern Chindwin Basin, Myanmar: evidence from XRF-majo... more Tectonic Setting of Pondaung Sandstones, Southern Chindwin Basin, Myanmar: evidence from XRF-major and trace element geochemical analysis and LA ICP-MS U-Pb zircon Geochronology KYAW LINN OO1, KHIN ZAW2, MYITTA3, DAY WA AUNG3 1Department of Geology, University of Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar, Schlumberger Information Solution, 33C/35, 7-1/2 Mile, Pyay Rd., Yangon, Myanmar E-mail address: koo@yangon.oilfield.slb.com 2CODES ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, E-mail address: Khin.Zaw@utas.edu.au 3Department of Geology, University of Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar Detrital information preserved in the Eocene clastic sequences of Southern Chindwin area in the northern part of Central Myanmar Basin revealed an “Erosional Unroofing History” of a calc-alkaline continental magmatic arc during the fluvial sedimentation of Pondaung Formation in Late Middle Eocene (Bartonian). The XRF-immobile trace element plots and LA ICP-MS U-Pb zircon geochron...
The southern Chindwin Basin is characterized by clastic sequences of Pondaung Formation (Late Mid... more The southern Chindwin Basin is characterized by clastic sequences of Pondaung Formation (Late Middle Eocene) and Yaw Formation (Late Eocene). The Pondaung Formation was deposited in a fluvial system of braided to meandering river deposits. The most widely distributed and dominated units of the Pondaung Formation are thick bedded, coarse grained volcaniclastic sandstones in the lower part and thick variegated clays in the upper part. The Yaw Formation was deposited in a deltaic system dominated by a thick sequence of shale with sandstone intercalations. LA ICP-MS U-Pb zircon geochronology of the detrital zircon grains from the volcaniclastic sandstone units of the Pondaung Formation yielded an Early Middle Eocene age (51.6 and 43.3 Ma or average age around 47.2 Ma). Petrographic and XRF-immobile trace elements studies of the volcaniclastic components of the Pondaung sandstones indicate that they are plagioclase feldspar-phyric volcanic lithic fragments with andesite and minor rhyodac...
Volume 4: Energy Systems Analysis, Thermodynamics and Sustainability; Combustion Science and Engineering; Nanoengineering for Energy, Parts A and B, 2011
ABSTRACT
The G-Plate Program is a powerful freeware that is capable for both the visualization and the man... more The G-Plate Program is a powerful freeware that is capable for both the visualization and the manipulation of plate tectonic reconstructions (see http://www.gplates.org/). Developed by the EarthByte Project in the School of Geosciences at the University of Sydney, the program is newly adopted for our SE Asia tectonic reconstruction. Our SE Asia tectonic reconstruction is built on the global G-Plate tectonic model constructed by Seton et al. (2012) and Wright et al. (2012). We have substantially modified the SE Asia part of their works, based on our new founding and recent important published literature. For instance, the Paleozoic SE Asia tectonic history has been referenced from Sone and Metcalfe (2008) and Metcalfe (2006; 2009; 2012; 2013), whereas the Mesozoic and Cenozoic SE Asia tectonic history have been referenced from e.g., Aitchison et al. (2011); Hall (2002, 2009, 2012), Searle et al. (2012; 2010) and Searle and Morley (2011). Paleolatitudes of the various East Asia tecton...