Kirubel Paulos - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Kirubel Paulos

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology

Glanders, also known as farcy, is an infectious bacterial zoonotic disease of solipeds caused by ... more Glanders, also known as farcy, is an infectious bacterial zoonotic disease of solipeds caused by Burkholderia mallei. The only known natural reservoir of B. mallei is horses, donkeys, and mules. It has long been known as an equine and human disease, although it can also afflict felidae, small ruminants, camels, bears, and walruses. Despite the fact glanders that has been eradicated from most of the countries, it has regained its status as re-emerging disease due to recent outbreaks. Glanders is spread mostly by direct or indirect contact with infected horses, donkeys, and mules. Contact with diseased animals, contaminated fomites, tissues, or bacterial cultures can infect humans. Humans are accidental hosts, and disease is mainly caused by occupational exposure. Glanders is divided into three types of disease: nasal, pulmonary, and cutaneous, which can appear alone or in combination. It can be acute in nature, as observed in donkeys, and mules, or chronic in nature, as found in horses. The isolation and identification of B. mallei from clinical samples is the gold standard method for diagnosing glanders. The detection rate of glanders is increased when both serological and molecular testing approaches are used together. The mallein test is frequently used for field diagnosis in animals. Currently, no vaccine is available for humans or animals. Glanders could be used as a bioterrorism weapon. The presence of glanders in the absence of animal interaction, occupational exposure, and/or travel to an endemic location, such as Asia, Africa, or the Middle East, is presumed to be a bioterrorism occurrence. The disease's occurrence also results in international trade limitations. Early identification of disease in sensitive animals, strict quarantine measures, testing and safe destruction of contaminated carcasses, disinfection of infected premises, and raising knowledge about glanders and its zoonotic implications are all part of the prevention and management of this zoonosis.

Community Medicine and Health Education Research, Oct 24, 2021

Rift Valley fever is an emerging viral disease that has been reported from several countries incl... more Rift Valley fever is an emerging viral disease that has been reported from several countries including Kenya,

Acta scientific microbiology, Apr 1, 2022

The monkeypox is an emerging and re-emerging zoonosis that causes sporadic human infections in Ce... more The monkeypox is an emerging and re-emerging zoonosis that causes sporadic human infections in Central and West Africa's forested areas. Monkeypox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus family, is the etiological agent of disease. Monkeypox virus was discovered in the laboratory monkeys in 1958 at the State Serum Institute in Copenhagen, and the first human case of monkeypox virus was recorded in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970. African rodents serve as the reservoir of the monkeypox virus. The respiratory, percutaneous, and permucosal exposures to infected monkeys, zoo animals, prairie dogs, and humans are the most common exposure routes of infection for human beings. The incubation period of the disease is 6 to 13 days, although it can take anywhere from 5 to 21 days. Most patients have a typical prodromal illness with fever, malaise, and lymphadenopathy for 2 days before the rash appears. The rashes mainly occur on the face, palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Maximum cases are observed in the persons who had direct contact with animals. If the characteristic skin lesions are present, and there is a history of exposure, monkeypox can be predicted. Laboratory culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy are the tools available for confirming the diagnosis. The prognosis of the disease in immunocompromised patients is poor. While working with nonhuman primates or other animals, care should be taken to treat and cover breaks in the skin as a routine preventive strategy. During interaction with monkeypox-affected animals, infection control techniques, such as proper hygiene, frequent hand washing, disinfection of surfaces and equipment, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) are critical.

Herpes simiae (B virus infection) is a life threatening viral anthopozoonosis that is transmitted... more Herpes simiae (B virus infection) is a life threatening viral anthopozoonosis that is transmitted from an infected macaque monkey to humans. The infection is reported from several nations including Canada, China, Great Britain, Japan, USA and others. Herpes simiae virus (Macacine herpesvirus 1 (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1, CHV-1) is the endemic simplex virus of macaque monkeys. Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 is the new name for it. Monkey B virus, Herpes B virus, B virus, and Herpesvirus simiae are all names for the same virus. The infection with herpes B virus (B virus) is common in macaques. B virus infection in primates is similar to herpes simplex virus 1 infection in humans, but in its natural host, B virus generates only minor localized lesions. Several modes of primates to human transmission of B virus infection have been implicated. In humans, however, B virus can produce a serious disease that can lead to encephalitis and death. The transmission of simian herpesvirus in humans can occur by bites, scratch, contact with monkey saliva, tissues, or tissue fluids; only one case of person-to-person transmission has been described. In two recorded occurrences, airborne transmission is thought to have occurred as a result of clinical conditions, but there is no sufficient evidence to back up this theory. Virus isolation, the presence of particular antibodies, or both, are used to diagnose herpes simiae infection. It is imperative to provide a biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) containment facilities for the isolation of the virus to decrease the risk of exposure for laboratory workers. Herpes simiae infection poses a health risk to the veterinarian, laboratory personnel, and health care professionals who are exposed to macaques or their infected tissues, or secretions. Neurologic sequelae are generally observed in the survivors. Prompt diagnosis and antiviral therapy is highly imperative to decreases the death rate. As herpes simiae infection in human beings is often lethal, it is important to raise awareness of the risk of herpes simiae infection. Post-exposure prophylaxis, personal protective equipment, and monkey handling practices are all strategies of the prevention and control of herpes simiae that poses a serious risk to human health.

Chikungunya fever is a mosquito-borne re-emerging viral disease that has been reported from many ... more Chikungunya fever is a mosquito-borne re-emerging viral disease that has been reported from many nations of the world. The disease is caused by Chikungunya virus, a single-stranded RNA Alpha virus. Female Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are responsible for the transmission of disease in the tropical zone and temperate region, respectively. Due to a lack of efficient treatments and vaccines, significant pain in infected persons, such as headaches, fever, depression, joint pain, and long-term debilitating symptoms, as well as huge economic repercussions, Chikungunya virus disease is of public health relevance. The symptoms can appear within a few days and then subside after a few weeks. The virus is known to cause epidemics after a period of quiescence. Even while immune-competent patients can recover without treatment, the condition can cause mortality in people who have their immunity reduced, such as young and the elderly. Clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and serological tests were used to make the diagnosis. Because the disease is easily transmitted from sick patients to healthy people, mosquito bite prevention, avoiding travel to areas where the disease is present, and other prevention techniques are reviewed.

International Journal of Livestock Research, 2022

A cross-sectional study was conducted from December, 2014 to April, 2015 to estimate the prevalen... more A cross-sectional study was conducted from December, 2014 to April, 2015 to estimate the prevalence of hydatid cyst, investigate associated risk factors, and evaluate organ level distribution of the cysts in cattle slaughtered at Nekemte Municipal abattoir, Western Ethiopia. A total of 525 samples were collected and processed. The study animals were selected by systematic random sampling technique. Potential risk factors were assessed through antemortem examination. Postmortem examination was done, which included primary examination (visual inspection and palpation of lung, liver, heart, spleen and kidney) and secondary examination, which involved further incision into each organ if single or more hydatid cyst(s) was found. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the prevalence of bovine hydatidosis and Chi-square (X2) test was applied to compare the infection status with regard to the hypothesized risk factors and (P<0.05) was set for statistical significance. The overall prevalence of hydatid cyst was 18.29 % (95%:14.97-21.60). Out of the 96-cattle harboring hydatid cyst, 63 (65.6%) animals were infected only in single organ whereas the remaining 33 (34.4%) infected animals had multiple organs involvement. From the total 96 hydatid cyst infected cattle, 34 (35.4%) of hydatid cyst were in the lungs, 29 (30.2%) in livers and 33 (34.4%) in multiple organs. The statistical analysis revealed that there was no statistical association (P>0.05) between the prevalence of bovine hydatidosis and animal sex or body condition, although there was a significant association (P<0.05) with age and origin of the animals. In conclusion, the disease is widespread in cattle slaughtered and is major cause of organ condemnation at Nekemte Municipal abattoir and efficient meat inspection service and safe disposal of condemned organs should be practiced.

The search for vaccines has been a high priority since the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic was declar... more The search for vaccines has been a high priority since the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic was declared. Currently, mRNA-based vaccines, adenovirus-based vaccines, inactivated virus vaccines, and other vaccine platforms are all employed to combat the SARS-CoV-2 virus. BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 are mRNA-based vaccines. The vaccination appears to be effective against SARS-CoV-2 strains that have emerged since the first study. They have primarily minor side effects, and there are no major safety concerns. Adenovirus-based vaccines are delivered by genetic cargo that is based on non-replicating adenovirus vectors that can increase immune response without the need of adjuvants. This is the case for Ad26.CoV2.S, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222, Gam-COVID-Vac/Sputnik V andAd5-based COVID-19 vaccine. There have been no known incidences of allergy to adenovirus vaccines, unlike mRNA vaccines. Inactivated virus vaccines are a common form of vaccine that has been used for decades. The goal is to render the virus non-infectious while preserving immunogenicity with high-quality antigens in order to trigger an immune response. The researched formaldehyde-inactivated whole-virus SARS-CoV2 vaccine (CoronaVac), as well as WIV04 and HB02, utilize this sort of vaccine formulation. A recombinant protein nanoparticle vaccine named NVX-CoV2373 is made up of trimeric spike glycoproteins with a potent Matrix-M1 adjuvant. Against the variant B.1.1.7 (Alpha), the vaccine appeared to be very effective. Vaccine efficacy against the B.1.351 (Beta) strain, on the other hand, proved to be lower.

International Journal of Livestock Research

A cross-sectional study were conducted from December 2014 to April 2015 to estimate the prevalenc... more A cross-sectional study were conducted from December 2014 to April 2015 to estimate the prevalence of Cysticercus bovis, investigate associated risk factors and evaluate organ level distribution of the cysts in cattle slaughtered at Nekemte Municipal abattoir, Western Ethiopia. There were 525 samples collected and processed in total. A systematic random sample strategy was used to choose the study animals. An ante-mortem examination was used to investigate potential risk factors. Post mortem examination was done by visual inspection and palpation and where necessary one or more incisions were made to detect small cysts. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis and Chi-square (X2) test was applied to compare the infection status with regard to the hypothesized risk factors and (P<0.05) was set for statistical significance. The study showed that out of 525 cattle examined at the abattoir, the overall prevalence of Cysticercus bovis were 2.89% (95%:1.43-4.29). Out of 15 Cysticercus bovis infected cattle, 5 (33.3%) of Cysticercus bovis were present in the triceps muscle and heart, 7 (46.7%) in tongue, 2 (13.3%) in biceps muscle and 1 (6.7%) in masseter muscle. The statistical analysis revealed that there was no statistical association (P > 0.05) between the prevalence of Cysticercus bovis and origin, sex, age groups and body conditions of the animals. This study identified the impacts of Cysticercus bovis from active abattoir survey, which clearly indicated the existence of the parasites in the present time. As a result, eradicating this parasitic disease necessitates collaboration between public health and veterinary authorities. Furthermore, a thorough and detailed meat examination at the slaughterhouse is highly imperative.

Open Access Journal of Mycology & Mycological Sciences

Rhodotoruliosis is an opportunistic emerging mycotic disease that affects both humans and animals... more Rhodotoruliosis is an opportunistic emerging mycotic disease that affects both humans and animals. The source of infection is exogenous; and disease can occur in sporadic as well as epidemic form. The disease is caused by Rhodotorula, basidiomycetous yeast that lives as a saprophyte in the environment. Rhodotorula glutinis, R. mucilaginosa (R.rubra), and R. minuta are the most frequently encountered species of Rhodotorula. The species can be isolated from a wide range of sources in nature, including the soil, air, ocean, plants, dairy products, and the household environment. Fungemia, meningitis, ventriculitis, peritonitis, endocarditis, keratitis, endophtalmitis, hydrosalpinx, oral ulcer and lymphadenitis have all been linked to the fungus in humans. It causes skin infections in chicken, sea lion, and cat, lung infection in sheep, epididymitis in dog, and mastitis in cow and buffalo. The organism is an opportunist, taking advantage of immunosuppressive circumstances, indwelling dev...

International Journal of Livestock Research

Parasitic diseases are important causes of morbidity and mortality in livestock. A cross-sectiona... more Parasitic diseases are important causes of morbidity and mortality in livestock. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2019 to July 2019 to estimate the prevalence, investigate potential risk factors and characterize hepatic lesions of bovine fasciolosis in Adaba abattoir, Ethiopia. There were 450 samples collected and processed in total. A simple random sample strategy was used to choose the study animals. An ante-mortem examination was used to investigate potential risk factors. Post mortem examination was done by careful examination through palpation and incision of each liver and bile duct. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the prevalence of bovine fasciolosis and Chi-square (X2) test was applied to compare the infection status with regard to the hypothesized risk factors and (P<0.05) was set for statistical significance. The overall prevalence of bovine fasciolosis was 35.77% (95% CI: 31.46-40.33). Fasciola hepatica was found to be the predominant Fasciola species affecting cattle slaughtered in the study area with 90 (20%), while 42 (9.3%) livers had Fasciola gigantica and 29 (6.4%) were infected by both species (Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica). Among the positive livers for the parasite, 79 (49.1%), 48 (29.8%) and 34 (21.11%) of the livers had slight, moderate and severe gross lesions, respectively. The disease was statistically significantly associated (P<0.05) with age and body condition scores, but statistically insignificantly associated (P>0.05) with sex. In conclusion, the disease is ubiquitous in slaughtered cattle and is a major cause of liver condemnation at the Adaba abattoir; further extensive investigations on the disease's epidemiology and planned strategies to reduce the disease should be undertaken.

Ethiopia is one among the nations that possesses the largest number of livestock population in th... more Ethiopia is one among the nations that possesses the largest number of livestock population in the African continent estimated to be 56 million cattle, 29 million sheep and 29 million goats. In contrast to the huge livestock resource, the livestock productivity is however, found to be very low. The major biological and socioeconomic factors attributing to the low productivity includes: the low genetic potential and performance, poor nutrition (in quality and quantity terms), the prevailing of different diseases, traditional way of husbandry systems and inadequate skilled manpower, among others. Ethiopia is one of the African countries where tuberculosis is wide spread in both humans and cattle and the endemic nature of tuberculosis in humans and cattle has long been documented. The disease is considered as one of the major livestock diseases that results in high morbidity and mortality, although the current status on the actual prevalence rate of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) at a natio...

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology

Nipah virus is an emerging paramyxovirus in the family Paramyxoviridae that infects humans as wel... more Nipah virus is an emerging paramyxovirus in the family Paramyxoviridae that infects humans as well as animals. It was first discovered in Malaysia in 1998 and has since spread across Southeast Asia. There are two strains of Nipah virus: the Malaysian strain (NiV-M) and the Bangladeshi strain (NiV-B) (NiV-B). NiV's natural hosts are fruit bats of the genus Pteropus ("Flying bat"), which are the main risk factor for Nipah virus disease. Bats of the genus Pteropus are distributed across Asia's tropics and subtropics. Domesticated animals contract NiV after eating contaminated fruit, drinking polluted water or eating aborted bat fetuses or birth products. NiV is transmitted between bats and people through two main routes: intermediate hosts and food-borne transmission via date palm sap contaminated with fruit bat saliva or urine. The condition is extremely deadly, causing severe neurological and respiratory symptoms. A number of immunological and molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed for diagnosis and surveillance of disease. Diagnosis and management become more challenging when a new area is affected. The high mortality rate associated with infection, as well as the risk of infection spreading to other areas, has highlighted the significance of proper care and control of this life threatening zoonosis. For the time being, there is no treatment or vaccine available for Nipah virus infection. Preventing infection in livestock could be a valuable management method in places where they act as intermediate hosts. Humans can avoid contracting Nipah virus disease by avoiding direct contact with infected hosts (fruit bats and pigs) or their secretions.

International Journal of Medical Parasitology and Epidemiology Sciences

Introduction: Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic infection caused by larval stage of Echinococcu... more Introduction: Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic infection caused by larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, which is a widely prevalent disease of public health and economic importance. This cross-sectional study was undertaken from January to July 2019 in Adaba abattoir to estimate the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis, investigate its potential risk factors, and to characterize the cysts. Materials and Methods: A total of 400 samples were collected and processed. The study animals were chosen using a simple random sampling method. Potential risk factors were assessed by ante-mortem examination. A post-mortem examination was also performed, which included a primary examination (visual inspection and palpation of the lung, liver, heart, spleen, and kidney) and a secondary examination (incisions into each organ in the presence of one or more hydatid cysts). The total number of cysts found per organ and their sizes were recorded. The prevalence of cystic echinococcosis was summar...

A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2014 to August 2016 at Adama Municipal Abatto... more A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2014 to August 2016 at Adama Municipal Abattoir and Bishoftu ELFORA Export Abattoir, Central Ethiopia, to estimate the prevalence and distribution of lesions of bovine tuberculosis on the basis of gross examination. On 1,896 cattle, a detailed postmortem investigation was used to conduct this study (1,266 from Adama and 630 from Bishoftu). A systematic random sample strategy was used to choose the study animals. An antemortem examination was used to investigate potential risk factors. Post mortem examination was done by examination of bronchial, mediastinal, retropharyngeal, mandibular, mesenteric and pre-scapular lymph nodes and palpation and then incision of organs such as the lungs, liver and kidneys. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and Chi-square (X 2) test was applied to compare the infection status with regard to the hypothesized risk factors and (P<0.05) was set for statistical significance. The overall prevalence of bovine tuberculosis was 4.22% (80/1896) on the basis of gross TB lesions. Larger proportion (52.5%) of TB lesion was recorded in the respiratory pathway followed by lymph nodes of the head (26.25%), mesenteric lymph nodes (7.5%), pre-scapular lymph nodes (7.5%) and liver and hepatic lymph nodes (6.25%). The prevalence of the disease was statistically significantly (P<0.05) varying with origin of animal, location of abattoir and body condition score. In conclusion, the disease is ubiquitous in slaughtered cattle and is a major cause of liver condemnation at the Adama municipal abattoir and Bishoftu ELFORA export abattoir; further extensive investigations on the disease's epidemiology and strategic strategies to reduce the disease should be undertaken.

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology

Community Medicine and Health Education Research, Oct 24, 2021

Acta scientific microbiology, Apr 1, 2022

International Journal of Livestock Research, 2022

International Journal of Livestock Research

Open Access Journal of Mycology & Mycological Sciences

International Journal of Livestock Research

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology

International Journal of Medical Parasitology and Epidemiology Sciences