Shotai Kobayashi - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
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Papers by Shotai Kobayashi
Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics, 1998
Purpose and Methods: To investigate the association between social environment and aging of the b... more Purpose and Methods: To investigate the association between social environment and aging of the brain, we studied P 300 event-related evoked potentials in 95 normal elderly subjects living in different social environments. The subjects were There were no differences in risk factors for strokes or in findings on magnetic resonance imaging between the two groups. Results: Cognitive function (Okabe's Score and Koh's Block Design Test) were lower in those living in an old-age home than in those living in their own homes. Both target and novelty N100 examinations showed no significant differences in amplitude or latencies between the two groups. However, P300 latencies were larger among those living in an old-age home than among those living in their own homes; P300 amplitudes in the two groups were similar. Those living in an old-age home also had greater age-associated declines in function, as shown by longer latencies in target P300 than in novelty P300. Conclusion: Social-environmental factors are closely associated with the aging of the brain.
Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics, 1993
Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics, 2010
Kampo Medicine, 2012
We report a patient who was successfully treated with a herbal formulation of goreisan (Wu-ling-s... more We report a patient who was successfully treated with a herbal formulation of goreisan (Wu-ling-san) for recurrent vomiting associated with pyloric stenosis, with significant simultaneous improvement of congestive heart failure. A78-year-old woman was in a bedridden state after cerebral infarction and was being fed through a nasal tube. She often experience repeated vomiting and aspiration pneumonia. Cicatricial stenosis was found in the pyloric region and we performed an expansion operation with balloon endoscopy. However, symptoms did not improve and her heart failure worsened. Therefore, we administered goreisan. Urinary output volume increased, edematous changes gradually disappeared, and pleural effusion decreased. The stenosis-related lesion did not change, but the vomiting ceased, even after nasal tube feeding was resumed. Goreisan is an herbal formula used to promote diuresis that is considered to correct water absorption in digestive organs. In this case, goreisan was effective for the improvement of many symptoms. goreisan, pyloric stenosis, congestive heart failure
Swallowing Syncope Associated with Common Carotid Artery Occlusion and Orthostatic Hypotension
日本臨床生理学会雑誌 Japanese Journal of Applied Physiology, Dec 1, 1995
Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics, 1989
Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics, 1996
Cognitive Brain Research, 1995
The effects of age on the neural processes underlying shifts in visuospatial attention were studi... more The effects of age on the neural processes underlying shifts in visuospatial attention were studied by non-invasive recording of brain electrical activity. Event-related evoked potentials (ERPs) were recorded in young (age 28-36 years old) and elderly (59-74 years old) subjects during a target detection task. Targets were preceded by central or peripheral informative cues, which are hypothesized to provoke voluntary and reflexive shifts of spatial attention, respectively. There were no age-related differences in the effects of cue validity on reaction times. Elderly subjects had longer reaction times to both the valid and invalid targets. The ERP recordings demonstrated that attention shift-related negativities (ARNs) were generated over the hemisphere contralateral to the central cue direction with the same amplitude in young and elderly subjects. However, the onset latency was delayed for the elderly at anterior scalp sites. Peripheral cues enhanced the Nl component (140-200 ms post-cue) over the contralateral hemisphere comparably in the two age groups. The ARNs following Nl enhancement demonstrated delayed onset and restricted scalp distributions in the elderly group compared with the young group. These results suggest that resistance of cue validity effects to aging is consistent with existence of the Nl enhancement and ARNs, even in elderly subjects. Different age effects on ERPs generated by central and peripheral cues support the notion that voluntary and reflexive mechanisms of attention shift involve distinct neural systems with different vulnerability to aging.
[Clinical characteristics and prognosis in stroke patients with diabetes mellitus: retrospective evaluation using the Japanese Standard Stroke Registry database (JSSRS)]
Nō to shinkei = Brain and nerve, 2006
We studied clinical characteristics and prognosis in acute stoke patients with diabetes mellitus ... more We studied clinical characteristics and prognosis in acute stoke patients with diabetes mellitus registered on the Japanese Standard Stroke Registry database. A total of 16,630 acute stroke patients admitted to 56 hospitals in Japan. They were examined as to their stroke types, risk factors, their severity of stroke according to the NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and Japan Stroke Scale (JSS), and outcomes by the modified Rankin Scale (m-RS). The incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage was relatively high in the group of patients who had neither hypertension nor diabetes, and the incidence of brain hemorrhage was higher in the group of patients who had hypertension without diabetes. The frequencies of lacunar infarct and atherothrombotic infarct were also higher in the group of patients who had both hypertension and diabetes. In the diabetic group without hypertension, there were less numbers of hemorrhagic stroke. The ratio of good prognosis (m-RS 0-1) was significantly smaller in the diabet...
[Clinical characteristics of cerebral infarction in China and Japan]
Rinshō shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology, 2004
In order to elucidate the clinical characteristics of cerebral infarction in a northeastern distr... more In order to elucidate the clinical characteristics of cerebral infarction in a northeastern district of China, 1,353 patients with first-ever cerebral infarction in Shenyang, China, were compared with 2,929 patients registered in Japan. Using the identical database (Japan Standard Stroke Registry Study), we prospectively collected clinical data on acute ischemic stroke patients who were admitted to two main hospitals in Shenyang, China, and 50 hospitals in Japan. The mean age was 67.3 years in China and 71.3 years in Japan. Of the patients in China, 78% were classified as atherothrombotic infarction, 18% as lacunae, and 1% as cardioembolism. By contrast, 30% of the patients in Japan were classified as atherothrombotic infarction, 32% as lacunae, and 31% as cardioembolism. Regarding the risk factors, the incidence of hypertension was 76% in China and 62% in Japan. Diabetes mellitus was 10% in China and 26% in Japan. Hyperlipidemia was 10% in China and 22% in Japan. Atrial fibrillatio...
[Acute divergence paralysis in the Miller Fisher syndrome]
Rinshō shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology, 2005
We experienced a 53-year-old man diagnosed as Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) associated with anti-G... more We experienced a 53-year-old man diagnosed as Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) associated with anti-GQ1b and anti-GT1a antibodies. He presented acute divergence paralysis, bulbar palsy, ascending hyperesthesia, areflexia and diminished vibration sense. External ophthalmoplegia and convergence paralysis were not seen, but he noticed double vision when looking at an object from the distance of more than 70 cm away on a day 10 of hospitalization. Hess chart test revealed an esotropic pattern, so the diagnosis of divergence palsy was made. Brain MRI was normal. Neurological deficits were treated with plasma exchange, resulting in favorable outcome. Divergence paralysis could be one of the clinical manifestations for MFS and might be due to nuclear or supranuclear damge of vergence-related neurons.
Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi, 1988
Neuropsychologia, 2000
Recent evidence suggests that the frontal lobe plays an important role in an orienting response t... more Recent evidence suggests that the frontal lobe plays an important role in an orienting response to novel events, and that frontal lobe dysfunction is linked to attentional and cognitive de®cits in Parkinson's disease (PD). We tested the hypothesis that the neural network involved in novelty detection may be impaired in PD patients by studying event-related brain potentials to target and novel stimuli and their correlation to performance in neuropsychological tests in non-demented PD patients. The PD patients showed prolonged P3 latency to novel stimuli compared with age-matched controls, whereas their P3 latency to target stimuli was not dierent from that in controls. The PD patients also manifested amplitude reduction and less habituation of the P3 to novel stimuli over frontal scalp sites compared with controls. The prolonged latency and frontal reduction of novelty P3 correlated with a poor performance in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. These results suggest that the orienting response of PD patients to novel events is impaired and that recording novelty P3 might provide a neurophysiological and quantitative measure of attentional and cognitive de®cits linked to the frontal lobe in non-demented PD patients.
Neuropsychologia, 2005
This study investigated inhibitory function in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) by recordin... more This study investigated inhibitory function in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) by recording event-related brain potentials (ERPs) during a Go/NoGo task. Fourteen healthy volunteers and 13 patients with PD without dementia performed a cued continuous performance test that included Go and NoGo trials. The peak latency, amplitude, and topographic distributions of the ERPs to Go and NoGo stimuli were analyzed. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Kana Pick-out Test, and Verbal Fluency Test (VFT). Performances in the WCST and VFT were significantly impaired in the PD group as compared with the control group. The PD group had significantly higher rates of omission and commission errors during the ERP task. The ERP study found no differences in the latency and amplitude of the Go-P3 between the two groups. By contrast, the NoGo-P3 latency was significantly longer in the PD group than in the control group. The amplitudes of the NoGo-P3 and NoGo-N2 were also significantly smaller in the PD group than in the control group. The NoGo-P3 latency was significantly correlated with the Kana Pick-out Test and VFT scores. The NoGo-P3 amplitude was significantly correlated with the WCST and VFT scores, as well as with the number of commission errors. There were no significant correlations between the cognitive function tests and either the Go-P3 or NoGo-N2 measures. The behavioral and ERP data suggest that there is selective impairment of inhibitory function in PD and that this deficit may be related to impaired inhibitory executive function in the frontal lobe.
Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics, 1998
Purpose and Methods: To investigate the association between social environment and aging of the b... more Purpose and Methods: To investigate the association between social environment and aging of the brain, we studied P 300 event-related evoked potentials in 95 normal elderly subjects living in different social environments. The subjects were There were no differences in risk factors for strokes or in findings on magnetic resonance imaging between the two groups. Results: Cognitive function (Okabe's Score and Koh's Block Design Test) were lower in those living in an old-age home than in those living in their own homes. Both target and novelty N100 examinations showed no significant differences in amplitude or latencies between the two groups. However, P300 latencies were larger among those living in an old-age home than among those living in their own homes; P300 amplitudes in the two groups were similar. Those living in an old-age home also had greater age-associated declines in function, as shown by longer latencies in target P300 than in novelty P300. Conclusion: Social-environmental factors are closely associated with the aging of the brain.
Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics, 1993
Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics, 2010
Kampo Medicine, 2012
We report a patient who was successfully treated with a herbal formulation of goreisan (Wu-ling-s... more We report a patient who was successfully treated with a herbal formulation of goreisan (Wu-ling-san) for recurrent vomiting associated with pyloric stenosis, with significant simultaneous improvement of congestive heart failure. A78-year-old woman was in a bedridden state after cerebral infarction and was being fed through a nasal tube. She often experience repeated vomiting and aspiration pneumonia. Cicatricial stenosis was found in the pyloric region and we performed an expansion operation with balloon endoscopy. However, symptoms did not improve and her heart failure worsened. Therefore, we administered goreisan. Urinary output volume increased, edematous changes gradually disappeared, and pleural effusion decreased. The stenosis-related lesion did not change, but the vomiting ceased, even after nasal tube feeding was resumed. Goreisan is an herbal formula used to promote diuresis that is considered to correct water absorption in digestive organs. In this case, goreisan was effective for the improvement of many symptoms. goreisan, pyloric stenosis, congestive heart failure
Swallowing Syncope Associated with Common Carotid Artery Occlusion and Orthostatic Hypotension
日本臨床生理学会雑誌 Japanese Journal of Applied Physiology, Dec 1, 1995
Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics, 1989
Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics, 1996
Cognitive Brain Research, 1995
The effects of age on the neural processes underlying shifts in visuospatial attention were studi... more The effects of age on the neural processes underlying shifts in visuospatial attention were studied by non-invasive recording of brain electrical activity. Event-related evoked potentials (ERPs) were recorded in young (age 28-36 years old) and elderly (59-74 years old) subjects during a target detection task. Targets were preceded by central or peripheral informative cues, which are hypothesized to provoke voluntary and reflexive shifts of spatial attention, respectively. There were no age-related differences in the effects of cue validity on reaction times. Elderly subjects had longer reaction times to both the valid and invalid targets. The ERP recordings demonstrated that attention shift-related negativities (ARNs) were generated over the hemisphere contralateral to the central cue direction with the same amplitude in young and elderly subjects. However, the onset latency was delayed for the elderly at anterior scalp sites. Peripheral cues enhanced the Nl component (140-200 ms post-cue) over the contralateral hemisphere comparably in the two age groups. The ARNs following Nl enhancement demonstrated delayed onset and restricted scalp distributions in the elderly group compared with the young group. These results suggest that resistance of cue validity effects to aging is consistent with existence of the Nl enhancement and ARNs, even in elderly subjects. Different age effects on ERPs generated by central and peripheral cues support the notion that voluntary and reflexive mechanisms of attention shift involve distinct neural systems with different vulnerability to aging.
[Clinical characteristics and prognosis in stroke patients with diabetes mellitus: retrospective evaluation using the Japanese Standard Stroke Registry database (JSSRS)]
Nō to shinkei = Brain and nerve, 2006
We studied clinical characteristics and prognosis in acute stoke patients with diabetes mellitus ... more We studied clinical characteristics and prognosis in acute stoke patients with diabetes mellitus registered on the Japanese Standard Stroke Registry database. A total of 16,630 acute stroke patients admitted to 56 hospitals in Japan. They were examined as to their stroke types, risk factors, their severity of stroke according to the NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and Japan Stroke Scale (JSS), and outcomes by the modified Rankin Scale (m-RS). The incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage was relatively high in the group of patients who had neither hypertension nor diabetes, and the incidence of brain hemorrhage was higher in the group of patients who had hypertension without diabetes. The frequencies of lacunar infarct and atherothrombotic infarct were also higher in the group of patients who had both hypertension and diabetes. In the diabetic group without hypertension, there were less numbers of hemorrhagic stroke. The ratio of good prognosis (m-RS 0-1) was significantly smaller in the diabet...
[Clinical characteristics of cerebral infarction in China and Japan]
Rinshō shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology, 2004
In order to elucidate the clinical characteristics of cerebral infarction in a northeastern distr... more In order to elucidate the clinical characteristics of cerebral infarction in a northeastern district of China, 1,353 patients with first-ever cerebral infarction in Shenyang, China, were compared with 2,929 patients registered in Japan. Using the identical database (Japan Standard Stroke Registry Study), we prospectively collected clinical data on acute ischemic stroke patients who were admitted to two main hospitals in Shenyang, China, and 50 hospitals in Japan. The mean age was 67.3 years in China and 71.3 years in Japan. Of the patients in China, 78% were classified as atherothrombotic infarction, 18% as lacunae, and 1% as cardioembolism. By contrast, 30% of the patients in Japan were classified as atherothrombotic infarction, 32% as lacunae, and 31% as cardioembolism. Regarding the risk factors, the incidence of hypertension was 76% in China and 62% in Japan. Diabetes mellitus was 10% in China and 26% in Japan. Hyperlipidemia was 10% in China and 22% in Japan. Atrial fibrillatio...
[Acute divergence paralysis in the Miller Fisher syndrome]
Rinshō shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology, 2005
We experienced a 53-year-old man diagnosed as Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) associated with anti-G... more We experienced a 53-year-old man diagnosed as Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) associated with anti-GQ1b and anti-GT1a antibodies. He presented acute divergence paralysis, bulbar palsy, ascending hyperesthesia, areflexia and diminished vibration sense. External ophthalmoplegia and convergence paralysis were not seen, but he noticed double vision when looking at an object from the distance of more than 70 cm away on a day 10 of hospitalization. Hess chart test revealed an esotropic pattern, so the diagnosis of divergence palsy was made. Brain MRI was normal. Neurological deficits were treated with plasma exchange, resulting in favorable outcome. Divergence paralysis could be one of the clinical manifestations for MFS and might be due to nuclear or supranuclear damge of vergence-related neurons.
Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi, 1988
Neuropsychologia, 2000
Recent evidence suggests that the frontal lobe plays an important role in an orienting response t... more Recent evidence suggests that the frontal lobe plays an important role in an orienting response to novel events, and that frontal lobe dysfunction is linked to attentional and cognitive de®cits in Parkinson's disease (PD). We tested the hypothesis that the neural network involved in novelty detection may be impaired in PD patients by studying event-related brain potentials to target and novel stimuli and their correlation to performance in neuropsychological tests in non-demented PD patients. The PD patients showed prolonged P3 latency to novel stimuli compared with age-matched controls, whereas their P3 latency to target stimuli was not dierent from that in controls. The PD patients also manifested amplitude reduction and less habituation of the P3 to novel stimuli over frontal scalp sites compared with controls. The prolonged latency and frontal reduction of novelty P3 correlated with a poor performance in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. These results suggest that the orienting response of PD patients to novel events is impaired and that recording novelty P3 might provide a neurophysiological and quantitative measure of attentional and cognitive de®cits linked to the frontal lobe in non-demented PD patients.
Neuropsychologia, 2005
This study investigated inhibitory function in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) by recordin... more This study investigated inhibitory function in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) by recording event-related brain potentials (ERPs) during a Go/NoGo task. Fourteen healthy volunteers and 13 patients with PD without dementia performed a cued continuous performance test that included Go and NoGo trials. The peak latency, amplitude, and topographic distributions of the ERPs to Go and NoGo stimuli were analyzed. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Kana Pick-out Test, and Verbal Fluency Test (VFT). Performances in the WCST and VFT were significantly impaired in the PD group as compared with the control group. The PD group had significantly higher rates of omission and commission errors during the ERP task. The ERP study found no differences in the latency and amplitude of the Go-P3 between the two groups. By contrast, the NoGo-P3 latency was significantly longer in the PD group than in the control group. The amplitudes of the NoGo-P3 and NoGo-N2 were also significantly smaller in the PD group than in the control group. The NoGo-P3 latency was significantly correlated with the Kana Pick-out Test and VFT scores. The NoGo-P3 amplitude was significantly correlated with the WCST and VFT scores, as well as with the number of commission errors. There were no significant correlations between the cognitive function tests and either the Go-P3 or NoGo-N2 measures. The behavioral and ERP data suggest that there is selective impairment of inhibitory function in PD and that this deficit may be related to impaired inhibitory executive function in the frontal lobe.