Heru Komarudin - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Heru Komarudin

Infobriefs CIFOR memberi informasi mengenai topik terkini di bidang penelitian kehutanan secara r... more Infobriefs CIFOR memberi informasi mengenai topik terkini di bidang penelitian kehutanan secara ringkas, akurat, dan telah melalui proses pencermatan oleh mitra bestari.

Expansion of crop plantations in the tropics continues to cause numerous negative social and envi... more Expansion of crop plantations in the tropics continues to cause numerous negative social and environmental impacts, and oil palm is the most significant of the crops concerned, especially in Indonesia. This is particularly challenging, considering the legacy from policies on resource distribution that are embedded within patronage systems and the less than transparent political and policy processes associated with the questionable origins of palm oil development in Indonesia. State policies in the name of economic growth and rural modernization supported the expansion of a sector concentrated in the hands of a few large-scale companies by using policy incentives and granting state forests for conversion. These contributed to the original capital accumulation in the palm oil sector, which also benefited from a declining timber industry that was exhausting natural forests (Casson 2000).

Sustainability Science, 2020

The expansion and intensification of agriculture as well as the associated land clearing are thre... more The expansion and intensification of agriculture as well as the associated land clearing are threatening both biodiversity and human wellbeing in tropical areas. Implementing agroforestry systems through a landscape approach has a strong potential for integrating nature conservation objectives into agricultural systems. A key challenge for implementing the landscape approach is that political processes and conservation initiatives operate in ‘silos’, being largely disconnected from farmers and local key agents responsible for tree governance. In this study we brought together different stakeholders in facilitated, structured focus discussions to analyse the role of actor groups in tree governance. We used social network analysis to quantitatively and qualitatively analyse agroforestry governance networks and actor interactions related to information exchange, finance flows, and regulation. The analyses were conducted at national, sub-national and local levels in four countries: Hond...

The governance arrangements of sustainable oil palm initiatives in Indonesia Multilevel interacti... more The governance arrangements of sustainable oil palm initiatives in Indonesia Multilevel interactions between public and private actors Key messages • Different types of interactions are emerging involving public and private (non-state) actors across sustainability initiatives in the palm oil sector in Indonesia. • Such initiatives include the development of government standards for sustainable palm oil, legislation related to the setting aside of conservation areas, a 'wave' of provincial and district Green Growth programs, a focus on jurisdictional approaches, and efforts around smallholder registration. These have been accompanied by the emergence of a number of political 'champions' in the form of provincial and district leaders. • Some initiatives can help to implement immediate specific sustainability objectives by filling implementation gaps, by bearing some operational costs and by speeding up regulatory change. • To bring about the transformation and to move beyond a proliferation of pilot schemes, interactions would need to survive political cycles and align with ongoing national processes of reform around natural resource policy. • Those initiatives intended as innovative pilots or to kick start a process in unclear legal contexts may benefit from acting quickly outside of more formal state systems. However, there are clear benefits in integrating initiatives into existing executive systems to help weather and uncertain electoral cycles. • Some actions by non-state actors act to strengthen the capacity of public authority and accountability, whereas others can weaken or undermine these public systems.

Environmental Science & Policy, 2020

This study contributes to the ongoing discussion on how to attribute and evaluate the contributio... more This study contributes to the ongoing discussion on how to attribute and evaluate the contribution of transdisciplinary research to sustainable development. As co-created knowledge is a key product of transdisciplinary research, we tested the hypothesis that the extent to which this knowledge is utilized beyond the projects consortia, in different areas-from scientific methods and insights to policy decisions-and across a continuum of geographical scales can be used to identify potential impact pathways. With this aim we developed an analytical framework that links the transdisciplinary process to six possible utilization stages as indicators for usability of co-created knowledge and implemented it using a survey and semi-structured interviews in 22 research projects active in 36 countries. Our results show that even during the implementation of the projects, co-created knowledge is utilized by multiple actors at different stages, in all areas and scales simultaneously, suggesting multiple impact pathways. Utilization of project knowledge was predominantly indicated for national-level policymaking and research partners named co-creation of knowledge with key stakeholders as the most frequently used mechanism for promoting knowledge utilization. Closer analysis showed different understandings of and approaches to knowledge co-creation. These can be linked to weaker or stronger definitions of transdisciplinarity. The analysis shows that when using strong transdisciplinarity approaches researchers need to face challenges in encompassing multiple epistemologies and in facilitating dialogue. Some results suggest that inclusion and collaboration by co-created knowledge can empower actors otherwise excluded. Our research shows that although transdisciplinary projects have non-linear impact pathways, these can be partially assessed using the proposed analytical framework. Further, our results indicate interesting links between usability-through knowledge utilization-inclusion and collaboration regarding knowledge co-creation in transdisciplinary research. We conclude with the observation that transdisciplinarity and its requirements still need to be better understood by actors within and beyond the research community.

Despite its large contribution to the Indonesian economy, the palm oil sector has had to contend ... more Despite its large contribution to the Indonesian economy, the palm oil sector has had to contend with illegal plantations that overlap state forest lands, making actors concerned face legal hurdles in getting their plantations certified and considered sustainable. Of 14.03 million ha of palm oil plantations, around 21% or 2.5 million ha appear to occupy state forest lands and are considered illegal according to prevailing regulations. Smallholder plantations in trouble with the law constitute 1.7 million ha, while another 800,000 ha are controlled by companies. In resolving these tenure conflicts, the government has already put in place some policies to give companies the opportunity to obtain permission from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry for forest conversion or land swaps. These policies also grant local communities land ownership through agrarian reform or greater use rights to land through social forestry schemes. The aim is to create a good climate for investment and satisfy equality principles for people. The paper aims to promote better understanding as to why and how these tenure issues occur and to assess how different actors use their strategies for controlling state forest land, by either legal or illegal means. It also assesses the implementation of policies already in place such as those that deal with forest conversion and land swap, agrarian reform and social forestry, and aims to resolve these tenure issues by identifying the challenges that impede the effective implementation of the policies. Based on the field observation and stakeholder input, this paper offers some policy options for resolving tenure issues. Research-on which this paper is based-used various data collection and analysis methods. Drawing on case studies in Central Kalimantan and West Kalimantan, we first review the history and give updates on the development of oil palm plantations in the two provinces and discuss the strategies used by companies and local communities to take control over lands. With the help of spatial imagery analysis, we present the extent and spatial distribution of overlap between oil palm plantations and state forest areas, corroborating previous assumptions on the magnitude of the tenure case. We analyzed relevant secondary literature and government as well as company documents and collected primary data through in-depth as well as semistructured interviews with 40 reviewees and 86 respondents, respectively, concerned with issues around tenure, land, forestry and the oil palm industry. In order to better understand how various stakeholders view the tenure and oil palm issues and to solicit input on how existing policies can be made effective in resolving the tenure issues, we engaged participants representing various groups at national, sub-national and local levels in a series of focus group discussions and at one national workshop.

Global Environmental Change, 2019

Enhancing smallholder compliance with sustainability standards and good agricultural practices fe... more Enhancing smallholder compliance with sustainability standards and good agricultural practices features prominently on the global sustainability agenda. Operating in a sector that bears intense public scrutiny, Indonesia's oil palm smallholders are especially confronted by pressures to enhance their environmental performance. Because smallholders experience differentiated compliance barriers however, it is widely recognized that for the purpose of more effectively prioritizing and targeting the necessary intervention support, smallholder heterogeneity needs to be better understood. This is especially the case for independentin contrast to 'plasma'-oil palm smallholders, for whom corporate technical, input and financial support is comparatively inaccessible. Through multivariate analysis, this article contributes to these needs by developing a typology of independent oil palm smallholders in Indonesian Borneo. We subsequently model the predicted probabilities of different types of smallholders complying with Indonesia's major national sustainability standard and select indicators of good agricultural practice. This analysis reveals structural compliance gaps, which threatens to restrict smallholder access to formal markets in future. In showing that intervention strategies to resolve these compliance gaps can be more impactful when these are adapted to smallholder livelihood assets, portfolios and strategies, this article points to the importance of more explicitly accounting for socioeconomic differentiation when addressing contemporary smallholder upgrading challenges. With results however revealing how local entrepreneurs and elites complicit in regulatory evasion and illegal land encroachments play a significant role in the sub-sector, local political resistance to initiatives that aim to bring the sub-sector above board can be anticipated. This highlights how institutional building needs to be more explicitly incorporated into the design of smallholdercentric intervention strategies; through, for example, the adoption of more integrative landscape-level planning approaches.

Policy network analyses 12.1 How related DMPA public policies are interconnected 12.2 How DMPA is... more Policy network analyses 12.1 How related DMPA public policies are interconnected 12.2 How DMPA is supported by public policies 12.3 Policies to finance DMPA initiatives 13 Stakeholders' perceptions on scaling up community-based fire prevention in South Sumatra 13.1 Setting the scene 13.2 Opportunities in scaling up the implementation 13.3 Opportunities in scaling up the funding 13.4 Insights from the stakeholders 14 Conclusion and recommendation Selected References Annexes v List of figures and tables Figures 1 Hot spots 2012-2018 (Global Forest Watch 2018). 2 Degree of centrality of the policy network. 3 Principle component analysis of the degree of centrality policy network. 4 Egonet of DMPA pillars in their connection to fire policies. 5 Public finance support for DMPA. 6 The workshop was attended by leaders and representatives from governmental institutions, community forums, NGOs, business holder associations and the mass media. 7 The Chair of Forestry Service Office/DISHUT of South Sumatra opened the workshop and stated his support for scaling up the community-based fire prevention program. 8 The resource-persons presented "Opportunities in Scaling Up the Implementation of Community-Based Forest and Land Fire Prevention" 9 The resource-persons presented "Opportunities in Scaling Up the Funding of Community-Based Forest and Land Fire Prevention". 10 KPH Mesuji. 11 KPH Meranti. 12 Location of Mandala Sari Village, Musi Banyuasin District (Google Maps 2018a). 13 Simpang Tiga Village, Ogan Komering Ilir District (Google Maps 2018b). 14 The attendees were participating in a lively discussion. 15 The conclusions and lessons learned from the scale-up program, implementation, and funding on community-based forest and land fire prevention were shared with the workshop participants. Tables 1 Fire extent in 2017 (MOEF 2017). 2 Number of fire-prone villages and villages covered under an integrated patrol system (MOEF 2017) 3 Funding for Ministry of Agrarian and Spatial Planning (MASP). 4 BRG's restoration targets (Foead, 2017). 5 Budget for water governance 6 The total budget allocation of the Ministry of Social Affairs 2015-2019. 7 The contents of PERDA of South Sumatra Province (Sumsel) No. 8/2016 related to DMPA. 8 Villages that experienced fire according to Sumsel in 2016 (UNDP 2017). 9 The most important policies. 10 The DMPA pillars and their degree of connection. vi Summary Conceptually, a project or program is scaled up in terms of size or scaled in order to produce and magnify impacts. A scale-up can also be understood as a transition of success from a pilot grassroots project to an operational model at larger scale or where the success of a policy/program/project in different places is gradually enlarged, replicated, adapted and perpetuated to cover larger numbers of beneficiaries. The process may include various dimensions such as social (social inclusiveness), physical (replication), political (policy and budget commitment) or even conceptual (mindset and power relations changes), and it can focus on goals (socioeconomic, human and environmental impacts) and methods (system, policy, process). Scale-ups can take the form of vertical expansion, be institutional in nature and involve a wide range of stakeholders at different levels (functional and political scale-ups). They can also be horizontal (scale-outs, quantitative scale-ups), expanding geographically and involving large groups of communities. vii No. 21/2008 regarding implementation of disaster prevention, BNPB Head Regulation No. 1/2012 regarding guidelines for disaster-resilient villages and finally Government Regulation No. 57/2016 regarding protection and management of peat ecosystems. Public policies are implemented and budgeted for by different ministries and at various government unit levels. From the point of view of public policy and finance, technology transfer of eco-friendly land management and protecting forest areas are best supported. However, resolving local conflicts and DMPA product marketing are least supported by public finance. This provides lessons that nonstate actors need to pay more attention to conflict resolution and product marketing. To sustain DMPA work, a strong business model for every DMPA, embracing its resources, its value creation and capturing, and its transaction and marketing needs to be developed.

What scope for building connections and enhancing complementarities? Key messages • The global pa... more What scope for building connections and enhancing complementarities? Key messages • The global palm oil value chain has grown in complexity over time as have the public and private regulations governing the sector. This influences stakeholder decisions along the palm oil supply chain and the territories where it is produced. • Weak alignment between the many regulatory initiatives has given rise to a 'transnational regime complex' that is struggling to resolve effectively many structural performance issues that have long plagued the palm oil sector.

Jurnal Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi Kehutanan, 2014

In 2009, Indonesia decided to make the implementation of the Timber Legality Verification System ... more In 2009, Indonesia decided to make the implementation of the Timber Legality Verification System (SVLK) mandatory for all timber enterprises in order to ensure full legality compliance of Indonesia timber. This decision was intended to remove any doubts about the legality of the Indonesian timber traded internationally. SVLK was also designed to become the basis for the Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) between the European Union and Indonesia. In September 2013, VPA was finalized and SVLK officially became its cornerstone. However, there are serious problems with implementing SVLK system. In the large-scale timber sector, achieving SVLK compliance may not be a big problem. However, small-scale timber enterprises face numerous challanges. This study examines the obstacles preventing the progress with SVLK in the small-scale sector, particularly the cost and benefit implications. The necessary data were collected through stakeholder interviews and field observation in timber business units. We compare small-scale business units which which have received SVLK certificates with those that have LEI certificates, as well as those with FSC certification. The study concludes that SVLK certification carries significant additional costs for small-scale timber sectors with little improvement of benefits. We recommend the Ministry of Forestry and other relevant institutions should simplify SVLK implementation requirements for small scale timber enterprises so as to speed up the take up of SVLK and guard against a potential drop in competitiveness of the small-scale timber exports due to additional costs.

The CGIAR Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi) is an initiative of... more The CGIAR Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi) is an initiative of the 15 centers that belong to the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. The initiative promotes comparative research on the role played by property rights and collective action institutions in shaping the efficiency, sustainability, and equity of natural resource systems. CAPRi's Secretariat is hosted by the International Food Policy Research Institute's (IFPRI) Environment and Production Technology Division (www.ifpri.org). CAPRi Working Papers contain preliminary material and research results and are circulated prior to a full peer review in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment. It is expected that most Working Papers will eventually be published in some other form, and that their content may also be revised.

Following the collapse of Soeharto's regime, Indonesia granted district governments more control ... more Following the collapse of Soeharto's regime, Indonesia granted district governments more control over managing natural resources, and significantly increased their share of rents from forestry. National decentralization laws introduced in 1999 gave district heads (Bupatis) the authority to issue logging permits for concessions smaller than 100 ha. The policy applied only to production forests zoned for conversion to other uses, and excluded areas where concessions had already been granted. Despite this limitation, across Indonesia almost all districts with forests took immediate advantage of their new powers. This right has since been cancelled by the Ministry of Forestry 1 and by 2003 almost all districts had stopped issuing local small-scale licenses. The national objective was to strengthen district economies and increase efficiency, effectiveness and accountability in public sector forest management. The national framework for fiscal decentralization 2 says regional income sources should include regionally generated revenues (PAD), nationally shared income, regional loans and "other incomes considered valid and legal" 3. According to national law, districts had to introduce their own regulations, or "Perda" governing small-scale concession management. Local Bupatis can also issue decrees governing small concessions. These are lesser regulations that do not have to be debated and passed by the District House of Representatives (DPRD). The Bupati of Indonesia's Bulungan district acted quickly on the 1999 ministerial decree authorizing local governments to issue small-scale concessions 4. On 28 June 2000, the Bupati issued a "Granting Licence for Utilising Forest Products" decree 5 covering areas outside the official state-owned forest estate. These are classified as private, community and customary (adat) forests. Bulungan's Perda No. 17, on Retributions Derived from Granting Licenses for Utilizing Forest Products in private and community forests followed on 2 November 2000 6. This Perda sets out the district's policy on collecting payments from small-scale concession permits-known locally as IPPK 100 ha permits. In addition to increasing the opportunities for local communities to benefit from forest resources, Bulungan's policy was aimed at increasing the district's locally-generated revenue (PAD). The Bupati's decree covers issues such as site selection, environmental and social impacts, whereas higher, district regulations (Perda) govern revenue collection. This indicates the priority placed on economic considerations, as only the regulation for collecting revenue was presented to the District House of Representatives (DPRD) for approval. It meant local people only had an opportunity to comment on economic considerations-not social and environmental issues. For a short while, the district government was also able to boost regionally generated forestry revenue (PAD) Small scale 100 ha logging concessions' contribution to regional finance: Case study in Bulungan district Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Logging timber in Bulungan district, East Kalimantan.

vii 1. Introduction 1.1 Background and research 1.2 Research objectives 1.3 Research questions 1.... more vii 1. Introduction 1.1 Background and research 1.2 Research objectives 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Research methods 1.5 Research locations 2. Forestry Sector Policy in Sintang District before and after Decentralization 2.1 Forestry sector policy before decentralization 2.2 Forestry sector policy after decentralization 3. The New Forest Management Regime: The Case of 100-ha HPHHs in Sintang District 3.1 The introduction of small-scale community-based 100-ha HPHH permits 3.2 Decree No. 19/1999-implementation and irregularities 4. Case Study: Small-scale Community-based 100-ha HPHH Permits in Sayan Subdistrict 4.1 Forest regions and forestry activities before and after decentralization 4.2 Stakeholder roles in small-scale community-based 100-ha HPHH permit activities 4.3 The economic impact of small-scale community-based 100-ha HPHH permits 4.4 Increased access brings inevitable social conflict and disagreements to the fore 5. Discussion and Debate 5.1 Forest resources: on the verge of extinction? 5.2 Community involvement: appearance vs. reality 5.3 Towards good forest governance-a mission impossible? 6. Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1 Conclusions 6.2 Recommendations 7. Endnotes 8. Bibliography 9. Annex 1. Key Informants Contents iv Glossary BPD Badan Perwakilan Desa, Village Representative Assembly (village-level legislative body) vi in the five locations: Hasanuddin University (UNHAS), Tanjungpura University (UNTAN), Papua University (UNIPA), the Study Center for Regional Autonomy Law and Policy (PSHK-ODA), Yayasan Konservasi Borneo and Yayasan Pionir Bulungan. We would also like to thank the district governments, village communities and other local stakeholders in the areas where the research was conducted. Special thanks go to the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry's Agency for Forestry Research and Development, FORDA.

• The Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Action Plan, launched in 2003, is the ... more • The Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Action Plan, launched in 2003, is the European Union's (EU) response to the global fight against illegal logging. In particular, FLEGT aims at reducing trade in illegal timber between the EU and timber producer partner countries. • FLEGT operates through two major instruments: bilateral trade agreements-known as voluntary partnership agreements (VPAs)-that are signed with willing producer countries, and the European Union Timber Regulation (EUTR), which came into force in March 2013. The EUTR mandates EU importers to exert due diligence in their sourcing of timber from abroad to exclude illegal supplies. • To date, six countries have signed VPAs. Among them, five have committed to apply VPA provisions regarding legality verification not only to timber imported to Europe, but also to timber traded on the domestic market in signatory producer countries. This means that timber harvested and traded on the domestic market will be regulated by national VPA licensing schemes (the so-called Timber Legality Assurance System, [TLAS]). • The Indonesian Timber Legality Verification System (Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu, SVLK) is the cornerstone of the VPA between Indonesia and the EU, which offers opportunities for Indonesian timber producers to benefit from increased market access to a major eco-sensitive market. • Significant progress has been made in the application of SVLK standards among large forestry enterprises and the prospects are good that full compliance can be achieved in the large-scale sector by the end of 2014. • However, advancing SVLK among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) presents a major challenge. The main reason for this is the sheer size of the small-scale sector-Indonesia may have over 700,000 such enterprises, employing up to 1.5 million people. • The other fundamental challenge for SMEs adopting SVLK is that many of these enterprises do not meet basic business legality requirements. • The slow progress with legality verification is due to high certification costs, a mismatch between SVLK requirements and the livelihood strategies of small-scale timber growers, limited understanding in the small-scale timber sector of the need for and benefits of SVLK, and the limited capacity of certification bodies to carry out verification. • Policy options to address these problems include: (1) developing district or province level legal assistance programs for SMEs to secure basic business documentation; (2) simplifying SVLK application procedures and facilitating cheap loans for community timber farmers and timber processing units; (3) reviewing policies on small-scale timber utilization permits to allow less cumbersome legal means for small-scale logging and timber processing; (4) intensifying the dissemination of information about SVLK and easy-to-follow compliance procedures; and (5) increasing the number and capacity of timber legality verifying bodies.

Cover photo by Yayan Indriatmoko Oil palm seedling, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. This paper has be... more Cover photo by Yayan Indriatmoko Oil palm seedling, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. This paper has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union, under a project titled, 'Bioenergy, sustainability and trade-offs: Can we avoid deforestation while promoting bioenergy?' The objective of the project is to contribute to sustainable bioenergy development that benefits local people in developing countries, minimises negative impacts on local environments and rural livelihoods, and contributes to global climate change mitigation. The project will achieve this by producing and communicating policy relevant analyses that can inform government, corporate and civil society decision-making related to bioenergy development, and its effects on forests and livelihoods. The project is managed by CIFOR and implemented in collaboration with the

The CGIAR Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi) is an initiative of... more The CGIAR Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi) is an initiative of the 15 centers of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The initiative promotes comparative research on the role of property rights and collective action institutions in shaping the efficiency, sustainability, and equity of natural resource systems. CAPRi's Secretariat is hosted within the Environment and Production Technology Division (EPDT) of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). CAPRi Working Papers contain preliminary material and research results. They are circulated prior to a full peer review to stimulate discussion and critical comment. It is expected that most working papers will eventually be published in some other form and that their content may also be revised (http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/CAPRiWP90).

Sustainability Science, 2020

Environmental Science & Policy, 2020

Global Environmental Change, 2019

Jurnal Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi Kehutanan, 2014

The CGIAR Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi) is an initiative of... more The CGIAR Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi) is an initiative of the 15 centers of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The initiative promotes comparative research on the role of property rights and collective action institutions in shaping the efficiency, sustainability, and equity of natural resource systems. CAPRi's Secretariat is hosted within the Environment and Production Technology Division (EPDT) of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). CAPRi Working Papers contain preliminary material and research results. They are circulated prior to a full peer review to stimulate discussion and critical comment. It is expected that most working papers will eventually be published in some other form and that their content may also be revised (http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/CAPRiWP90).