stefan Kraan - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by stefan Kraan

Research paper thumbnail of Brown Seaweed Food Supplementation: Effects on Allergy and Inflammation and Its Consequences

Nutrients

Multiple health benefits have been ascribed to brown seaweeds that are used traditionally as diet... more Multiple health benefits have been ascribed to brown seaweeds that are used traditionally as dietary component mostly in Asia. This systematic review summarizes information on the impact of brown seaweeds or components on inflammation, and inflammation-related pathologies, such as allergies, diabetes mellitus and obesity. We focus on oral supplementation thus intending the use of brown seaweeds as food additives. Despite the great diversity of experimental systems in which distinct species and compounds were tested for their effects on inflammation and immunity, a remarkably homogeneous picture arises. The predominant effects of consumption of brown seaweeds or compounds can be classified into three categories: (1) inhibition of reactive oxygen species, known to be important drivers of inflammation; (2) regulation, i.e., in most cases inhibition of proinflammatory NF-κB signaling; (3) modulation of adaptive immune responses, in particular by interfering with T-helper cell polarizati...

Research paper thumbnail of Seaweeds and Their Products for the Health of Livestock

Sustainable Global Resources Of Seaweeds Volume 1, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Comprar Nineteenth International Seaweed Symposium · Proceedings of the 19th International Seaweed Symposium, held in Kobe, Japan, 26-31 March, 2007. | Borowitzka, Michael A. | 9781402096181 | Springer

Tienda online donde Comprar Nineteenth International Seaweed Symposium · Proceedings of the 19th ... more Tienda online donde Comprar Nineteenth International Seaweed Symposium · Proceedings of the 19th International Seaweed Symposium, held in Kobe, Japan, 26-31 March, 2007. al precio 176,79 € de Borowitzka, Michael A. | Critchley, Alan T. | Kraan, Stefan | Peters, Akira | SjA¸tun, Kjersti | Notoya, Masahiro, tienda de Libros de Medicina, Libros de Quimica - Quimica

Research paper thumbnail of Seaweed resources, collection, and cultivation with respect to sustainability

Sustainable Seaweed Technologies, 2020

Abstract Seaweed utilization, wild harvesting, and cultivation have played an important role in m... more Abstract Seaweed utilization, wild harvesting, and cultivation have played an important role in many coastal communities all around the world for centuries. Seaweeds have been used traditionally for food, medicine, or animal feed and fertilizer. Nevertheless, over the last decade, we have observed a strong emergence of seaweed use with many novel applications used in the food, ingredients, and nutraceutical industries; cosmetics, health, and wellbeing industries; to biofuels and bioplastics. Of the circa 10,000 species globally, only a handful are commercially utilized in the seaweed industry, and even less are commercially harvested from wild capture or cultivated in a large scale. With a growing interest in using seaweeds as a renewable sustainable resource, it is vitally important that seaweeds are sustainably utilized, and that natural resources are effectively managed by coastal communities with vested interests around the world. Several aspects of sustainable use of seaweed resources are discussed in this chapter.

Research paper thumbnail of Concise review of the genus Alaria Greville, 1830

Journal of Applied Phycology, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Seaweed biorefinery

Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 2019

Seaweed offers a wide range of interesting bioactives. With over 10,000 species globally, it is o... more Seaweed offers a wide range of interesting bioactives. With over 10,000 species globally, it is of great interest to be able to extract these compounds. Hence, seaweed fractionation into a wide spectrum of valuable products using multistage cascade processes offers a sustainable approach of exploitation of this resource to produce bioactive ingredients, chemicals and biofuels. This biorefinery processing approach should be adapted to local conditions to maximize the biomass utilization and to lower the waste fractions or preventing any waste materials re-enforcing the circular economy. This review presents an overview of the potential uses of waste generated after seaweed processing for food and other uses, as well as the utilization of invasive species biomass and other invasive species.Graphical abstract

Research paper thumbnail of Molecular Basis of the Receptor Interactions of Polysialic Acid (polySia), polySia Mimetics, and Sulfated Polysaccharides

Research paper thumbnail of Macroalgae for second generation biofuels: myth or reality? A European perspective

The global demand for bio-fuels continues unabated. Driven by skyrocketing prices, rising concern... more The global demand for bio-fuels continues unabated. Driven by skyrocketing prices, rising concerns over environmental pollution and global warming, and the movement to alternate fuels, the world ethanol market is projected to reach 27.7 billion gallons per annum by the year 2012. However, the demand for ethanol needs to be balanced by the problems associated with the supply of the raw material feedstock. Corn and sugar cane are the major feed-stocks for the bio-ethanol industry, and the continued use of these crops will drive the food versus fuels debate even more as demand for ethanol increases. Not only does the large-scale production of corn and sugar damage the environment by the use of harmful pesticides, it uses two other valuable resources: arable land and enormous quantities of water. The challenge is to find a feed-stock which is abundant and carbohydrate-rich. This crop needs to be sustainable, use less or no agricultural inputs (pesticides, fertiliser, land, water), and n...

Research paper thumbnail of Seaweed enrichment of feed supplied to farm‐raised Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is associated with higher total fatty acid and LC n‐3 PUFA concentrations in fish flesh

European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 2015

Seaweeds have great potential as feed ingredients for fish farming, though their effects on the f... more Seaweeds have great potential as feed ingredients for fish farming, though their effects on the fatty acid content and profile of fish flesh are not well established. Recent studies suggest that seaweed supplementation can increase the concentration of long chain omega‐3 PUFA (LC n‐3 PUFAs) in various animal species, though this effect has never been assessed in salmon. Primarily, this study compared the fatty acid profiles of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) that were fed a high quality diet containing seaweed (Diet A), with those on a high quality control diet without seaweed (Diet B). In addition, fatty acid profiles of Atlantic salmon that were fed a standard industrial quality diet containing seaweed (Diet C), were compared to those on a similar diet without seaweed (Diet D). Total fatty acid concentrations were significantly higher (+30%, p<0.05) in the flesh of the fish that were fed seaweed. Flesh concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA were 30% and 62% higher ...

Research paper thumbnail of Determination of the antioxidant potential of seaweed extracts using different methods

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2009

Research paper thumbnail of Pigments and minor compounds in algae

Functional Ingredients from Algae for Foods and Nutraceuticals, 2013

ABSTRACT Seaweeds are a good source of pigments, minerals and some water- and fat-soluble vitamin... more ABSTRACT Seaweeds are a good source of pigments, minerals and some water- and fat-soluble vitamins. Functional foods can be enriched with pigments, minerals and vitamins extracted from seaweeds and other natural sources. However, many different environmental factors can affect the mineral and vitamin content of seaweed, which varies between different species and geographic areas. This chapter describes the most important pigments, minerals and vitamins found in 11 European edible seaweed species, their function in human nutrition and other medical benefits for human health. The currently available data on this topic is limited, and analysis of specific compounds, seasonally and geographically is needed. Seaweeds will have the potential as functional foods and as mineral nutraceuticals only when these gaps in data will be addressed. Keywords: algae, B-vitamins, carotenoids, minerals, pigments, vitamins, seaweed.

Research paper thumbnail of Algal Polysaccharides, Novel Applications and Outlook

Carbohydrates - Comprehensive Studies on Glycobiology and Glycotechnology, 2012

Research paper thumbnail of Nineteenth International Seaweed Symposium

Nineteenth International Seaweed Symposium, 2009

Find loads of the nineteenth international seaweed symposium book catalogues in this site as the ... more Find loads of the nineteenth international seaweed symposium book catalogues in this site as the choice of you visiting this page. You can also join to the website book library that will show you numerous books from any types. Literature, science, politics, and many more catalogues are presented to offer you the best book to find. The book that really makes you feels satisfied. Or that's the book that will save you from your job deadline.

Research paper thumbnail of Mass-cultivation of carbohydrate rich macroalgae, a possible solution for sustainable biofuel production

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2010

Research paper thumbnail of Seaweed as a model for iodide accumulation and storage

Endocrine …, 2007

Seaweeds share properties with the mammalian thyroid and other iodide concentrating organs in tha... more Seaweeds share properties with the mammalian thyroid and other iodide concentrating organs in that they take up iodide from surrounding seawater and internalise it within cells. The previously demonstrated high iodine concentration within seaweeds prompted a ...

Research paper thumbnail of Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt in Ireland: an invasive species on the move

Journal of Applied Phycology, 2007

... Waterford A sub-sample of plants were measured for length (in cm) and wet weight (in grams) w... more ... Waterford A sub-sample of plants were measured for length (in cm) and wet weight (in grams) where large beds were established, using a measure tape and a hanging balance respectively. A total of 29 attached plants were measured at Cashel Bay, Connamara, Co. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Commercial farming of Asparagopsis armata (Bonnemaisoniceae, Rhodophyta) in Ireland, maintenance of an introduced species?

Journal of Applied Phycology, 2005

The distribution of the gametophytes of Asparagopsis armata in Ireland currently encompasses a 75... more The distribution of the gametophytes of Asparagopsis armata in Ireland currently encompasses a 75 km radius from a seaweed farm that commercially cultivates this species. This is a smaller range than the historic distribution shows since its arrival in Ireland in ...

Research paper thumbnail of Structure and origin of the natural halogenated monoterpene MHC-1 and its concentrations in marine mammals and fish

Chemosphere, 2008

The halogenated natural product previously named mixed-halogenated compound 1 (MHC-1) was isolate... more The halogenated natural product previously named mixed-halogenated compound 1 (MHC-1) was isolated from the red seaweed Plocamium cartilagineum harvested in Helgoland, Germany. A total of 1.9 mg of pure MHC-1 was obtained from 1g air-dried seaweed. The 1H and 13C NMR data matched those reported for a natural monoterpene isolated from this species. Thus, the structure of MHC-1 was established to be (1R,2S,4R,5R,1&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;E)-2-bromo-1-bromomethyl-1,4-dichloro-5-(2&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;-chloroethenyl)-5-methylcyclohexane. Moreover, the isolated monoterpene proved to be identical with the compound previously detected in marine mammals and fish from different locations. In addition we examined two samples of P. cartilagineum from Ireland and from the Antarctic; however MHC-1 was only present at low levels. Not only the concentrations were lower but also the pattern of polybrominated compounds differed from MHC-1. A calibrated solution of MHC-1 was used to determine correct concentrations from samples where previously only estimates existed relative to the gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC/ECD) response of trans-chlordane, which underrated the MHC-1 concentrations by more than factor 2. The highest MHC-1 concentration determined to date in marine mammals is 0.14 mg kg(-1) blubber. Significantly higher MHC-1 concentrations were determined in farmed fish with up to 2.2 mg kg(-1) lipids. The samples with high concentrations of MHC-1 have in common that they were collected in proximity of the natural habitats of P. cartilagineum.

Research paper thumbnail of Nineteenth International Seaweed Symposium: Proceedings of the 19th International Seaweed Symposium, Held in Kobe, Japan, 26-31 March, 2007

Page 1. Michael A. Borowitzka AlanT. Critchley Stefan Kraan Akira Peters Kiersti Siotun DEVELOPME... more Page 1. Michael A. Borowitzka AlanT. Critchley Stefan Kraan Akira Peters Kiersti Siotun DEVELOPMENTS IN APPLIED PHVCOLOGV Nineteenth Internationa&amp;#x27; Seaweed Symposium Proceedings of the 19th International Seaweed ...

Research paper thumbnail of Phase II: Strain hybridisation field experiments and genetic fingerprinting of the edible brown seaweed Alaria esculenta

Under phase II of the Marine Research Measure several field trials were performed with five bioge... more Under phase II of the Marine Research Measure several field trials were performed with five biogeographical dispersed North Atlantic strains and their hybrids of the edible brown alga Alaria esculenta at Ard Bay, Carna, Co. Galway. The weight, length, width, biomass per meter rope, growth rate and protein level were measured. The fastest-growing crosses were produced with female Norway gametophytes together with male gametophytes of other strains. The Canadian selfcross produced most biomass of over 45 kg per meter rope. The female Iceland x male Ireland crossing produced the second highest biomass figure of 13.75 kg wet weight per meter rope, while the Irish self cross using a strain from the Aran Islands produced 7.4 kg wet weight per meter. The Canadian selfcross expressed the highest protein level followed by the female Newfoundland x male Norway hybrid. These strains and hybrids are well suited to be included in a protein rich macro-herbivore diet. The Irish native strain showed a lower protein level of 8% of the wet weight. Genetic fingerprinting using RFLPs did not show any genetic differences amongst the strains in respect of the DNA examined. A detailed sequencing study on the Rubisco spacer region showed a negligible 3 bp difference between the Irish and Canadian strains In conclusion, the Canadian strain or hybrids derived from female Canada gametophytes or female Iceland gametophytes produce more biomass per meter rope and grow larger and wider in size compared to the native Irish strain. They Canadian strain also showed the highest protein values in the field trials and hence are most suited to be applied in Irish aquaculture of the brown seaweed Alaria esculenta. iv v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract iii 1. Introduction 2. Objectives 3. Materials and Methods 3.1. Hybridisation techniques and rope seeding 3.2. Site Location and out planting 3.3 Harvest and length and weight measurements 3.4 Growth rates 3.5 Protein measurements 3.6 DNA extraction, purification and double stranded PCR 3.7 Genetic fingerprinting 3.8 Sequencing and analysis 4. Results 4.1. Weight, length and width measurements 4.1.1 Ard Bay site 4.

Research paper thumbnail of Brown Seaweed Food Supplementation: Effects on Allergy and Inflammation and Its Consequences

Nutrients

Multiple health benefits have been ascribed to brown seaweeds that are used traditionally as diet... more Multiple health benefits have been ascribed to brown seaweeds that are used traditionally as dietary component mostly in Asia. This systematic review summarizes information on the impact of brown seaweeds or components on inflammation, and inflammation-related pathologies, such as allergies, diabetes mellitus and obesity. We focus on oral supplementation thus intending the use of brown seaweeds as food additives. Despite the great diversity of experimental systems in which distinct species and compounds were tested for their effects on inflammation and immunity, a remarkably homogeneous picture arises. The predominant effects of consumption of brown seaweeds or compounds can be classified into three categories: (1) inhibition of reactive oxygen species, known to be important drivers of inflammation; (2) regulation, i.e., in most cases inhibition of proinflammatory NF-κB signaling; (3) modulation of adaptive immune responses, in particular by interfering with T-helper cell polarizati...

Research paper thumbnail of Seaweeds and Their Products for the Health of Livestock

Sustainable Global Resources Of Seaweeds Volume 1, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Comprar Nineteenth International Seaweed Symposium · Proceedings of the 19th International Seaweed Symposium, held in Kobe, Japan, 26-31 March, 2007. | Borowitzka, Michael A. | 9781402096181 | Springer

Tienda online donde Comprar Nineteenth International Seaweed Symposium · Proceedings of the 19th ... more Tienda online donde Comprar Nineteenth International Seaweed Symposium · Proceedings of the 19th International Seaweed Symposium, held in Kobe, Japan, 26-31 March, 2007. al precio 176,79 € de Borowitzka, Michael A. | Critchley, Alan T. | Kraan, Stefan | Peters, Akira | SjA¸tun, Kjersti | Notoya, Masahiro, tienda de Libros de Medicina, Libros de Quimica - Quimica

Research paper thumbnail of Seaweed resources, collection, and cultivation with respect to sustainability

Sustainable Seaweed Technologies, 2020

Abstract Seaweed utilization, wild harvesting, and cultivation have played an important role in m... more Abstract Seaweed utilization, wild harvesting, and cultivation have played an important role in many coastal communities all around the world for centuries. Seaweeds have been used traditionally for food, medicine, or animal feed and fertilizer. Nevertheless, over the last decade, we have observed a strong emergence of seaweed use with many novel applications used in the food, ingredients, and nutraceutical industries; cosmetics, health, and wellbeing industries; to biofuels and bioplastics. Of the circa 10,000 species globally, only a handful are commercially utilized in the seaweed industry, and even less are commercially harvested from wild capture or cultivated in a large scale. With a growing interest in using seaweeds as a renewable sustainable resource, it is vitally important that seaweeds are sustainably utilized, and that natural resources are effectively managed by coastal communities with vested interests around the world. Several aspects of sustainable use of seaweed resources are discussed in this chapter.

Research paper thumbnail of Concise review of the genus Alaria Greville, 1830

Journal of Applied Phycology, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Seaweed biorefinery

Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 2019

Seaweed offers a wide range of interesting bioactives. With over 10,000 species globally, it is o... more Seaweed offers a wide range of interesting bioactives. With over 10,000 species globally, it is of great interest to be able to extract these compounds. Hence, seaweed fractionation into a wide spectrum of valuable products using multistage cascade processes offers a sustainable approach of exploitation of this resource to produce bioactive ingredients, chemicals and biofuels. This biorefinery processing approach should be adapted to local conditions to maximize the biomass utilization and to lower the waste fractions or preventing any waste materials re-enforcing the circular economy. This review presents an overview of the potential uses of waste generated after seaweed processing for food and other uses, as well as the utilization of invasive species biomass and other invasive species.Graphical abstract

Research paper thumbnail of Molecular Basis of the Receptor Interactions of Polysialic Acid (polySia), polySia Mimetics, and Sulfated Polysaccharides

Research paper thumbnail of Macroalgae for second generation biofuels: myth or reality? A European perspective

The global demand for bio-fuels continues unabated. Driven by skyrocketing prices, rising concern... more The global demand for bio-fuels continues unabated. Driven by skyrocketing prices, rising concerns over environmental pollution and global warming, and the movement to alternate fuels, the world ethanol market is projected to reach 27.7 billion gallons per annum by the year 2012. However, the demand for ethanol needs to be balanced by the problems associated with the supply of the raw material feedstock. Corn and sugar cane are the major feed-stocks for the bio-ethanol industry, and the continued use of these crops will drive the food versus fuels debate even more as demand for ethanol increases. Not only does the large-scale production of corn and sugar damage the environment by the use of harmful pesticides, it uses two other valuable resources: arable land and enormous quantities of water. The challenge is to find a feed-stock which is abundant and carbohydrate-rich. This crop needs to be sustainable, use less or no agricultural inputs (pesticides, fertiliser, land, water), and n...

Research paper thumbnail of Seaweed enrichment of feed supplied to farm‐raised Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is associated with higher total fatty acid and LC n‐3 PUFA concentrations in fish flesh

European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 2015

Seaweeds have great potential as feed ingredients for fish farming, though their effects on the f... more Seaweeds have great potential as feed ingredients for fish farming, though their effects on the fatty acid content and profile of fish flesh are not well established. Recent studies suggest that seaweed supplementation can increase the concentration of long chain omega‐3 PUFA (LC n‐3 PUFAs) in various animal species, though this effect has never been assessed in salmon. Primarily, this study compared the fatty acid profiles of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) that were fed a high quality diet containing seaweed (Diet A), with those on a high quality control diet without seaweed (Diet B). In addition, fatty acid profiles of Atlantic salmon that were fed a standard industrial quality diet containing seaweed (Diet C), were compared to those on a similar diet without seaweed (Diet D). Total fatty acid concentrations were significantly higher (+30%, p<0.05) in the flesh of the fish that were fed seaweed. Flesh concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA were 30% and 62% higher ...

Research paper thumbnail of Determination of the antioxidant potential of seaweed extracts using different methods

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2009

Research paper thumbnail of Pigments and minor compounds in algae

Functional Ingredients from Algae for Foods and Nutraceuticals, 2013

ABSTRACT Seaweeds are a good source of pigments, minerals and some water- and fat-soluble vitamin... more ABSTRACT Seaweeds are a good source of pigments, minerals and some water- and fat-soluble vitamins. Functional foods can be enriched with pigments, minerals and vitamins extracted from seaweeds and other natural sources. However, many different environmental factors can affect the mineral and vitamin content of seaweed, which varies between different species and geographic areas. This chapter describes the most important pigments, minerals and vitamins found in 11 European edible seaweed species, their function in human nutrition and other medical benefits for human health. The currently available data on this topic is limited, and analysis of specific compounds, seasonally and geographically is needed. Seaweeds will have the potential as functional foods and as mineral nutraceuticals only when these gaps in data will be addressed. Keywords: algae, B-vitamins, carotenoids, minerals, pigments, vitamins, seaweed.

Research paper thumbnail of Algal Polysaccharides, Novel Applications and Outlook

Carbohydrates - Comprehensive Studies on Glycobiology and Glycotechnology, 2012

Research paper thumbnail of Nineteenth International Seaweed Symposium

Nineteenth International Seaweed Symposium, 2009

Find loads of the nineteenth international seaweed symposium book catalogues in this site as the ... more Find loads of the nineteenth international seaweed symposium book catalogues in this site as the choice of you visiting this page. You can also join to the website book library that will show you numerous books from any types. Literature, science, politics, and many more catalogues are presented to offer you the best book to find. The book that really makes you feels satisfied. Or that's the book that will save you from your job deadline.

Research paper thumbnail of Mass-cultivation of carbohydrate rich macroalgae, a possible solution for sustainable biofuel production

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2010

Research paper thumbnail of Seaweed as a model for iodide accumulation and storage

Endocrine …, 2007

Seaweeds share properties with the mammalian thyroid and other iodide concentrating organs in tha... more Seaweeds share properties with the mammalian thyroid and other iodide concentrating organs in that they take up iodide from surrounding seawater and internalise it within cells. The previously demonstrated high iodine concentration within seaweeds prompted a ...

Research paper thumbnail of Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt in Ireland: an invasive species on the move

Journal of Applied Phycology, 2007

... Waterford A sub-sample of plants were measured for length (in cm) and wet weight (in grams) w... more ... Waterford A sub-sample of plants were measured for length (in cm) and wet weight (in grams) where large beds were established, using a measure tape and a hanging balance respectively. A total of 29 attached plants were measured at Cashel Bay, Connamara, Co. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Commercial farming of Asparagopsis armata (Bonnemaisoniceae, Rhodophyta) in Ireland, maintenance of an introduced species?

Journal of Applied Phycology, 2005

The distribution of the gametophytes of Asparagopsis armata in Ireland currently encompasses a 75... more The distribution of the gametophytes of Asparagopsis armata in Ireland currently encompasses a 75 km radius from a seaweed farm that commercially cultivates this species. This is a smaller range than the historic distribution shows since its arrival in Ireland in ...

Research paper thumbnail of Structure and origin of the natural halogenated monoterpene MHC-1 and its concentrations in marine mammals and fish

Chemosphere, 2008

The halogenated natural product previously named mixed-halogenated compound 1 (MHC-1) was isolate... more The halogenated natural product previously named mixed-halogenated compound 1 (MHC-1) was isolated from the red seaweed Plocamium cartilagineum harvested in Helgoland, Germany. A total of 1.9 mg of pure MHC-1 was obtained from 1g air-dried seaweed. The 1H and 13C NMR data matched those reported for a natural monoterpene isolated from this species. Thus, the structure of MHC-1 was established to be (1R,2S,4R,5R,1&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;E)-2-bromo-1-bromomethyl-1,4-dichloro-5-(2&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;-chloroethenyl)-5-methylcyclohexane. Moreover, the isolated monoterpene proved to be identical with the compound previously detected in marine mammals and fish from different locations. In addition we examined two samples of P. cartilagineum from Ireland and from the Antarctic; however MHC-1 was only present at low levels. Not only the concentrations were lower but also the pattern of polybrominated compounds differed from MHC-1. A calibrated solution of MHC-1 was used to determine correct concentrations from samples where previously only estimates existed relative to the gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC/ECD) response of trans-chlordane, which underrated the MHC-1 concentrations by more than factor 2. The highest MHC-1 concentration determined to date in marine mammals is 0.14 mg kg(-1) blubber. Significantly higher MHC-1 concentrations were determined in farmed fish with up to 2.2 mg kg(-1) lipids. The samples with high concentrations of MHC-1 have in common that they were collected in proximity of the natural habitats of P. cartilagineum.

Research paper thumbnail of Nineteenth International Seaweed Symposium: Proceedings of the 19th International Seaweed Symposium, Held in Kobe, Japan, 26-31 March, 2007

Page 1. Michael A. Borowitzka AlanT. Critchley Stefan Kraan Akira Peters Kiersti Siotun DEVELOPME... more Page 1. Michael A. Borowitzka AlanT. Critchley Stefan Kraan Akira Peters Kiersti Siotun DEVELOPMENTS IN APPLIED PHVCOLOGV Nineteenth Internationa&amp;#x27; Seaweed Symposium Proceedings of the 19th International Seaweed ...

Research paper thumbnail of Phase II: Strain hybridisation field experiments and genetic fingerprinting of the edible brown seaweed Alaria esculenta

Under phase II of the Marine Research Measure several field trials were performed with five bioge... more Under phase II of the Marine Research Measure several field trials were performed with five biogeographical dispersed North Atlantic strains and their hybrids of the edible brown alga Alaria esculenta at Ard Bay, Carna, Co. Galway. The weight, length, width, biomass per meter rope, growth rate and protein level were measured. The fastest-growing crosses were produced with female Norway gametophytes together with male gametophytes of other strains. The Canadian selfcross produced most biomass of over 45 kg per meter rope. The female Iceland x male Ireland crossing produced the second highest biomass figure of 13.75 kg wet weight per meter rope, while the Irish self cross using a strain from the Aran Islands produced 7.4 kg wet weight per meter. The Canadian selfcross expressed the highest protein level followed by the female Newfoundland x male Norway hybrid. These strains and hybrids are well suited to be included in a protein rich macro-herbivore diet. The Irish native strain showed a lower protein level of 8% of the wet weight. Genetic fingerprinting using RFLPs did not show any genetic differences amongst the strains in respect of the DNA examined. A detailed sequencing study on the Rubisco spacer region showed a negligible 3 bp difference between the Irish and Canadian strains In conclusion, the Canadian strain or hybrids derived from female Canada gametophytes or female Iceland gametophytes produce more biomass per meter rope and grow larger and wider in size compared to the native Irish strain. They Canadian strain also showed the highest protein values in the field trials and hence are most suited to be applied in Irish aquaculture of the brown seaweed Alaria esculenta. iv v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract iii 1. Introduction 2. Objectives 3. Materials and Methods 3.1. Hybridisation techniques and rope seeding 3.2. Site Location and out planting 3.3 Harvest and length and weight measurements 3.4 Growth rates 3.5 Protein measurements 3.6 DNA extraction, purification and double stranded PCR 3.7 Genetic fingerprinting 3.8 Sequencing and analysis 4. Results 4.1. Weight, length and width measurements 4.1.1 Ard Bay site 4.