Kristie Drucza - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Kristie Drucza

Centering Gender in the Era of Digital and Green Transition

Cadernos de Estudos Africanos, 2021

O trabalho Cadernos de Estudos Africanos está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons-Atribui... more O trabalho Cadernos de Estudos Africanos está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons-Atribuição-NãoComercial-CompartilhaIgual 4.0 Internacional.

IFAD (2014). Ethiopia. 2 HARVEST gender responsive livelihood diversifications for vulnerable peo... more IFAD (2014). Ethiopia. 2 HARVEST gender responsive livelihood diversifications for vulnerable people programme in Ethiopia funded by Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. 3 Bishop-Sambrook C (2014). How to do household methodologies: Gender, targeting and social inclusion, date accessed 6 July 2017, https://www.ifad.org/documents/10180/568527da-7d78-4c7c-813e-683aa8483e45. 4 Bishop-Sambrook C (2014). 5 Bishop-Sambrook C (2014). 6 Bishop-Sambrook C (2014). 7 Send-a-Cow Ethiopia provides three-day training courses for facilitators on THM tools. 8 THM manual outlines several tools to use in most steps but it does not elaborate nor provide any guidance on how facilitators should use these tools. Adaptation Send-a-Cow Ethiopia (SACE) 9 adopted THM from SIDA and has implemented it with households since 2009. 10 SACE uses seven steps to implement THM: (1) forming self-help groups (SHG), 11 (2) preparing for household analysis, (3) conducting basic gender analysis, (4) analyzing results, (5) creating the action plan, (6) following up, and (7) disseminating practices. 12 Volunteer facilitators and mentors are selected from the community and receive a stipend of US$40 per month to facilitate THM gender analysis at the SHG and household level. These facilitators and mentors train peer farmers who in turn train their group members. Four peer farmers (both female-headed and male-headed households) are selected from each SHG. The 9 Although SACE made minor modifications during implementation, it used the methods described in Table 3 (according to SACE respondents). 10 Bishop-Sambrook (2014). 11 Each SHG has at least 20 members, and the group is further divided into 3 or 4 cells. Each cell consists of approximately seven members. 12 IFAD (2014). Ethiopia.

The role of women in the agriculture sector is increasingly important for national food security.... more The role of women in the agriculture sector is increasingly important for national food security. Gender equality appears in international, regional and national policy and legislative commitments.The stakeholder analysis interviewed 47 stakeholders working on gender programs within Ethiopia's agriculture sector. This research found that for wheat scientists to better mainstream gender, they should align with the gender mainstreaming approaches of the GoE, allocate more funds toward gender research, build linkages with stakeholders who are transforming gender norms, experiment with transformative and feminist methods and participate in learning events and networks associated with gender to strengthen their expertise. This report concludes that it is possible to mainstream gender and social equity in Ethiopia’s agriculture related R4D but given the lack of data, gender researchers, and knowledge products available, a “think/do tank”, “lab” or large gender project is required to deliver the necessary systemic changes.

The objective of this meta-analysis of evaluations is to ascertain factors and interventions that... more The objective of this meta-analysis of evaluations is to ascertain factors and interventions that do or do not lead to gender-related social norm change, identify the reasons behind failures, and provide knowledge about gender programming in the agricultural sector. A meta-analysis was conducted on 41 documents, including 18 evaluation reports. Following a rigorous two-stage process only three evaluation reports reached the deep dive stage. The analysis suggests that many evaluations lack methodological rigor, and fail to capture gender norm changes. Moreover, many projects do not apply the lessons they learn and don't share these lessons with partners or other stakeholders. The findings identify factors that contribute to changes in social norms, including a multi-intervention design, relevance of the interventions to community needs, use of social mobilization, and initiatives to overcome constraints to women's participation. Social accountability tools that are designed to improve participation and equality result in greater participation of women in project activities. Gender programming can be improved in the following ways: ensuring gender related indicators are set and that the theory of change includes gender norm transformation; using participatory planning and social accountability methods; working with women in groups; adopting a multi-intervention design that aims to affect change at different levels sequentially; taking a long term approach to change and project design; training project teams in gender awareness; documenting gender learning and disseminating this knowledge widely; and, incorporating such knowledge into new project designs.

CIMMYT-The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center-is the global leader in publicly-fund... more CIMMYT-The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center-is the global leader in publicly-funded maize and wheat research and related farming systems. Headquartered near Mexico City, CIMMYT works with hundreds of partners throughout the developing world to sustainably increase the productivity of maize and wheat cropping systems, thus improving global food security and reducing poverty. CIMMYT is a member of the CGIAR System and leads the CGIAR Research Programs on Maize and Wheat and the Excellence in Breeding Platform. The Center receives support from national governments, foundations, development banks and other public and private agencies.

This review provides a synthesis of the literature on the links between gender and social relatio... more This review provides a synthesis of the literature on the links between gender and social relationships, livelihood choices, and wheat-based systems in Afghanistan. Afghanistan’s recent history has been marked by extreme hardship and violence. The war economy has brought about a profound transformation in social relations and has dramatically undermined a rural economy based on subsistence agriculture and pastoralism. This scenario raises the complex issue of how to promote social cohesion and achieve land-based food security in a society devastated by suffering and loss.

Written with engaging passion and energy this thesis explores the political, cultural and persona... more Written with engaging passion and energy this thesis explores the political, cultural and personal context within which suicide/martyr bombings occur in Palestine. The gulf between Western and Palestinian understanding of this extreme form of contemporary political violence are traversed. 'Western' understanding of this phenomenon tends to overlook Palestinian agency and cultural reasoning. Martyr bombing is not primarily motivated by religious devotion. Drawing upon the theoretical perspectives of Foucault, Bourdieu and the phenomonologist Michael Jackson it argues that martyr bombing is a social movement. As a form of action imbedded with powerful symbolic meaning, martyr bombing can only be understood in the context of Israeli power. The weakness is that in covering too much ground in a short space, you will be left wanting to read more.

This paper provides insight into the policy processes surrounding the design of Nepal’s first Nat... more This paper provides insight into the policy processes surrounding the design of Nepal’s first National Social Protection Framework (NSPF) that was initiated in 2009 by the UCPN-Maoists. The paper examines how the policy evolved and a myriad of reasons for why the framework remains in a draft form six years after it was instigated. Nepal’s social inequality is not just a product of a lack of protection, but it is also the result of the way the state functions. Social protection programs will reproduce inequality until the state becomes more inclusive, transparent and accountable. This paper contributes specific information to a limited, but growing body of literature that examines social protection policymaking in fragile and transitioning states.

Women's Studies International Forum, 2018

Women's role in agriculture is widely reported to be essential; despite this, women's role in the... more Women's role in agriculture is widely reported to be essential; despite this, women's role in the wheat-sector is under-researched. Feminist standpoint theory is applied in analyzing 73 documents on women's role in agriculture from 1990 until 2016 to answer the following questions: How does the world look, and operate, for males and females in wheat growing households? What do we know about social relationships and mediating processes (i.e., social factors mediating men's and women's access to resources and activities) that exist in the prime wheat growing regions in Pakistan? The paper highlights a knowledge gap in relation to the life histories, local experiences, as well as unofficial and informal networks of small farmers in general, and of poor and marginalized women in particular. This neglect of rural subjects is a missed opportunity to learn and to engage in improved program design that contributes to enhanced food security and resilience in rural communities. The paper is relevant to development professionals and agriculture researchers and proposes further research questions on topics that appear to have an influence on women's role in wheat farming and food systems and women's ability to be successful in securing a wheat-based livelihood.

Gender, Technology and Development, 2019

This article presents data from an experimental gender audit that was completed of the national a... more This article presents data from an experimental gender audit that was completed of the national agricultural research system in Ethiopia. The results show how agriculture researchers understand and practice gender in Ethiopia and what the research outputs say about Ethiopian Institute of Agriculture Research (EIAR)'s ability to incorporate gender across the research process. The article applies gender mainstreaming theory and feminist research methods and methodologies to frame the analysis. This body of scholarship highlights crucial questions that go beyond the counting of male and female participants in research surveys and the recruitment of female informants, a problem at EIAR. The article argues that focusing on gender mainstreaming ignores the power relations that currently maintain the status quo and prevent a substantial approach to 'doing gender' from evolving. In order to improve gender equality in Ethiopia's agriculture sector, EIAR needs to expand the methodologies currently used and include and raise awareness for feminist methods. This study adds to the emerging literature on Ethiopian women studies, gender mainstreaming, institutional reform, and gender research methods.

Centering Gender in the Era of Digital and Green Transition

Cadernos de Estudos Africanos, 2021

O trabalho Cadernos de Estudos Africanos está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons-Atribui... more O trabalho Cadernos de Estudos Africanos está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons-Atribuição-NãoComercial-CompartilhaIgual 4.0 Internacional.

IFAD (2014). Ethiopia. 2 HARVEST gender responsive livelihood diversifications for vulnerable peo... more IFAD (2014). Ethiopia. 2 HARVEST gender responsive livelihood diversifications for vulnerable people programme in Ethiopia funded by Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. 3 Bishop-Sambrook C (2014). How to do household methodologies: Gender, targeting and social inclusion, date accessed 6 July 2017, https://www.ifad.org/documents/10180/568527da-7d78-4c7c-813e-683aa8483e45. 4 Bishop-Sambrook C (2014). 5 Bishop-Sambrook C (2014). 6 Bishop-Sambrook C (2014). 7 Send-a-Cow Ethiopia provides three-day training courses for facilitators on THM tools. 8 THM manual outlines several tools to use in most steps but it does not elaborate nor provide any guidance on how facilitators should use these tools. Adaptation Send-a-Cow Ethiopia (SACE) 9 adopted THM from SIDA and has implemented it with households since 2009. 10 SACE uses seven steps to implement THM: (1) forming self-help groups (SHG), 11 (2) preparing for household analysis, (3) conducting basic gender analysis, (4) analyzing results, (5) creating the action plan, (6) following up, and (7) disseminating practices. 12 Volunteer facilitators and mentors are selected from the community and receive a stipend of US$40 per month to facilitate THM gender analysis at the SHG and household level. These facilitators and mentors train peer farmers who in turn train their group members. Four peer farmers (both female-headed and male-headed households) are selected from each SHG. The 9 Although SACE made minor modifications during implementation, it used the methods described in Table 3 (according to SACE respondents). 10 Bishop-Sambrook (2014). 11 Each SHG has at least 20 members, and the group is further divided into 3 or 4 cells. Each cell consists of approximately seven members. 12 IFAD (2014). Ethiopia.

The role of women in the agriculture sector is increasingly important for national food security.... more The role of women in the agriculture sector is increasingly important for national food security. Gender equality appears in international, regional and national policy and legislative commitments.The stakeholder analysis interviewed 47 stakeholders working on gender programs within Ethiopia's agriculture sector. This research found that for wheat scientists to better mainstream gender, they should align with the gender mainstreaming approaches of the GoE, allocate more funds toward gender research, build linkages with stakeholders who are transforming gender norms, experiment with transformative and feminist methods and participate in learning events and networks associated with gender to strengthen their expertise. This report concludes that it is possible to mainstream gender and social equity in Ethiopia’s agriculture related R4D but given the lack of data, gender researchers, and knowledge products available, a “think/do tank”, “lab” or large gender project is required to deliver the necessary systemic changes.

The objective of this meta-analysis of evaluations is to ascertain factors and interventions that... more The objective of this meta-analysis of evaluations is to ascertain factors and interventions that do or do not lead to gender-related social norm change, identify the reasons behind failures, and provide knowledge about gender programming in the agricultural sector. A meta-analysis was conducted on 41 documents, including 18 evaluation reports. Following a rigorous two-stage process only three evaluation reports reached the deep dive stage. The analysis suggests that many evaluations lack methodological rigor, and fail to capture gender norm changes. Moreover, many projects do not apply the lessons they learn and don't share these lessons with partners or other stakeholders. The findings identify factors that contribute to changes in social norms, including a multi-intervention design, relevance of the interventions to community needs, use of social mobilization, and initiatives to overcome constraints to women's participation. Social accountability tools that are designed to improve participation and equality result in greater participation of women in project activities. Gender programming can be improved in the following ways: ensuring gender related indicators are set and that the theory of change includes gender norm transformation; using participatory planning and social accountability methods; working with women in groups; adopting a multi-intervention design that aims to affect change at different levels sequentially; taking a long term approach to change and project design; training project teams in gender awareness; documenting gender learning and disseminating this knowledge widely; and, incorporating such knowledge into new project designs.

CIMMYT-The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center-is the global leader in publicly-fund... more CIMMYT-The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center-is the global leader in publicly-funded maize and wheat research and related farming systems. Headquartered near Mexico City, CIMMYT works with hundreds of partners throughout the developing world to sustainably increase the productivity of maize and wheat cropping systems, thus improving global food security and reducing poverty. CIMMYT is a member of the CGIAR System and leads the CGIAR Research Programs on Maize and Wheat and the Excellence in Breeding Platform. The Center receives support from national governments, foundations, development banks and other public and private agencies.

This review provides a synthesis of the literature on the links between gender and social relatio... more This review provides a synthesis of the literature on the links between gender and social relationships, livelihood choices, and wheat-based systems in Afghanistan. Afghanistan’s recent history has been marked by extreme hardship and violence. The war economy has brought about a profound transformation in social relations and has dramatically undermined a rural economy based on subsistence agriculture and pastoralism. This scenario raises the complex issue of how to promote social cohesion and achieve land-based food security in a society devastated by suffering and loss.

Written with engaging passion and energy this thesis explores the political, cultural and persona... more Written with engaging passion and energy this thesis explores the political, cultural and personal context within which suicide/martyr bombings occur in Palestine. The gulf between Western and Palestinian understanding of this extreme form of contemporary political violence are traversed. 'Western' understanding of this phenomenon tends to overlook Palestinian agency and cultural reasoning. Martyr bombing is not primarily motivated by religious devotion. Drawing upon the theoretical perspectives of Foucault, Bourdieu and the phenomonologist Michael Jackson it argues that martyr bombing is a social movement. As a form of action imbedded with powerful symbolic meaning, martyr bombing can only be understood in the context of Israeli power. The weakness is that in covering too much ground in a short space, you will be left wanting to read more.

This paper provides insight into the policy processes surrounding the design of Nepal’s first Nat... more This paper provides insight into the policy processes surrounding the design of Nepal’s first National Social Protection Framework (NSPF) that was initiated in 2009 by the UCPN-Maoists. The paper examines how the policy evolved and a myriad of reasons for why the framework remains in a draft form six years after it was instigated. Nepal’s social inequality is not just a product of a lack of protection, but it is also the result of the way the state functions. Social protection programs will reproduce inequality until the state becomes more inclusive, transparent and accountable. This paper contributes specific information to a limited, but growing body of literature that examines social protection policymaking in fragile and transitioning states.

Women's Studies International Forum, 2018

Women's role in agriculture is widely reported to be essential; despite this, women's role in the... more Women's role in agriculture is widely reported to be essential; despite this, women's role in the wheat-sector is under-researched. Feminist standpoint theory is applied in analyzing 73 documents on women's role in agriculture from 1990 until 2016 to answer the following questions: How does the world look, and operate, for males and females in wheat growing households? What do we know about social relationships and mediating processes (i.e., social factors mediating men's and women's access to resources and activities) that exist in the prime wheat growing regions in Pakistan? The paper highlights a knowledge gap in relation to the life histories, local experiences, as well as unofficial and informal networks of small farmers in general, and of poor and marginalized women in particular. This neglect of rural subjects is a missed opportunity to learn and to engage in improved program design that contributes to enhanced food security and resilience in rural communities. The paper is relevant to development professionals and agriculture researchers and proposes further research questions on topics that appear to have an influence on women's role in wheat farming and food systems and women's ability to be successful in securing a wheat-based livelihood.

Gender, Technology and Development, 2019

This article presents data from an experimental gender audit that was completed of the national a... more This article presents data from an experimental gender audit that was completed of the national agricultural research system in Ethiopia. The results show how agriculture researchers understand and practice gender in Ethiopia and what the research outputs say about Ethiopian Institute of Agriculture Research (EIAR)'s ability to incorporate gender across the research process. The article applies gender mainstreaming theory and feminist research methods and methodologies to frame the analysis. This body of scholarship highlights crucial questions that go beyond the counting of male and female participants in research surveys and the recruitment of female informants, a problem at EIAR. The article argues that focusing on gender mainstreaming ignores the power relations that currently maintain the status quo and prevent a substantial approach to 'doing gender' from evolving. In order to improve gender equality in Ethiopia's agriculture sector, EIAR needs to expand the methodologies currently used and include and raise awareness for feminist methods. This study adds to the emerging literature on Ethiopian women studies, gender mainstreaming, institutional reform, and gender research methods.

Conference Presentation: Australasian Aid conference, ANU, Canberra February 12 – 13, 2015.

Conference Presentation: The Annual Kathmandu Conference on Nepal and the Himalaya. 23-25 July 20... more Conference Presentation: The Annual Kathmandu Conference on Nepal and the Himalaya. 23-25 July 2014, Hotel Shanker, Lazimpat. Social Science Baha.

Conference Presentation: The Fourteenth International Conference on Diversity in Organizations, C... more Conference Presentation: The Fourteenth International Conference on Diversity in Organizations, Communities and Nations, Institute for Gender and Diversity in Organizations, Vienna University of Economics and Business Vienna, Austria, 9-11 July 2014.

Conference Presentation: The Global Contours of Growth and Development: Beyond the Crisis. Halifa... more Conference Presentation: The Global Contours of Growth and Development: Beyond the Crisis. Halifax Hall, University of Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Political Economy Research Institute, 30 June –2 July 2014.

Paper read at New Opportunities and Impasses: Theorizing and Experiencing Politics. POLITSCI ’13 ... more Paper read at New Opportunities and Impasses: Theorizing and Experiencing Politics. POLITSCI ’13 October 31 – November 2, 2013, at Istanbul University Department of International Relations.