L. Welker - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by L. Welker

Research paper thumbnail of Inter-species cell detection - datasets on pulmonary hemosiderophages in equine, human and feline specimens

Scientific Data

Pulmonary hemorrhage (P-Hem) occurs among multiple species and can have various causes. Cytology ... more Pulmonary hemorrhage (P-Hem) occurs among multiple species and can have various causes. Cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) using a 5-tier scoring system of alveolar macrophages based on their hemosiderin content is considered the most sensitive diagnostic method. We introduce a novel, fully annotated multi-species P-Hem dataset, which consists of 74 cytology whole slide images (WSIs) with equine, feline and human samples. To create this high-quality and high-quantity dataset, we developed an annotation pipeline combining human expertise with deep learning and data visualisation techniques. We applied a deep learning-based object detection approach trained on 17 expertly annotated equine WSIs, to the remaining 39 equine, 12 human and 7 feline WSIs. The resulting annotations were semi-automatically screened for errors on multiple types of specialised annotation maps and finally reviewed by a trained pathologist. Our dataset contains a total of 297,383 hemosiderophages cla...

Research paper thumbnail of Malignes Mesotheliom: Vor- und Nachteile der zytologischen Untersuchung von Ergüssen

Atemwegs- und Lungenkrankheiten, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Endosonographisches Lymphknoten-Staging des Lungenkarzinoms in der täglichen Praxis

Research paper thumbnail of Maligne Mesotheliome – diagnostischer Beitrag der Ergusszytologie

Research paper thumbnail of Wirkung von Zigarettenrauchextrakt und Wasserstoffperoxid auf das Wachstumsverhalten menschlicher Lungenfibroblasten

Research paper thumbnail of Hautfibroblasten von Patienten mit Emphysem zeigen im Gegensatz zu Lungenfibroblasten keine Anzeichen einer vorzeitiger Alterung

Research paper thumbnail of Bronchologische Biopsiediagnostik des Bronchialkarzinoms – Zytologie und/oder Histologie?

Research paper thumbnail of Übereinstimmung zwischen Pneumologen und Zytopathologen in der Beurteilung von Pleuraergüssen

Research paper thumbnail of Systematischer molekularpathologischer Nachweis von EGFR, KRAS und EML4-ALK an zytologischem Material

Research paper thumbnail of Das undifferenzierte pleomorphe Sarkom: Eine seltene Differentialdiagnose der pulmonalen Raumforderung

Research paper thumbnail of Beitrag der Feinnadelaspirationszytologie zur Schnelldiagnostik in der Thoraxchirurgie

Research paper thumbnail of Nachweis von Seneszenz-assoziierten Heterochromatinfoci in humanen Lungenfibroblasten – methodische Aspekte

Research paper thumbnail of Wirkung wiederholter Expositionen gegenüber Zigarettenrauchextrakt sowie von Nikotin und N-Acetylcystein auf die Proliferation menschlicher Lungenfibroblasten

Research paper thumbnail of Cytopathology of Lung Cancer, Abstract 159–165, Symposium

Pathology - Research and Practice, 2003

Isolating 30-40 vessel profiles a comparable amount of cells was achieved. The cells were resuspe... more Isolating 30-40 vessel profiles a comparable amount of cells was achieved. The cells were resuspended in Hepes/Triton buffer, the lysate immobilized on a SAX ProteinChip ® (strong anionic exchanger) and the protein profile measured by mass spectrometry. Additionally, the samples were lysed in a thiourea buffer, applied on a WCX ProteinChip ® (weak cationic exchanger) and measured. Results: All applied samples (n = 12) could generate protein spectra. After Hepes/Triton lysis, proteins up to 20 kDa were detectable; after thiourea lysis, spectra up to 50 kDa could be found. SAX and WCX spectra differed remarkably. In AS after 1 d hypoxia, new peaks appeared at 7.69 und 7.95 kDa. After 21 d hypoxia up-/downregulated proteins as well as new peaks were noticed. In IV cells we found i.e. an additional peak at 11.4 kDa after 21d hypoxia. Conclusion: Laser-microdissection and SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry generate a compartment specific proteome analysis, that allowed to find hypoxia induced expression changes in IV and AS.

Research paper thumbnail of In contrast to lung fibroblasts – no signs of senescence in skin fibroblasts of patients with emphysema

Experimental Gerontology, 2008

Research paper thumbnail of Predictive value of BAL cell differentials in the diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases

European Respiratory Journal, 2004

The current authors aimed to quantify how the likelihood for a given diagnosis changes with the k... more The current authors aimed to quantify how the likelihood for a given diagnosis changes with the knowledge of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell differentials. As an initial estimate (a priori probability), frequencies of final diagnoses were taken. Using categorisations for cell differentials, a posteriori probabilities were then derived for each disease, according to Bayes. The analysis was performed in three of five groups of diagnoses suspected prior to BAL: interstitial lung disease (ILD; n=710), inflammatory disease (n=583), or lung tumour mimicking ILD (n=455). Overall, out of 1,971 patients, 18.3% had sarcoidosis, 7.7% usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), 4.4% extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA), and 19.0% tumours. In the group with suspected ILD, the likelihood for sarcoidosis increased from 33.7 to 68.1% when lymphocyte numbers were 30-50% and granulocyte numbers were low; the likelihood for UIP increased from 15.8 to 33.3% when lymphocyte numbers werev30% with granulocytes elevated. CD4/CD8 was informative, especially in sarcoidosis and EAA. Despite considerable increases, the likelihood of rare diseases rarely reached appreciable values. Similar results were obtained in the other two groups of suspected diagnoses. In conclusion, these data suggest that bronchoalveolar lavage cell counts per se provide substantial diagnostic information only in relatively frequent diseases, such as sarcoidosis and usual interstitial pneumonia, and are less helpful in infrequent diseases.

Research paper thumbnail of Lung fibroblasts from patients with emphysema show a reduced proliferation rate in culture

European Respiratory Journal, 2004

Lung fibroblasts from patients with emphysema show a reduced proliferation rate in culture.

Research paper thumbnail of Low-dose endotoxin inhalation in healthy volunteers - a challenge model for early clinical drug development

BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 2013

Background Inhalation of endotoxin (LPS) induces a predominantly neutrophilic airway inflammation... more Background Inhalation of endotoxin (LPS) induces a predominantly neutrophilic airway inflammation and has been used as model to test the anti-inflammatory activity of novel drugs. In the past, a dose exceeding 15–50 μg was generally needed to induce a sufficient inflammatory response. For human studies, regulatory authorities in some countries now request the use of GMP-grade LPS, which is of limited availability. It was therefore the aim of this study to test the effect and reproducibility of a low-dose LPS challenge (20,000 E.U.; 2 μg) using a flow- and volume-controlled inhalation technique to increase LPS deposition. Methods Two to four weeks after a baseline sputum induction, 12 non-smoking healthy volunteers inhaled LPS on three occasions, separated by at least 4 weeks. To modulate the inflammatory effect of LPS, a 5-day PDE4 inhibitor (Roflumilast) treatment preceded the last challenge. Six hours after each LPS inhalation, sputum induction was performed. Results The low-dose ...

Research paper thumbnail of Spatial Interactions between Dendritic Cells and Sensory Nerves in Allergic Airway Inflammation

American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 2007

Neuroimmune interactions play a critical role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Symptoms like wheezi... more Neuroimmune interactions play a critical role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Symptoms like wheezing and cough have been attributed to neural dysregulation, whereas sensitization and the induction of allergic inflammation have been linked with the activity of dendritic cells. Neuropeptides were previously shown to control dendritic cell function in vitro, suggesting interactions between dendritic cells and sensory nerves. Here we characterized the anatomical basis of the interactions between dendritic cells and nerves in the airways of mice and monitored the changes during allergic inflammation. Airway microdissection, whole-mount immunohistology, and confocal microscopy were used for the three-dimensional quantitative mapping of airway nerves and dendritic cells along the main axial pathway of nonsensitized versus ovalbumin-sensitized and-challenged CD11cenhanced yellow fluorescent protein (CD11c-EYFP) transgenic mice. CD11c-EYFP-positive airway mucosal dendritic cells were contacted by calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive sensory fibers and their co-localization increased in allergic inflammation. Moreover, protein gene product 9.5-positive neuroepithelial bodies and airway ganglia were associated with dendritic cells. In human airways, human leukocyte antigen DR-positive mucosal dendritic cells were found in the close proximity of sensory nerves and neuroepithelial cells. These results provide morphologic evidence of the interactions between dendritic cells and the neural network of the airways at multiple anatomical sites.

Research paper thumbnail of Diagnostic Gain from Surgical Biopsy for Interstitial Lung Disease – When is it Worth the Risk?

Pneumologie, 2016

Background: History, clinical presentation, lung function testing, radiographs including HRCT and... more Background: History, clinical presentation, lung function testing, radiographs including HRCT and nonsurgical biopsy techniques in most cases provide sufficient information for classification of interstitial lung disease (ILD). However, in a small percentage it is not possible to establish the diagnosis so that lung biopsy may be required. We analyzed under which circumstances a reduction of invasive procedures is reasonable. Methods: Between January 1997 and December 2009 we examined 3399 specimens from 1299 patients with benign inflammatory and granulomatous diseases in whom ILD was clinically hypothesized. We compared the probability of disease according to Bayes before and after surgery which corresponds to the clinical diagnosis (a priori probability) and the final diagnosis (a posteriori probability). Additionally, procedures, operation related complications and the patientsʼ smoking habits were documented. Results: In 111 patients (8.5 %) surgical evaluation was performed (14 mediastinoscopies, 97 thoracotomies/VATS biopsies). All mediastinoscopies substantiated a epitheloid cell granulomatosis. In 30 % of all VATS procedures a prolonged air leak of more than 4 days was observed. One patient died and one had to get a new chest tube after removal. Changes of a priori/a posteriori probabilities was shown for non-smokers in Wegnerʼs granulomatosis (0.6 vs. 2.2 %) and IPF (16.7 vs. 34.8 %), for smokers in Langerhansʼ cell histiocytosis (1.4 vs. 7.8 %) and IPF (16.7 vs. 33.3 %). In the majority of cases even a reduction of probability was seen. Conclusion: Considering complications and limited diagnostic gain, lung biopsies for diagnosis of ILD should be recommended only in selected patients. Zusammenfassung ! Hintergrund: Anamnese, Klinik, bildgebende, insbesondere HRCT, und klinisch-bioptische Verfahren ermöglichen die Einordnung der Mehrzahl interstitieller Lungenerkrankungen. Am Ende der klinischen Diagnostik bleibt ein kleiner Teil dieser Erkrankungen dennoch ungeklärt und ist Anlass für eine offene Lungenbiopsie. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es zu prüfen, unter welchen Voraussetzungen eine Reduktion invasiver diagnostischer Eingriffe möglich ist. Methoden: Zwischen 01/97 und 12/09 wurden 3399 Proben von 1299 Patienten mit benignen entzündlichen und granulomatösen Erkrankungen untersucht, bei denen am Beginn der Untersuchung die klinische Verdachtsdiagnose auf das Vorliegen einer interstitiellen Erkrankung vorlag. Für alle mit diagnostischer Zielsetzung operierten Patienten wurden Art des thoraxchirurgischen Eingriffs, operationsbedingte Komplikationen und Raucheranamnese erfasst. Anschließend berechneten wir die a-priori-und in Abhängigkeit von den ergänzend erfassten Daten die a-posteriori-Wahrscheinlichkeiten für die unterschiedlichen Erkrankungen (Bayes-Theorem). Ergebnisse: Bei 111 Patienten (8,5 %) erfolgte eine operative Diagnostik (14 Mediastinoskopien, 97 Video-assistierte-Thorakoskopien,-tomien). Alle Mediastinoskopien ergaben eine epitheloidzellige Granulomatose. 30 % aller Thorakoskopien gingen mit einer Fistelproblematik > 4 d einher. Ein Patient wurde redrainiert, ein Patient verstarb. Änderungen der a-priori-/a-posteriori-Wahrscheinlichkeiten fanden sich bei den Nichtrauchern für Wegenersche Granulomatose (0,6 vs. 2,2 %) und IPF (16,7 vs. 34,8 %), bei den Rauchern für Histiozytosis X (1,4 vs. 7,8 %) und IPF (16,7 vs. 33,3 %). Bei der Mehrzahl aller anderen interstitieller Erkrankungen reduzierten sich dagegen die a-posteriori-Wahrscheinlichkeiten. This document was downloaded for personal use only. Unauthorized distribution is strictly prohibited.

Research paper thumbnail of Inter-species cell detection - datasets on pulmonary hemosiderophages in equine, human and feline specimens

Scientific Data

Pulmonary hemorrhage (P-Hem) occurs among multiple species and can have various causes. Cytology ... more Pulmonary hemorrhage (P-Hem) occurs among multiple species and can have various causes. Cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) using a 5-tier scoring system of alveolar macrophages based on their hemosiderin content is considered the most sensitive diagnostic method. We introduce a novel, fully annotated multi-species P-Hem dataset, which consists of 74 cytology whole slide images (WSIs) with equine, feline and human samples. To create this high-quality and high-quantity dataset, we developed an annotation pipeline combining human expertise with deep learning and data visualisation techniques. We applied a deep learning-based object detection approach trained on 17 expertly annotated equine WSIs, to the remaining 39 equine, 12 human and 7 feline WSIs. The resulting annotations were semi-automatically screened for errors on multiple types of specialised annotation maps and finally reviewed by a trained pathologist. Our dataset contains a total of 297,383 hemosiderophages cla...

Research paper thumbnail of Malignes Mesotheliom: Vor- und Nachteile der zytologischen Untersuchung von Ergüssen

Atemwegs- und Lungenkrankheiten, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Endosonographisches Lymphknoten-Staging des Lungenkarzinoms in der täglichen Praxis

Research paper thumbnail of Maligne Mesotheliome – diagnostischer Beitrag der Ergusszytologie

Research paper thumbnail of Wirkung von Zigarettenrauchextrakt und Wasserstoffperoxid auf das Wachstumsverhalten menschlicher Lungenfibroblasten

Research paper thumbnail of Hautfibroblasten von Patienten mit Emphysem zeigen im Gegensatz zu Lungenfibroblasten keine Anzeichen einer vorzeitiger Alterung

Research paper thumbnail of Bronchologische Biopsiediagnostik des Bronchialkarzinoms – Zytologie und/oder Histologie?

Research paper thumbnail of Übereinstimmung zwischen Pneumologen und Zytopathologen in der Beurteilung von Pleuraergüssen

Research paper thumbnail of Systematischer molekularpathologischer Nachweis von EGFR, KRAS und EML4-ALK an zytologischem Material

Research paper thumbnail of Das undifferenzierte pleomorphe Sarkom: Eine seltene Differentialdiagnose der pulmonalen Raumforderung

Research paper thumbnail of Beitrag der Feinnadelaspirationszytologie zur Schnelldiagnostik in der Thoraxchirurgie

Research paper thumbnail of Nachweis von Seneszenz-assoziierten Heterochromatinfoci in humanen Lungenfibroblasten – methodische Aspekte

Research paper thumbnail of Wirkung wiederholter Expositionen gegenüber Zigarettenrauchextrakt sowie von Nikotin und N-Acetylcystein auf die Proliferation menschlicher Lungenfibroblasten

Research paper thumbnail of Cytopathology of Lung Cancer, Abstract 159–165, Symposium

Pathology - Research and Practice, 2003

Isolating 30-40 vessel profiles a comparable amount of cells was achieved. The cells were resuspe... more Isolating 30-40 vessel profiles a comparable amount of cells was achieved. The cells were resuspended in Hepes/Triton buffer, the lysate immobilized on a SAX ProteinChip ® (strong anionic exchanger) and the protein profile measured by mass spectrometry. Additionally, the samples were lysed in a thiourea buffer, applied on a WCX ProteinChip ® (weak cationic exchanger) and measured. Results: All applied samples (n = 12) could generate protein spectra. After Hepes/Triton lysis, proteins up to 20 kDa were detectable; after thiourea lysis, spectra up to 50 kDa could be found. SAX and WCX spectra differed remarkably. In AS after 1 d hypoxia, new peaks appeared at 7.69 und 7.95 kDa. After 21 d hypoxia up-/downregulated proteins as well as new peaks were noticed. In IV cells we found i.e. an additional peak at 11.4 kDa after 21d hypoxia. Conclusion: Laser-microdissection and SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry generate a compartment specific proteome analysis, that allowed to find hypoxia induced expression changes in IV and AS.

Research paper thumbnail of In contrast to lung fibroblasts – no signs of senescence in skin fibroblasts of patients with emphysema

Experimental Gerontology, 2008

Research paper thumbnail of Predictive value of BAL cell differentials in the diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases

European Respiratory Journal, 2004

The current authors aimed to quantify how the likelihood for a given diagnosis changes with the k... more The current authors aimed to quantify how the likelihood for a given diagnosis changes with the knowledge of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell differentials. As an initial estimate (a priori probability), frequencies of final diagnoses were taken. Using categorisations for cell differentials, a posteriori probabilities were then derived for each disease, according to Bayes. The analysis was performed in three of five groups of diagnoses suspected prior to BAL: interstitial lung disease (ILD; n=710), inflammatory disease (n=583), or lung tumour mimicking ILD (n=455). Overall, out of 1,971 patients, 18.3% had sarcoidosis, 7.7% usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), 4.4% extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA), and 19.0% tumours. In the group with suspected ILD, the likelihood for sarcoidosis increased from 33.7 to 68.1% when lymphocyte numbers were 30-50% and granulocyte numbers were low; the likelihood for UIP increased from 15.8 to 33.3% when lymphocyte numbers werev30% with granulocytes elevated. CD4/CD8 was informative, especially in sarcoidosis and EAA. Despite considerable increases, the likelihood of rare diseases rarely reached appreciable values. Similar results were obtained in the other two groups of suspected diagnoses. In conclusion, these data suggest that bronchoalveolar lavage cell counts per se provide substantial diagnostic information only in relatively frequent diseases, such as sarcoidosis and usual interstitial pneumonia, and are less helpful in infrequent diseases.

Research paper thumbnail of Lung fibroblasts from patients with emphysema show a reduced proliferation rate in culture

European Respiratory Journal, 2004

Lung fibroblasts from patients with emphysema show a reduced proliferation rate in culture.

Research paper thumbnail of Low-dose endotoxin inhalation in healthy volunteers - a challenge model for early clinical drug development

BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 2013

Background Inhalation of endotoxin (LPS) induces a predominantly neutrophilic airway inflammation... more Background Inhalation of endotoxin (LPS) induces a predominantly neutrophilic airway inflammation and has been used as model to test the anti-inflammatory activity of novel drugs. In the past, a dose exceeding 15–50 μg was generally needed to induce a sufficient inflammatory response. For human studies, regulatory authorities in some countries now request the use of GMP-grade LPS, which is of limited availability. It was therefore the aim of this study to test the effect and reproducibility of a low-dose LPS challenge (20,000 E.U.; 2 μg) using a flow- and volume-controlled inhalation technique to increase LPS deposition. Methods Two to four weeks after a baseline sputum induction, 12 non-smoking healthy volunteers inhaled LPS on three occasions, separated by at least 4 weeks. To modulate the inflammatory effect of LPS, a 5-day PDE4 inhibitor (Roflumilast) treatment preceded the last challenge. Six hours after each LPS inhalation, sputum induction was performed. Results The low-dose ...

Research paper thumbnail of Spatial Interactions between Dendritic Cells and Sensory Nerves in Allergic Airway Inflammation

American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 2007

Neuroimmune interactions play a critical role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Symptoms like wheezi... more Neuroimmune interactions play a critical role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Symptoms like wheezing and cough have been attributed to neural dysregulation, whereas sensitization and the induction of allergic inflammation have been linked with the activity of dendritic cells. Neuropeptides were previously shown to control dendritic cell function in vitro, suggesting interactions between dendritic cells and sensory nerves. Here we characterized the anatomical basis of the interactions between dendritic cells and nerves in the airways of mice and monitored the changes during allergic inflammation. Airway microdissection, whole-mount immunohistology, and confocal microscopy were used for the three-dimensional quantitative mapping of airway nerves and dendritic cells along the main axial pathway of nonsensitized versus ovalbumin-sensitized and-challenged CD11cenhanced yellow fluorescent protein (CD11c-EYFP) transgenic mice. CD11c-EYFP-positive airway mucosal dendritic cells were contacted by calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive sensory fibers and their co-localization increased in allergic inflammation. Moreover, protein gene product 9.5-positive neuroepithelial bodies and airway ganglia were associated with dendritic cells. In human airways, human leukocyte antigen DR-positive mucosal dendritic cells were found in the close proximity of sensory nerves and neuroepithelial cells. These results provide morphologic evidence of the interactions between dendritic cells and the neural network of the airways at multiple anatomical sites.

Research paper thumbnail of Diagnostic Gain from Surgical Biopsy for Interstitial Lung Disease – When is it Worth the Risk?

Pneumologie, 2016

Background: History, clinical presentation, lung function testing, radiographs including HRCT and... more Background: History, clinical presentation, lung function testing, radiographs including HRCT and nonsurgical biopsy techniques in most cases provide sufficient information for classification of interstitial lung disease (ILD). However, in a small percentage it is not possible to establish the diagnosis so that lung biopsy may be required. We analyzed under which circumstances a reduction of invasive procedures is reasonable. Methods: Between January 1997 and December 2009 we examined 3399 specimens from 1299 patients with benign inflammatory and granulomatous diseases in whom ILD was clinically hypothesized. We compared the probability of disease according to Bayes before and after surgery which corresponds to the clinical diagnosis (a priori probability) and the final diagnosis (a posteriori probability). Additionally, procedures, operation related complications and the patientsʼ smoking habits were documented. Results: In 111 patients (8.5 %) surgical evaluation was performed (14 mediastinoscopies, 97 thoracotomies/VATS biopsies). All mediastinoscopies substantiated a epitheloid cell granulomatosis. In 30 % of all VATS procedures a prolonged air leak of more than 4 days was observed. One patient died and one had to get a new chest tube after removal. Changes of a priori/a posteriori probabilities was shown for non-smokers in Wegnerʼs granulomatosis (0.6 vs. 2.2 %) and IPF (16.7 vs. 34.8 %), for smokers in Langerhansʼ cell histiocytosis (1.4 vs. 7.8 %) and IPF (16.7 vs. 33.3 %). In the majority of cases even a reduction of probability was seen. Conclusion: Considering complications and limited diagnostic gain, lung biopsies for diagnosis of ILD should be recommended only in selected patients. Zusammenfassung ! Hintergrund: Anamnese, Klinik, bildgebende, insbesondere HRCT, und klinisch-bioptische Verfahren ermöglichen die Einordnung der Mehrzahl interstitieller Lungenerkrankungen. Am Ende der klinischen Diagnostik bleibt ein kleiner Teil dieser Erkrankungen dennoch ungeklärt und ist Anlass für eine offene Lungenbiopsie. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es zu prüfen, unter welchen Voraussetzungen eine Reduktion invasiver diagnostischer Eingriffe möglich ist. Methoden: Zwischen 01/97 und 12/09 wurden 3399 Proben von 1299 Patienten mit benignen entzündlichen und granulomatösen Erkrankungen untersucht, bei denen am Beginn der Untersuchung die klinische Verdachtsdiagnose auf das Vorliegen einer interstitiellen Erkrankung vorlag. Für alle mit diagnostischer Zielsetzung operierten Patienten wurden Art des thoraxchirurgischen Eingriffs, operationsbedingte Komplikationen und Raucheranamnese erfasst. Anschließend berechneten wir die a-priori-und in Abhängigkeit von den ergänzend erfassten Daten die a-posteriori-Wahrscheinlichkeiten für die unterschiedlichen Erkrankungen (Bayes-Theorem). Ergebnisse: Bei 111 Patienten (8,5 %) erfolgte eine operative Diagnostik (14 Mediastinoskopien, 97 Video-assistierte-Thorakoskopien,-tomien). Alle Mediastinoskopien ergaben eine epitheloidzellige Granulomatose. 30 % aller Thorakoskopien gingen mit einer Fistelproblematik > 4 d einher. Ein Patient wurde redrainiert, ein Patient verstarb. Änderungen der a-priori-/a-posteriori-Wahrscheinlichkeiten fanden sich bei den Nichtrauchern für Wegenersche Granulomatose (0,6 vs. 2,2 %) und IPF (16,7 vs. 34,8 %), bei den Rauchern für Histiozytosis X (1,4 vs. 7,8 %) und IPF (16,7 vs. 33,3 %). Bei der Mehrzahl aller anderen interstitieller Erkrankungen reduzierten sich dagegen die a-posteriori-Wahrscheinlichkeiten. This document was downloaded for personal use only. Unauthorized distribution is strictly prohibited.