Lan Do - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Lan Do

Journal of Chromatography A, 2014

Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied for evaluating the selectivity of 22 GC columns fo... more Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied for evaluating the selectivity of 22 GC columns for which complete retention data were available for the 136 tetra- to octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Because the hepta- and octa-homologues are easy to separate the PCA was focused on the 128 tetra- to hexa-CDD/Fs. The analysis showed that 21 of the 22 GC columns could be subdivided into four groups with different selectivity. Group I consists of columns with non-polar thermally stable phases (Restek 5Sil MS and Dioxin 2, SGE BPX-DXN, Supelco Equity-5, and Agilent DB-1, DB-5, DB-5ms, VF-5ms, VF-Xms and DB-XLB). Group II includes ionic liquid columns (Supelco SLB-IL61, SLB-IL111 and SLB-IL76) with very high polarity. Group III includes columns with high-percentage phenyl and cyanopropyl phases (Agilent DB-17 and DB-225, Quadrex CPS-1, Supelco SP-2331, and Agilent CP-Sil 88), and Group IV columns with shape selectivity (Dionex SB-Smectic and Restek LC-50, Supelco βDEXcst, Agilent VF-Xms and DB-XLB). Thus, two columns appeared in both Group I and IV (Agilent VF-Xms and DB-XLB). The selectivity of the other column, Agilent DB-210, differs from those of these four groups. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to correlate the retention times of the tetra- to hexa-CDD/Fs on the 22 stationary phases with a set of physicochemical and structural descriptors to identify parameters that significantly influence the solute-stationary phase interactions. The most influential physicochemical parameters for the interaction were associated with molecular size (as reflects in the total energy, electron energy, core-core repulsion and standard entropy), solubility (aqueous solubility and n-octanol/water partition coefficient), charge distribution (molecular polarizability and dipolar moment), and reactivity (relative Gibbs free energy); and the most influential structural descriptors were related to these parameters, in particular, size and dipolar moment. Finally, the PCA and PLS analyses were complemented with linear regression analysis to identify the most orthogonal column combinations, which could be used in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) to enhance PCDD/F separation and congener profiling.

Journal of Chromatography A, 2013

The orders of elution of all 136 tetra- to octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (... more The orders of elution of all 136 tetra- to octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were determined on six gas chromatography (GC) columns. Three of these columns had ionic liquid stationary phases (SLB-IL111, SLB-IL76 and SLB-IL61; Supelco), one a liquid crystal phase (LC-50; Restek), one a chiral phase (βDEXcst; Restek) and one a low bleed non-polar phase (DB-XLB; J&W/Agilent). According to our results, the high polarity and multiple solvation interactions of the ionic liquid stationary phases offered superior resolving power to that achieved with previously evaluated columns. The SLB-IL61 and SLB-IL111 columns resolved or partially separated 106 and 100 congeners, respectively, of the 136 PCDD/Fs. The SLB-IL61 also resolved 15 and partially separated one of the seventeen 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs. Additional congeners can be separated by complementary analyses using additional columns in a dual- or triple-column approach. For example, using a combination of the SLB-IL61 and SLB-IL111 columns all but 8 congeners would be separated, including all 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs. Two more congeners would be separated using a combination of SLB-IL76 and a liquid crystal (SB-Smectic) column, but in this case the 2,3,7,8-TeCDF would not be resolved. Three-column combinations would give even better separation: the DB-17/Smectic/SLB-IL76 and DB-225/Smectic/SLB-IL111 combinations would separate all but 1 of the 136 PCDD/F congeners. Unfortunately, the smectic column is no longer in production. If only commercially available columns are considered, combinations of SLB-IL61 and SLB-IL111 with DB-XLB, LC-50, or DB-225 offer the best performance, with 4, 4, and 3 unresolved congeners, respectively. Moreover, in each of these cases, one of the congeners in each unresolved pair is resolved on at least one of the other columns and so a reasonable estimate of the unresolved congeners' concentrations can be obtained by subtraction. The profiling of all 136 PCDD/Fs is thus greatly facilitated by using ionic liquid columns or combinations including such columns. However, there is room for improvement in the technical performance of the evaluated ionic liquid columns: their long-term retention time stability was poor and some highly chlorinated and sterically hindered congeners underwent dehalogenation during separation.

Analytical Methods, 2013

ABSTRACT Modular pressurized liquid extraction (M-PLE) procedures were developed for simultaneous... more ABSTRACT Modular pressurized liquid extraction (M-PLE) procedures were developed for simultaneous extraction, clean-up and fractionation of polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) in soil, sediment and sludge samples. The procedures utilize two coupled extraction cells: an upstream cell filled with the sample and layers of silica and acid- and base-modified silica, and a downstream cell filled with activated carbon. The silica layers were added to remove polar or hydrolysable matrix components, and the carbon to perform planarity-based fractionation. Two solvent systems (dichloromethane–heptane, DCM–Hp and diethyl ether–heptane, DEE–Hp) and two activated carbon loads (1% and 3% carbon on Celite) were evaluated using certified reference materials (CRM-529 and WMS-01) and materials from previous inter-calibration studies. Using any of the four procedures, data statistically equivalent to the certified or reference values were obtained. The M-PLE procedure using DCM–Hp and 1% carbon sometimes extracted the reference materials more efficiently than the reference methods, while the DEE–Hp procedure extracted them equally efficient, offering an alternative with less environmental impact. The methods with 1% carbon on Celite produced sufficiently pure extracts for sample loads up to one gram, but for greater sample loads the higher carbon load (3% carbon on Celite) was required to avoid breakthrough of target analytes. The new streamlined procedures are fast, cost-efficient, involve relatively low environmental impact (in the case of DEE–Hp) and are well suited for high-throughput analysis of solid samples, e.g. in connection with environmental monitoring campaigns and major soil remediation efforts.

Journal of Chromatography A, 2014

Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied for evaluating the selectivity of 22 GC columns fo... more Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied for evaluating the selectivity of 22 GC columns for which complete retention data were available for the 136 tetra- to octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Because the hepta- and octa-homologues are easy to separate the PCA was focused on the 128 tetra- to hexa-CDD/Fs. The analysis showed that 21 of the 22 GC columns could be subdivided into four groups with different selectivity. Group I consists of columns with non-polar thermally stable phases (Restek 5Sil MS and Dioxin 2, SGE BPX-DXN, Supelco Equity-5, and Agilent DB-1, DB-5, DB-5ms, VF-5ms, VF-Xms and DB-XLB). Group II includes ionic liquid columns (Supelco SLB-IL61, SLB-IL111 and SLB-IL76) with very high polarity. Group III includes columns with high-percentage phenyl and cyanopropyl phases (Agilent DB-17 and DB-225, Quadrex CPS-1, Supelco SP-2331, and Agilent CP-Sil 88), and Group IV columns with shape selectivity (Dionex SB-Smectic and Restek LC-50, Supelco βDEXcst, Agilent VF-Xms and DB-XLB). Thus, two columns appeared in both Group I and IV (Agilent VF-Xms and DB-XLB). The selectivity of the other column, Agilent DB-210, differs from those of these four groups. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to correlate the retention times of the tetra- to hexa-CDD/Fs on the 22 stationary phases with a set of physicochemical and structural descriptors to identify parameters that significantly influence the solute-stationary phase interactions. The most influential physicochemical parameters for the interaction were associated with molecular size (as reflects in the total energy, electron energy, core-core repulsion and standard entropy), solubility (aqueous solubility and n-octanol/water partition coefficient), charge distribution (molecular polarizability and dipolar moment), and reactivity (relative Gibbs free energy); and the most influential structural descriptors were related to these parameters, in particular, size and dipolar moment. Finally, the PCA and PLS analyses were complemented with linear regression analysis to identify the most orthogonal column combinations, which could be used in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) to enhance PCDD/F separation and congener profiling.

Journal of Chromatography A, 2013

The orders of elution of all 136 tetra- to octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (... more The orders of elution of all 136 tetra- to octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were determined on six gas chromatography (GC) columns. Three of these columns had ionic liquid stationary phases (SLB-IL111, SLB-IL76 and SLB-IL61; Supelco), one a liquid crystal phase (LC-50; Restek), one a chiral phase (βDEXcst; Restek) and one a low bleed non-polar phase (DB-XLB; J&W/Agilent). According to our results, the high polarity and multiple solvation interactions of the ionic liquid stationary phases offered superior resolving power to that achieved with previously evaluated columns. The SLB-IL61 and SLB-IL111 columns resolved or partially separated 106 and 100 congeners, respectively, of the 136 PCDD/Fs. The SLB-IL61 also resolved 15 and partially separated one of the seventeen 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs. Additional congeners can be separated by complementary analyses using additional columns in a dual- or triple-column approach. For example, using a combination of the SLB-IL61 and SLB-IL111 columns all but 8 congeners would be separated, including all 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs. Two more congeners would be separated using a combination of SLB-IL76 and a liquid crystal (SB-Smectic) column, but in this case the 2,3,7,8-TeCDF would not be resolved. Three-column combinations would give even better separation: the DB-17/Smectic/SLB-IL76 and DB-225/Smectic/SLB-IL111 combinations would separate all but 1 of the 136 PCDD/F congeners. Unfortunately, the smectic column is no longer in production. If only commercially available columns are considered, combinations of SLB-IL61 and SLB-IL111 with DB-XLB, LC-50, or DB-225 offer the best performance, with 4, 4, and 3 unresolved congeners, respectively. Moreover, in each of these cases, one of the congeners in each unresolved pair is resolved on at least one of the other columns and so a reasonable estimate of the unresolved congeners' concentrations can be obtained by subtraction. The profiling of all 136 PCDD/Fs is thus greatly facilitated by using ionic liquid columns or combinations including such columns. However, there is room for improvement in the technical performance of the evaluated ionic liquid columns: their long-term retention time stability was poor and some highly chlorinated and sterically hindered congeners underwent dehalogenation during separation.

Analytical Methods, 2013

ABSTRACT Modular pressurized liquid extraction (M-PLE) procedures were developed for simultaneous... more ABSTRACT Modular pressurized liquid extraction (M-PLE) procedures were developed for simultaneous extraction, clean-up and fractionation of polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) in soil, sediment and sludge samples. The procedures utilize two coupled extraction cells: an upstream cell filled with the sample and layers of silica and acid- and base-modified silica, and a downstream cell filled with activated carbon. The silica layers were added to remove polar or hydrolysable matrix components, and the carbon to perform planarity-based fractionation. Two solvent systems (dichloromethane–heptane, DCM–Hp and diethyl ether–heptane, DEE–Hp) and two activated carbon loads (1% and 3% carbon on Celite) were evaluated using certified reference materials (CRM-529 and WMS-01) and materials from previous inter-calibration studies. Using any of the four procedures, data statistically equivalent to the certified or reference values were obtained. The M-PLE procedure using DCM–Hp and 1% carbon sometimes extracted the reference materials more efficiently than the reference methods, while the DEE–Hp procedure extracted them equally efficient, offering an alternative with less environmental impact. The methods with 1% carbon on Celite produced sufficiently pure extracts for sample loads up to one gram, but for greater sample loads the higher carbon load (3% carbon on Celite) was required to avoid breakthrough of target analytes. The new streamlined procedures are fast, cost-efficient, involve relatively low environmental impact (in the case of DEE–Hp) and are well suited for high-throughput analysis of solid samples, e.g. in connection with environmental monitoring campaigns and major soil remediation efforts.