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Papers by Leah Njambi Wanjama
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Apr 25, 2022
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare... more The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child and the Kenyan Constitution provide for the protection of children from all forms of harm, violence or abuse. Despite these legal provisions and efforts to reduce and eliminate violence against children, particularly girls, violence and abuse are still widespread at home, in schools, and in the community at large in Kenya. This study, therefore, examined the experience of school-related genderbased violence by primary school pupils in Kasarani District, Nairobi County, Kenya. Using both probability and non-probability techniques, 156 pupils and 8 teachers were sampled from 10 primary schools. Data were collected using questionnaires, interview guides and focus group discussion guides, and analyzed using qualitative techniques. The study results indicated that school-related gender-based violence is common in the schools covered by this study. About 9.6% of the respondents r...
International Journal of Current Research, Aug 30, 2018
International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 2020
International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 2020
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Feb 10, 2022
The study sought to find out the effects of financial literacy on the performance of small scale ... more The study sought to find out the effects of financial literacy on the performance of small scale women traders in South Mugirango sub-county. Small scale women traders in South Mugirango sub-county have continued to show limited growth if not retardation. The need for financial literacy skills has become significant with the emphasis of economic empowerment of women. Low levels of financial literacy skills or lack of it among small scale women traders inhibit their growth hence diminish their economic success. The study objectives were; to find out the relationship between budgeting practices and the performance of small scale businesses among women traders, to determine the effects of book-keeping practices on the performance of small scale businesses among women traders, to establish the effects of credit management practices on the performance among small scale women traders, traders and to find out the challenges experienced by women in accessing financial literacy training programmes in South Mugirango Sub-County. The study was guided by the financial literacy theory. The descriptive Survey research design was used to guide the study. The target population for the study was registered small scale women traders who were beneficiaries of Equity Group Foundation project in South Mugirango Sub-County. A sample size of 34% trained small scale women traders and untrained small scale women traders was selected through random sampling technique. Primary data was obtained using questionnaires administered to the two groups; and key informant interviews with women traders and EGF Credit officers. Data collected was then organized, coded and entered in the computer for analysis. Quantitative analysis yielded frequency distributions, one-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with F-statistic, as well as cross tabulations with Chi-square statistic, t-test was used to analyze the differences in performance between the trained and the untrained. The study findings revealed that budgeting skills acquired through financial literacy programmes played significant roles in growing sales, profits and ensuring smooth running of the business. However, some women traders did not carry out any budgeting in their business citing household commitments. In addition, Credit management skills played key roles in enhancing performance of SSEs through facilitation to acquire and manage loans to ensure that loan liability was minimized. Results further indicate that most women traders do not keep proper books of account. However, for those practicing book keeping the skills obtained influenced the performance of their businesses by providing them with mechanisms for tracking performance, and accurate decision making. The findings further revealed that women traders who had undergone financial literacy training performed better than those who had not. Results also revealed that financial literacy training had a significant positive impact on the performance of small scale businesses among women traders. Despite the IJARR, 7(2), 2022; 05-19 6 importance of financial literacy trainings, the programmes are not gendered so as to accommodate the interests of the small scale women traders. The effects of financial literacy skills are evident in hence performance among small scale women traders. The government and Non-governmental organizations should therefore initiate and fund gender-responsive financial literacy programmes throughout the country as a strategy to increase the performance of business among small scale women traders.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 2021
The larger study from which this article is drawn was on cultural expressions of masculinities an... more The larger study from which this article is drawn was on cultural expressions of masculinities and its effects on the educational processes among the Samburu and Turkana communities in Kenya. The comparative case study was conducted at Maralal Mixed Day Secondary School in Samburu Central constituency in Ikuruto Division of Samburu County. The respondents of the study were 12 Turkana boys, 30 Samburu boys and 36 girls, giving a total of 78 student respondents; 3 education officials and 11 teachers (both male and female and inclusive of the principal and deputy principal). The initiation of Turkana and Samburu boys led to cultural masculinity expressions such as authority of male over females, adornment in traditional attire and involvement in male-related activities like raiding for cattle among others. The expected ensuing behaviour would be the show of bravery, aggressiveness and diligence in dealing with many issues facing them in the classroom setting. The study findings indicated that these cultural expressions of masculinities among the Turkana and Samburu boys have both positive and negative effects on their education processes. The positive effects included better ways of dealing with life issues, intercommunity unity and better prospects of employment. On the other hand, the initiated boys found it difficult to be taught by female teachers or perform well in subjects that were perceived as girl-oriented such as Languages. They sometimes also perceived education as undermining to their cultural values.
The study sought to assess the effects of International Non-Governmental Organization development... more The study sought to assess the effects of International Non-Governmental Organization development programme on the social and economic lives of the rural women in Makueni county.The research employed mixed Approach (qualitative and quantitative method) and descriptive research design in data collection. The study targeted women beneficiaries in Self Help Groups (SHGs) of World Vision and ActionAid programmes and key informants such as project and government officials in Makueni County. A total sample size of 162 members were selected using various sampling techniques which included multistage, purposive, snowball and random sampling. Open and closed headed questionnaires, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) guides and interview schedules were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics and Chi square tests were done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 21) software. The study revealed that INGOs development contribution to socio-economicempowerment of women in Makue...
This chapter describes the household and community strategies that were used to adjust to the per... more This chapter describes the household and community strategies that were used to adjust to the persistent cash shortages land scarcity ecological stress uncertainty in shifting livelihoods and erosion of social structures. The study area was in Gikarangu Sublocation Murangs District Central Province Kenya. Most inhabitants are Kikuyu people. The region maintains links with urban centers a pattern established during the colonial past. Agricultural exports include coffee tea sisal and pyrethrum. It is concluded that the people responded to the economic and social forces based on age social class and gender. Survival strategies may conflict with traditional social structures and current legal codes and poor women face these pressures the most. Land scarcity and rapid population growth led local rural subsistence populations to adopt intensification and to seek income opportunities outside the region. The result for women is the loss of control of land for food crops and greater demands on womens labor. Women are losing independence and control over resources. Migration strategies are generally not successful because of the poor national economy. Crop selection is shifting. Womens ties to the land are eroding and with the loss of land goes the loss of womens social networks. The options for women are extremely limited without access to land. Women end up selling bananas on the roadways or selling small-scale items in urban markets. Early marriage and pregnancy or prostitution are options. Womens groups are working to make people aware of the underlying structural causes of womens conditions even though the prevailing wisdom is that womens problems are just womens issues such as low levels of education. Women must advance themselves while remaining vulnerable to the "vagaries" of international markets national decisions and traditional land policies. This chapter describes the social economic and ecological problems that are changing the lives of men and women.
This article outlines the gender dynamics that determine men and women's involvement in Alternati... more This article outlines the gender dynamics that determine men and women's involvement in Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Mechanisms in Kapsokwony, Bungoma County. It highlights that while ADR mechanisms are normally considered participatory and inclusive in Kenya, the reality however is that they remain male dominated. The study was based on a mixed research method whose methodology involved research survey, interview, and Focus Group Discussions. Findings from studies carried out across the global confirm that men continue to have upper hand over women with regards to participation in conflict resolution using ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) mechanisms for number of reasons. The situation was found not different in the context of Kapsokwony, a sub-county of Bungoma County in Kenya. This study discussed the multidimensional factors that continue to contribute to men upper hand over women in resolving conflict through ADR mechanisms.
Purpose: This article outlines the levels of participation of men and women in resolving communit... more Purpose: This article outlines the levels of participation of men and women in resolving community conflicts using Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms in Kapsokwony, Kenya. It highlights that ADR are currently considered participatory and inclusive processes to resolve community conflicts as they offer men and women a major stake in conflict resolution in society due to their roles and positions in society. Methodology: Findings across the globe confirm that when men and women equally participate in resolution of community conflicts there is increased likelihood of reaching an agreement and of the longevity of the agreement. This implies that for effective ADR, the participation of both men and women would be crucial. The study was based on a mixed research method whose methodology involved research survey, interview and Focus Group Discussions. In consideration of the fact that gender equality is strongly advocated for in conflict resolution, the study sought to establ...
The study sought to assess the effects of International Non-Governmental Organization development... more The study sought to assess the effects of International Non-Governmental Organization development programme on the social and economic lives of the rural women in Makueni county.The research employed mixed Approach (qualitative and quantitative method) and descriptive research design in data collection. The study targeted women beneficiaries in Self Help Groups (SHGs) of World Vision and ActionAid programmes and key informants such as project and government officials in Makueni County. A total sample size of 162 members were selected using various sampling techniques which included multistage, purposive, snowball and random sampling. Open and closed headed questionnaires, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) guides and interview schedules were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics and Chi square tests were done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 21) software. The study revealed that INGOs development contribution to socio-economicempowerment of women in Makueni depended on the specific program. The effect was more on some programs such as provision of water and sanitation, women awareness ontheir rights and Gender BasedViolence. However, there was low contributionto access to and control over productive resources, training on entrepreneurship and involvement of women in development projects. Generally, beneficiaries felt that the INGOs intervention programmes were inadequate in empowering women and the programs seemed to be creating more dependency among women beneficiaries hence high levels of poverty.
Basic Education Forum, 1995
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Apr 25, 2022
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare... more The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child and the Kenyan Constitution provide for the protection of children from all forms of harm, violence or abuse. Despite these legal provisions and efforts to reduce and eliminate violence against children, particularly girls, violence and abuse are still widespread at home, in schools, and in the community at large in Kenya. This study, therefore, examined the experience of school-related genderbased violence by primary school pupils in Kasarani District, Nairobi County, Kenya. Using both probability and non-probability techniques, 156 pupils and 8 teachers were sampled from 10 primary schools. Data were collected using questionnaires, interview guides and focus group discussion guides, and analyzed using qualitative techniques. The study results indicated that school-related gender-based violence is common in the schools covered by this study. About 9.6% of the respondents r...
International Journal of Current Research, Aug 30, 2018
International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 2020
International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 2020
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Feb 10, 2022
The study sought to find out the effects of financial literacy on the performance of small scale ... more The study sought to find out the effects of financial literacy on the performance of small scale women traders in South Mugirango sub-county. Small scale women traders in South Mugirango sub-county have continued to show limited growth if not retardation. The need for financial literacy skills has become significant with the emphasis of economic empowerment of women. Low levels of financial literacy skills or lack of it among small scale women traders inhibit their growth hence diminish their economic success. The study objectives were; to find out the relationship between budgeting practices and the performance of small scale businesses among women traders, to determine the effects of book-keeping practices on the performance of small scale businesses among women traders, to establish the effects of credit management practices on the performance among small scale women traders, traders and to find out the challenges experienced by women in accessing financial literacy training programmes in South Mugirango Sub-County. The study was guided by the financial literacy theory. The descriptive Survey research design was used to guide the study. The target population for the study was registered small scale women traders who were beneficiaries of Equity Group Foundation project in South Mugirango Sub-County. A sample size of 34% trained small scale women traders and untrained small scale women traders was selected through random sampling technique. Primary data was obtained using questionnaires administered to the two groups; and key informant interviews with women traders and EGF Credit officers. Data collected was then organized, coded and entered in the computer for analysis. Quantitative analysis yielded frequency distributions, one-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with F-statistic, as well as cross tabulations with Chi-square statistic, t-test was used to analyze the differences in performance between the trained and the untrained. The study findings revealed that budgeting skills acquired through financial literacy programmes played significant roles in growing sales, profits and ensuring smooth running of the business. However, some women traders did not carry out any budgeting in their business citing household commitments. In addition, Credit management skills played key roles in enhancing performance of SSEs through facilitation to acquire and manage loans to ensure that loan liability was minimized. Results further indicate that most women traders do not keep proper books of account. However, for those practicing book keeping the skills obtained influenced the performance of their businesses by providing them with mechanisms for tracking performance, and accurate decision making. The findings further revealed that women traders who had undergone financial literacy training performed better than those who had not. Results also revealed that financial literacy training had a significant positive impact on the performance of small scale businesses among women traders. Despite the IJARR, 7(2), 2022; 05-19 6 importance of financial literacy trainings, the programmes are not gendered so as to accommodate the interests of the small scale women traders. The effects of financial literacy skills are evident in hence performance among small scale women traders. The government and Non-governmental organizations should therefore initiate and fund gender-responsive financial literacy programmes throughout the country as a strategy to increase the performance of business among small scale women traders.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 2021
The larger study from which this article is drawn was on cultural expressions of masculinities an... more The larger study from which this article is drawn was on cultural expressions of masculinities and its effects on the educational processes among the Samburu and Turkana communities in Kenya. The comparative case study was conducted at Maralal Mixed Day Secondary School in Samburu Central constituency in Ikuruto Division of Samburu County. The respondents of the study were 12 Turkana boys, 30 Samburu boys and 36 girls, giving a total of 78 student respondents; 3 education officials and 11 teachers (both male and female and inclusive of the principal and deputy principal). The initiation of Turkana and Samburu boys led to cultural masculinity expressions such as authority of male over females, adornment in traditional attire and involvement in male-related activities like raiding for cattle among others. The expected ensuing behaviour would be the show of bravery, aggressiveness and diligence in dealing with many issues facing them in the classroom setting. The study findings indicated that these cultural expressions of masculinities among the Turkana and Samburu boys have both positive and negative effects on their education processes. The positive effects included better ways of dealing with life issues, intercommunity unity and better prospects of employment. On the other hand, the initiated boys found it difficult to be taught by female teachers or perform well in subjects that were perceived as girl-oriented such as Languages. They sometimes also perceived education as undermining to their cultural values.
The study sought to assess the effects of International Non-Governmental Organization development... more The study sought to assess the effects of International Non-Governmental Organization development programme on the social and economic lives of the rural women in Makueni county.The research employed mixed Approach (qualitative and quantitative method) and descriptive research design in data collection. The study targeted women beneficiaries in Self Help Groups (SHGs) of World Vision and ActionAid programmes and key informants such as project and government officials in Makueni County. A total sample size of 162 members were selected using various sampling techniques which included multistage, purposive, snowball and random sampling. Open and closed headed questionnaires, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) guides and interview schedules were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics and Chi square tests were done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 21) software. The study revealed that INGOs development contribution to socio-economicempowerment of women in Makue...
This chapter describes the household and community strategies that were used to adjust to the per... more This chapter describes the household and community strategies that were used to adjust to the persistent cash shortages land scarcity ecological stress uncertainty in shifting livelihoods and erosion of social structures. The study area was in Gikarangu Sublocation Murangs District Central Province Kenya. Most inhabitants are Kikuyu people. The region maintains links with urban centers a pattern established during the colonial past. Agricultural exports include coffee tea sisal and pyrethrum. It is concluded that the people responded to the economic and social forces based on age social class and gender. Survival strategies may conflict with traditional social structures and current legal codes and poor women face these pressures the most. Land scarcity and rapid population growth led local rural subsistence populations to adopt intensification and to seek income opportunities outside the region. The result for women is the loss of control of land for food crops and greater demands on womens labor. Women are losing independence and control over resources. Migration strategies are generally not successful because of the poor national economy. Crop selection is shifting. Womens ties to the land are eroding and with the loss of land goes the loss of womens social networks. The options for women are extremely limited without access to land. Women end up selling bananas on the roadways or selling small-scale items in urban markets. Early marriage and pregnancy or prostitution are options. Womens groups are working to make people aware of the underlying structural causes of womens conditions even though the prevailing wisdom is that womens problems are just womens issues such as low levels of education. Women must advance themselves while remaining vulnerable to the "vagaries" of international markets national decisions and traditional land policies. This chapter describes the social economic and ecological problems that are changing the lives of men and women.
This article outlines the gender dynamics that determine men and women's involvement in Alternati... more This article outlines the gender dynamics that determine men and women's involvement in Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Mechanisms in Kapsokwony, Bungoma County. It highlights that while ADR mechanisms are normally considered participatory and inclusive in Kenya, the reality however is that they remain male dominated. The study was based on a mixed research method whose methodology involved research survey, interview, and Focus Group Discussions. Findings from studies carried out across the global confirm that men continue to have upper hand over women with regards to participation in conflict resolution using ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) mechanisms for number of reasons. The situation was found not different in the context of Kapsokwony, a sub-county of Bungoma County in Kenya. This study discussed the multidimensional factors that continue to contribute to men upper hand over women in resolving conflict through ADR mechanisms.
Purpose: This article outlines the levels of participation of men and women in resolving communit... more Purpose: This article outlines the levels of participation of men and women in resolving community conflicts using Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms in Kapsokwony, Kenya. It highlights that ADR are currently considered participatory and inclusive processes to resolve community conflicts as they offer men and women a major stake in conflict resolution in society due to their roles and positions in society. Methodology: Findings across the globe confirm that when men and women equally participate in resolution of community conflicts there is increased likelihood of reaching an agreement and of the longevity of the agreement. This implies that for effective ADR, the participation of both men and women would be crucial. The study was based on a mixed research method whose methodology involved research survey, interview and Focus Group Discussions. In consideration of the fact that gender equality is strongly advocated for in conflict resolution, the study sought to establ...
The study sought to assess the effects of International Non-Governmental Organization development... more The study sought to assess the effects of International Non-Governmental Organization development programme on the social and economic lives of the rural women in Makueni county.The research employed mixed Approach (qualitative and quantitative method) and descriptive research design in data collection. The study targeted women beneficiaries in Self Help Groups (SHGs) of World Vision and ActionAid programmes and key informants such as project and government officials in Makueni County. A total sample size of 162 members were selected using various sampling techniques which included multistage, purposive, snowball and random sampling. Open and closed headed questionnaires, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) guides and interview schedules were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics and Chi square tests were done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 21) software. The study revealed that INGOs development contribution to socio-economicempowerment of women in Makueni depended on the specific program. The effect was more on some programs such as provision of water and sanitation, women awareness ontheir rights and Gender BasedViolence. However, there was low contributionto access to and control over productive resources, training on entrepreneurship and involvement of women in development projects. Generally, beneficiaries felt that the INGOs intervention programmes were inadequate in empowering women and the programs seemed to be creating more dependency among women beneficiaries hence high levels of poverty.
Basic Education Forum, 1995