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In summary, the impacts on the VECs which can be directly attributed to the development of the tr... more In summary, the impacts on the VECs which can be directly attributed to the development of the transport system are not significant. The transport system, however, functions as a key facilitator for some of the main stressors on the ecosystems of the basin. Hence, strategic development of the transport system has the potential to mitigate some of the impacts which are assessed here. Conclusions and recommendations Transport system development cause multiple environmental and social impacts. Developing the transport system for goods and passengers in the region can be a way to reduce the overall impacts from the regional transport sector and its current trend of development. The aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems with associated ecosystem services in the Lake Victoria Basin are under pressure from multiple stressors, with the predicted population growth, changes in demographic distribution, and increasing demand for resources as dominant stressors. Future rural and urban development will not occur irrespectively of access to transport and mobility. Hence, the transport system development with associated planning of infrastructure has the potential to exacerbate the impact from other stressors. Hence, impacts from transport system development should not only be seen as standalone and related to particular infrastructure, but also as a factor that is interconnected with other stressors. Therefore, regional planning of the future transport system needs integration with regional strategic planning of future land and lake use.
Norway has been an important partner for Nepal in the energy sector in the areas of development o... more Norway has been an important partner for Nepal in the energy sector in the areas of development of hydropower, power transmission lines and distribution systems. Today, there is a growing investment in generation, however, the per capita consumption is very low. The challenge now is to build capacity of transmission and distribution for increased domestic consumption, not just for lighting, but for more productive use and transitioning away from fossil fuels in transport and in cooking. We highly appreciate Norway's support in building transmission lines, substations, and distribution lines as well as in rural electrification. Also, to be mentioned, is Norway's support in preparing a distribution plan for entire Nepal; the distribution master plan is now being used as a basis for further electrification activities. We are thankful for all the support from Norway and hope that this cooperation will continue in future to provide reliable renewable energy access to all Nepali." "Nepal is a long-standing partner in Norway's development cooperation. This year we celebrate 60 years of cooperation in the energy sector. During this period, Norway has contributed NOK 1.3 billion to the energy sector in Nepal. Perhaps even more important is Norway's contribution to capacity building in Nepal's energy sector, especially in hydropower. Today, Nepal can largely depend on its own human resources with regard to the development, construction and operation of its hydropower potential. Without access to energy, there will be no economic development. Utilization of Nepal's hydropower and other renewable energy resources, also taking environmental and social issues into account, are important prerequisites for a socially inclusive economic development. Hydropower accounts for more than 95 percent of installed capacity in Nepal's electricity system. These resources are also important for combating climate change-in Nepal as well as in the region."
IFC 2021. Draft Edited by Lillehammer L. and Damhaug T. , 2021
IFC-a member of the World Bank Group-is the largest global development institution focused on the... more IFC-a member of the World Bank Group-is the largest global development institution focused on the private sector in emerging markets. We work in more than 100 countries, using our capital, expertise, and influence to create markets and opportunities in developing countries. In fiscal year 2021, IFC committed a record $31.5 billion to private companies and financial institutions in developing countries, leveraging the power of the private sector to end extreme poverty and boost shared prosperity as economies grapple with the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. For more information, visit www.ifc.org.
Hobrak K, Borgersen G, Lillehammer L and Søgaard G. NIBIO Rappot, Vol 9, Nr. 55, 2023
Integrated Watershed Management, 2010
Our study headwater ecosystem is the Lake Victoria basin of East Africa. This ecosystem holds wor... more Our study headwater ecosystem is the Lake Victoria basin of East Africa. This ecosystem holds world leading status for freshwater lake size, vertebrate diversity elaboration, species extinctions, exotic species invasions, and freshwater fishery production. It is high in elevation, the source of the Nile River, situated at the centre of the tropics, mostly enclosed by highlands and mountain ranges, and nearly a closed hydrologic system. The ecosystem is old but erratic in persistence on the scale of evolutionary time. Humans may have emerged in the basin, persisted there throughout human history, and recently increased to substantial density. However, the region remains undeveloped with meagre means of transportation, energy production, and industrial activity. Finally, this ecosystem is presently receiving heavy international development assistance including one of the largest and most costly ecosystem study programmes on earth. Lake Victoria has displayed massive ecosystem change in the relatively short three decade period thought to span an original intact system to one still foundering in unanticipated ways (Kaufman, 1992; Goldschmidt et al., 1993; Goldschmidt, 1996; Verschuren et al., 2002).
Application de nouveaux lignes directrices pour l'attribution d'effets sur les sédiments dans les... more Application de nouveaux lignes directrices pour l'attribution d'effets sur les sédiments dans les projets hydroélectriques dans le bassin de Mekong Mots-clés: exploitation, effet des barrages sur l'environnement, granulométrie, hydrologie, modèle mathématique, auscultation, envasement, ouvrage de restitution des débits, écrêtement, exploitation du réservoir, analyse de risque, érosion du lit de la rivière, affouillement, alluvionnement. 1.
Integrated Watershed Management, 2010
Integrated Watershed Management, 2010
Oriental Mindoro, located some 140 km southwest of Manila, is one of the most flood-prone provinc... more Oriental Mindoro, located some 140 km southwest of Manila, is one of the most flood-prone provinces in the Philippines. The two most prominent rivers in the Province, the Mag-asawang Tubig and Bucayao drain the central mountains and the coastal floodplains of Calapan, Naujan and Victoria municipalities. The Province has about 22% of its land area subjected to frequent flooding, by which is expected to increase. In 2005 alone, flooding caused substantial economic losses (agriculture, aquaculture and infrastructure, e.g.). As a result a Master Plan for the two rivers was finalized in 2009 that included a set of strategies and measures, identified with the stakeholders, and categorized into specific classes, namely: • Structural measures • Operational measures to improve the operation of the system • Management measures • Legal and Institutional measures. Impacts from some of the most promising structural measures were analyzed in combination as strategies, by use of a suite of models, including rainfall-runoff and hydraulic (HEC-RAS/HEC-GeoRAS) models, supported by a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The strategies were: Strategy 0 -Do Nothing Strategy; Strategy 1 -No Transfer Strategy: No transfer of water from Mag-asawang Tubig to Bucayao. Four options (1A to 1D), with different structural measures (with focus on rehabilitation of old, and construction of new dikes), were analyzed under this strategy (options 1C and 1D included also a multipurpose reservoir); Strategy 2 -Controlled Transfer Strategy: Similar to Strategy 1, however with an additional controlled transfer (20% of flood waters) from Magasawang Tubig to Bucayao. Two options were analyzed and discussed under this strategy (with (2B) and without (2A) a multipurpose reservoir); Strategy 3 -Controlled Discharge Strategy: Multipurpose reservoir in Magasawang Tubig River where the flood outflow is transferred to Bucayao River through a lateral dike system, thus only Bucayao River would need to be mitigated with extensive dikes towards the sea. The assessment of the impact of the strategies and options was based on percentage reduction in flooded areas related to Strategy 0. The 3 highest overall positive impacts on reduction in flooded areas were found in Strategy 3 (52 %), Strategy 1 -Option D (50 %) and Strategy 1 -Option B (48 %), thus also the highest estimated annual benefits related to flood mitigation. The two first also had estimated benefits from power production, due to the presence of the multipurpose reservoir. Thus 2 different alternatives were recommended: Alternative 1: A costly option with a multipurpose reservoir, the most favorable being Strategy 3. This benefits a wider array of users than the alternative below and was thus termed the IWRM Alternative. Alternative 2: A cheaper option without a multipurpose reservoir, the most favorable being Option B -Strategy 1. This alternative is more focused on flood protection as such and was termed the Flood Protection Alternative. Both alternatives were associated by a prioritized set of non-structural measures, e.g. operational, management (spatial/watershed management and environmental conservation) and legal/institutional. As such both alternatives promoted an integrative approach, the level of integration however being higher in the IWRM alternative.
In summary, the impacts on the VECs which can be directly attributed to the development of the tr... more In summary, the impacts on the VECs which can be directly attributed to the development of the transport system are not significant. The transport system, however, functions as a key facilitator for some of the main stressors on the ecosystems of the basin. Hence, strategic development of the transport system has the potential to mitigate some of the impacts which are assessed here. Conclusions and recommendations Transport system development cause multiple environmental and social impacts. Developing the transport system for goods and passengers in the region can be a way to reduce the overall impacts from the regional transport sector and its current trend of development. The aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems with associated ecosystem services in the Lake Victoria Basin are under pressure from multiple stressors, with the predicted population growth, changes in demographic distribution, and increasing demand for resources as dominant stressors. Future rural and urban development will not occur irrespectively of access to transport and mobility. Hence, the transport system development with associated planning of infrastructure has the potential to exacerbate the impact from other stressors. Hence, impacts from transport system development should not only be seen as standalone and related to particular infrastructure, but also as a factor that is interconnected with other stressors. Therefore, regional planning of the future transport system needs integration with regional strategic planning of future land and lake use.
Norway has been an important partner for Nepal in the energy sector in the areas of development o... more Norway has been an important partner for Nepal in the energy sector in the areas of development of hydropower, power transmission lines and distribution systems. Today, there is a growing investment in generation, however, the per capita consumption is very low. The challenge now is to build capacity of transmission and distribution for increased domestic consumption, not just for lighting, but for more productive use and transitioning away from fossil fuels in transport and in cooking. We highly appreciate Norway's support in building transmission lines, substations, and distribution lines as well as in rural electrification. Also, to be mentioned, is Norway's support in preparing a distribution plan for entire Nepal; the distribution master plan is now being used as a basis for further electrification activities. We are thankful for all the support from Norway and hope that this cooperation will continue in future to provide reliable renewable energy access to all Nepali." "Nepal is a long-standing partner in Norway's development cooperation. This year we celebrate 60 years of cooperation in the energy sector. During this period, Norway has contributed NOK 1.3 billion to the energy sector in Nepal. Perhaps even more important is Norway's contribution to capacity building in Nepal's energy sector, especially in hydropower. Today, Nepal can largely depend on its own human resources with regard to the development, construction and operation of its hydropower potential. Without access to energy, there will be no economic development. Utilization of Nepal's hydropower and other renewable energy resources, also taking environmental and social issues into account, are important prerequisites for a socially inclusive economic development. Hydropower accounts for more than 95 percent of installed capacity in Nepal's electricity system. These resources are also important for combating climate change-in Nepal as well as in the region."
IFC 2021. Draft Edited by Lillehammer L. and Damhaug T. , 2021
IFC-a member of the World Bank Group-is the largest global development institution focused on the... more IFC-a member of the World Bank Group-is the largest global development institution focused on the private sector in emerging markets. We work in more than 100 countries, using our capital, expertise, and influence to create markets and opportunities in developing countries. In fiscal year 2021, IFC committed a record $31.5 billion to private companies and financial institutions in developing countries, leveraging the power of the private sector to end extreme poverty and boost shared prosperity as economies grapple with the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. For more information, visit www.ifc.org.
Hobrak K, Borgersen G, Lillehammer L and Søgaard G. NIBIO Rappot, Vol 9, Nr. 55, 2023
Integrated Watershed Management, 2010
Our study headwater ecosystem is the Lake Victoria basin of East Africa. This ecosystem holds wor... more Our study headwater ecosystem is the Lake Victoria basin of East Africa. This ecosystem holds world leading status for freshwater lake size, vertebrate diversity elaboration, species extinctions, exotic species invasions, and freshwater fishery production. It is high in elevation, the source of the Nile River, situated at the centre of the tropics, mostly enclosed by highlands and mountain ranges, and nearly a closed hydrologic system. The ecosystem is old but erratic in persistence on the scale of evolutionary time. Humans may have emerged in the basin, persisted there throughout human history, and recently increased to substantial density. However, the region remains undeveloped with meagre means of transportation, energy production, and industrial activity. Finally, this ecosystem is presently receiving heavy international development assistance including one of the largest and most costly ecosystem study programmes on earth. Lake Victoria has displayed massive ecosystem change in the relatively short three decade period thought to span an original intact system to one still foundering in unanticipated ways (Kaufman, 1992; Goldschmidt et al., 1993; Goldschmidt, 1996; Verschuren et al., 2002).
Application de nouveaux lignes directrices pour l'attribution d'effets sur les sédiments dans les... more Application de nouveaux lignes directrices pour l'attribution d'effets sur les sédiments dans les projets hydroélectriques dans le bassin de Mekong Mots-clés: exploitation, effet des barrages sur l'environnement, granulométrie, hydrologie, modèle mathématique, auscultation, envasement, ouvrage de restitution des débits, écrêtement, exploitation du réservoir, analyse de risque, érosion du lit de la rivière, affouillement, alluvionnement. 1.
Integrated Watershed Management, 2010
Integrated Watershed Management, 2010
Oriental Mindoro, located some 140 km southwest of Manila, is one of the most flood-prone provinc... more Oriental Mindoro, located some 140 km southwest of Manila, is one of the most flood-prone provinces in the Philippines. The two most prominent rivers in the Province, the Mag-asawang Tubig and Bucayao drain the central mountains and the coastal floodplains of Calapan, Naujan and Victoria municipalities. The Province has about 22% of its land area subjected to frequent flooding, by which is expected to increase. In 2005 alone, flooding caused substantial economic losses (agriculture, aquaculture and infrastructure, e.g.). As a result a Master Plan for the two rivers was finalized in 2009 that included a set of strategies and measures, identified with the stakeholders, and categorized into specific classes, namely: • Structural measures • Operational measures to improve the operation of the system • Management measures • Legal and Institutional measures. Impacts from some of the most promising structural measures were analyzed in combination as strategies, by use of a suite of models, including rainfall-runoff and hydraulic (HEC-RAS/HEC-GeoRAS) models, supported by a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The strategies were: Strategy 0 -Do Nothing Strategy; Strategy 1 -No Transfer Strategy: No transfer of water from Mag-asawang Tubig to Bucayao. Four options (1A to 1D), with different structural measures (with focus on rehabilitation of old, and construction of new dikes), were analyzed under this strategy (options 1C and 1D included also a multipurpose reservoir); Strategy 2 -Controlled Transfer Strategy: Similar to Strategy 1, however with an additional controlled transfer (20% of flood waters) from Magasawang Tubig to Bucayao. Two options were analyzed and discussed under this strategy (with (2B) and without (2A) a multipurpose reservoir); Strategy 3 -Controlled Discharge Strategy: Multipurpose reservoir in Magasawang Tubig River where the flood outflow is transferred to Bucayao River through a lateral dike system, thus only Bucayao River would need to be mitigated with extensive dikes towards the sea. The assessment of the impact of the strategies and options was based on percentage reduction in flooded areas related to Strategy 0. The 3 highest overall positive impacts on reduction in flooded areas were found in Strategy 3 (52 %), Strategy 1 -Option D (50 %) and Strategy 1 -Option B (48 %), thus also the highest estimated annual benefits related to flood mitigation. The two first also had estimated benefits from power production, due to the presence of the multipurpose reservoir. Thus 2 different alternatives were recommended: Alternative 1: A costly option with a multipurpose reservoir, the most favorable being Strategy 3. This benefits a wider array of users than the alternative below and was thus termed the IWRM Alternative. Alternative 2: A cheaper option without a multipurpose reservoir, the most favorable being Option B -Strategy 1. This alternative is more focused on flood protection as such and was termed the Flood Protection Alternative. Both alternatives were associated by a prioritized set of non-structural measures, e.g. operational, management (spatial/watershed management and environmental conservation) and legal/institutional. As such both alternatives promoted an integrative approach, the level of integration however being higher in the IWRM alternative.