Lennox Siwale - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Lennox Siwale
I am greatly indebted to the joint research collaboration between Hungary/South Africa Funding (U... more I am greatly indebted to the joint research collaboration between Hungary/South Africa Funding (UID 72384) for the financial support, the NRF for the facilitation by the two universities,
Applied Energy, 2013
The effect of nanoparticle as additive in Jatropha biodiesel is experimentally investigated in a ... more The effect of nanoparticle as additive in Jatropha biodiesel is experimentally investigated in a single cylinder DI diesel engine with the aim of diluting the level of pollutants in the exhaust and for the improvement of engine performance owing to its potential advantage of high surface area to volume ratio, acting as a catalyst for the better combustion. Alumina and Cerium oxide nanoparticles are blended separately with Jatropha biodiesel at 30 parts per million and the engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics are compared with neat diesel and neat biodiesel as base fuels. For alumina blended test fuel, percentage reduction of NO emission by 9 %, Smoke opacity by 17 %, unburned hydrocarbon by 33 % and carbon monoxide by 20 % are observed along with percentage reduction of NO emission by 7 %, Smoke opacity by 20 %, unburned hydrocarbon by 28 % and carbon monoxide by 20 % for cerium oxide blended test fuel. 5 % improvement in brake thermal efficiency is observed for both the test fuels, due to its high surface area to volume ratio of nanoparticle promoting better combustion by improved atomization, better mixing of air-mixture and rapid evaporation of the fuel.
New Innovations in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 3, 2021
It is widely argued that use of petroleum is one of the biggest contributors to environment degra... more It is widely argued that use of petroleum is one of the biggest contributors to environment degradation. In this study, burning of oxygenated fuel blends in diesel and gasoline engines is investigated with particular attention to emissions. The study focus was twofold; firstly, to determine the extent by which emissions of NOx, uHC and CO are increased or reduced for various loads in BMEP. And secondly to compare the emissions between the two engines. In the gasoline engine, 20% methanol was blended with 80% gasoline (M20), while a blend of 20% n-butanol and 80% diesel (B20) was considered in the diesel engine. The gasoline engine was a naturally aspirated Suzuki RS-416 1.6L engine type and the diesel engine was a 1Z type, 1.9L Turbo-Direct injection (TDI). Results showed that NOx emissions increased with an increasing brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) for diesel fuel (DF) but was slightly lower than the blend B20 at 50 and 75% load; whereas using M20, NOx reduced in reference to gasoline fuel (GF) but was four times higher than that obtained in diesel engine. Firing B20 diminished the quality of unburned hydrocarbons (uHC) emissions in diesel engine based on the reference fuel DF. The range of emissions of uHC however was far less in the diesel engine than in the gasoline engine: 10-60 ppm and 600 to 700 ppm respectively. M20 reduced uHc concentration more than the GF above 25% BMEP. The concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) increased more for M20 than GF. Similarly, emission concentration of CO in B20 increased relative to DF. Exhaust gases temperature (EGT) was lower for all oxygenated blends, M20 and B20, than for GF and DF.
Journal of Power and Energy Engineering, 2019
The rate of electrification in rural areas in Zambia is very low, currently standing at less than... more The rate of electrification in rural areas in Zambia is very low, currently standing at less than 5% despite having abundant flowing water resources. Hydrokinetic technology is an alternative among other promising technologies for rural area electrification because of availability of abundant flowing Rivers and low population in rural settlement. In this paper, the author designed and numerically simulated a circular arc blade hydrokinetic turbine system. The design power for the horizontal axis hydrokinetic turbine was 3 kW at water velocity of 3 m/s with the tip speed ratio of 2.5, angle of attack of 10 degrees and power coefficient of 0.4. In this work, a numerical simulation was employed to characterize and develop the horizontal axis hydrokinetic turbine. The prototype circular arc blade horizontal axis hydrokinetic turbine was tested in one of stream in Zambia and the results were compared with the numerical simulation results.
Journal of Power and Energy Engineering, 2013
In this study, n-butanol-diesel blends were burned in a turbo-charged, direct injection diesel en... more In this study, n-butanol-diesel blends were burned in a turbo-charged, direct injection diesel engine where the brake thermal efficiency, (BTE) or brake specific fuel consumption, (BSFC) was compared with that of ethanol-diesel or methanol-diesel blends in another study by other authors. The test blends used were B5, B10 and B20 (where B5 is 5% n-butanol by volume and 95% diesel fuel-DF). In this study, the BTE was higher and the BSFC improved more than in the other study. Because of improved BTE with increasing brake mean effective pressure, BMEP, the BSFC reduced, however the increased shared volume of n-butanol in DF increased BSFC. Adding n-butanol in DF slightly derated the torque, brake power output with increasing speed, and caused a fall in exhaust gas temperatures, (EGT) which improves the volumetric efficiency and reduces compression work. Therefore, a small-shared volume of n-butanol in DF fired in a turbo-charged diesel engine performs better in terms of BTE and BSFC than that of ethanol or methanol blending in DF.
Fuel, 2013
h i g h l i g h t s " Regulated emissions were compared with other similar study by other authors... more h i g h l i g h t s " Regulated emissions were compared with other similar study by other authors using biodiesel blending with diesel fuel. " There was great improvement in the reduction of the emissions using a small shared volume of n-butanol with diesel fuel. " Premixed combustion phase is distinguishable and amplified suggesting an effective air-to-fuel mixing process. " We recommended the use of n-butanol/diesel blend in a turbo-charged engine without any engine modifications.
International Journal Of Petrochemical Science & Engineering, 2018
In order to reduce the effect of emissions on the environment by burning petroleum oil in engines... more In order to reduce the effect of emissions on the environment by burning petroleum oil in engines, researchers have sought out one of the solutions to be the blending of oxygenated additives with the fossil fuels. In this study n-butanol was added to a blend of methanol-gasoline fuel. The effects on Combustion and emission are reported using a single cylinder Octane rating BASF internal combustion engine. The results obtained indicated that the combustion duration reduced with increased shared volume of n-butanol in the methanol-gasoline blends. The blends used were M10, (10% methanol 90% gasoline by volume), M10:20 (10% methanol, 20% n-butanol, 70% gasoline), M20:30, M80:10. The peak pressure increased with the methanol fraction in the blend with gasoline. Unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions reduced with m80 to about 300 ppm and reduced even further with 10% n-butanol added to m80 showing that n-butanol has the effect of reducing UHC emissions when methanol fraction is above 20% in gasoline. As n-butanol was increased further by 30% in m20 (M20:30), Nox concentration did not change significantly when comparing values with the blends of m10 and M10:20
The purpose of this work was to show that kiva4 is more accurate than kiva3vr2 under different ig... more The purpose of this work was to show that kiva4 is more accurate than kiva3vr2 under different ignition timings. The numerical accuracy of kiva4 was compared with the numerical results obtained by other researchers who used kiva3vr2 as the simulation code. The combustion characteristics of gasoline under different ignition timings are obtained using the kiva4 code. For achieving this, two cases were investigated; a complete engine cycle was successfully simulated using a four-valve pent-roof engine and a comparison was made with experimental results by other researchers. At a constant speed of 600 rpm, a BASF (Badische Anilin-und Soda Fabrik) octane rating engine-single cylinder was used where ignition timing was changed in the range of 4 ̊ BTDC to 18 ̊ BTDC. Kiva4 generates more accurate results than kiva3vr2. The experimental results were more in agreement with kiva4 than kiva3vr2 results. The average temperature and pressure in kiva4 were 640 K and 16.48 bars while in kiva3vr2 we...
The use of biofuels that include n-butanol in diesel fuel (DF) is attracting attention in the sea... more The use of biofuels that include n-butanol in diesel fuel (DF) is attracting attention in the search for the reduction of emissions into the environment due to the burning of fossil fuel. The performance and combustion characteristics were evaluated in this study using blends B5, B10, and B20 (B5: 5% n-butanol and 95% DF) in a turbo-charged direct injection compression ignition engine. In the n-butanol diesel studies, a comparison was made with other studies that also included biodiesel in order to determine how suitable n-butanol-diesel blends were to use in internal combustion engines. Combustion characteristics of B20 (n-butanol 20% and 80% DF) improved when the study was compared with a similar study that included 40% biodiesel added to B20. A higher value of the standard deviation for DF than the blends was observed from the standard deviation diagram, indicating a more stable combustion process for the blends than DF. Soot reduction relative to DF at 1500 rpm at 75% load for B...
Current book evaluates the effects of oxygenated alcohol/gasoline/diesel fuel blends on performan... more Current book evaluates the effects of oxygenated alcohol/gasoline/diesel fuel blends on performance, combustion and emission characteristics in conventional reciprocating engines. On the one hand, in alcohol-gasoline blends, dual alcohols gasoline blends have not yet been sufficiently proven as suitable alternatives to single alcohol-gasoline blends in engines as far as performance is concerned. On the other hand, n-butanol-diesel, although it has a better miscibility factor in diesel than methanol or ethanol, is limited with regards to extensive application in the diesel engines due to its low cetane number. Engine performance was compared using single alcohol-gasoline and dual alcohol-gasoline blends, where the dual blends where constrained to meet the vapour issues regarding fuels and regulations. The blends were selected in terms of a combination by volume of one being higher alcohol (n-butanol) and the other, lower alcohol (methanol). The engines used for this study included a ...
The use of biofuels that include n-butanol in diesel fuel (DF) is attracting attention in the sea... more The use of biofuels that include n-butanol in diesel fuel (DF) is attracting attention in the search for the reduction of emissions into the environment due to the burning of fossil fuel. The performance and combustion characteristics were evaluated in this study using blends B5, B10, and B20 (B5: 5% n-butanol and 95% DF) in a turbo-charged direct injection compression ignition engine. In the n-butanol diesel studies, a comparison was made with other studies that also included biodiesel in order to determine how suitable n-butanol-diesel blends were to use in internal combustion engines. Combustion characteristics of B20 (n-butanol 20% and 80% DF) improved when the study was compared with a similar study that included 40% biodiesel added to B20. A higher value of the standard deviation for DF than the blends was observed from the standard deviation diagram, indicating a more stable combustion process for the blends than DF. Soot reduction relative to DF at 1500 rpm at 75% load for B...
The objective of this study was to investigate performance characteristics of a spark ignition en... more The objective of this study was to investigate performance characteristics of a spark ignition engine, particularly, the correlation between performance, exhaust gas temperature and speed, using Kiva4. Test data to validate kiva4 simulation results were conducted on a 3-cylinder, four-stroke Volkswagen (VW) Polo 6 TSI 1.2 gasoline engine. Three different tests were, therefore, carried out. In one set, variations in exhaust gas temperature were studied by varying the engine load, while keeping the engine speed constant. In another test, exhaust gas temperature variations were studied by keeping the engine at idling whilst varying the speeds. A third test involved studying variations in exhaust gas temperature under a constant load with variable engine speeds. To study variations in exhaust gas temperatures under test conditions, a basic grid/mesh generator, K3PREP, was employed to write an itape17 file comprising of a 45° asymmetrical mesh. This was based on the symmetry of the combu...
International Journal of Petrochemical Science & Engineering
It is agreed by scientists world-wide that continued burning of petroleum oils without interventi... more It is agreed by scientists world-wide that continued burning of petroleum oils without intervention is a great threat to the environment. In this study a comparison is made of the extent of emissions produced between diesel and gasoline engines using oxygenated blends. In the gasoline engine 20% methanol -80%, gasoline M20 was used. In the diesel engine, 20% n-butanol and 80% diesel B20 was the test fuel. The gasoline engine was a naturally aspirated Suzuki RS-416 1.6L engine type and the diesel type engine was a 1Z type, 1.9L Turbo-Direct injection (TDI). The results obtained were as follows: the NOx emissions increased with an increasing BMEP for Diesel Fuel (DF) but was slightly lower than the blend B20 at 50 and 75 % load; whereas using M20, Nox reduced in reference to gasoline fuel (GF) but was four times higher than that obtained in diesel engine; using B20 diminished the quality of Unburned hydrocarbons (uHc) emissions in diesel engine based on the reference fuel DF. The rang...
The purpose of this work was to show and elucidate the combustion characteristics of gasoline EN9... more The purpose of this work was to show and elucidate the combustion characteristics of gasoline EN91 in a spark ignition engine under different ignition timing. The combustion characteristics of gasoline under different ignition timing were obtained using the kiva4 code. The numerical results obtained in kiva4 were compared with the numerical results from other researchers who used kiva3vr2 as the simulation code. For achieving this, two cases were investigated; a complete engine cycle was successfully simulated using a four valve pent - roof engine and a comparison was made with experimental results by other researchers. At a constant speed of 600 rpm, a BASF (BadischeAnilin- und Soda Fabrik) octane rating engine - single cylinder was used where ignition timing was changed in the range of 40 BTDC to 180 BTDC. The temperature and pressure combustion characteristics in kiva4 and kiva3vr2 show a percentage error of 10%. The peak and average temperature and pressure under different ignit...
I am greatly indebted to the joint research collaboration between Hungary/South Africa Funding (U... more I am greatly indebted to the joint research collaboration between Hungary/South Africa Funding (UID 72384) for the financial support, the NRF for the facilitation by the two universities,
Applied Energy, 2013
The effect of nanoparticle as additive in Jatropha biodiesel is experimentally investigated in a ... more The effect of nanoparticle as additive in Jatropha biodiesel is experimentally investigated in a single cylinder DI diesel engine with the aim of diluting the level of pollutants in the exhaust and for the improvement of engine performance owing to its potential advantage of high surface area to volume ratio, acting as a catalyst for the better combustion. Alumina and Cerium oxide nanoparticles are blended separately with Jatropha biodiesel at 30 parts per million and the engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics are compared with neat diesel and neat biodiesel as base fuels. For alumina blended test fuel, percentage reduction of NO emission by 9 %, Smoke opacity by 17 %, unburned hydrocarbon by 33 % and carbon monoxide by 20 % are observed along with percentage reduction of NO emission by 7 %, Smoke opacity by 20 %, unburned hydrocarbon by 28 % and carbon monoxide by 20 % for cerium oxide blended test fuel. 5 % improvement in brake thermal efficiency is observed for both the test fuels, due to its high surface area to volume ratio of nanoparticle promoting better combustion by improved atomization, better mixing of air-mixture and rapid evaporation of the fuel.
New Innovations in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 3, 2021
It is widely argued that use of petroleum is one of the biggest contributors to environment degra... more It is widely argued that use of petroleum is one of the biggest contributors to environment degradation. In this study, burning of oxygenated fuel blends in diesel and gasoline engines is investigated with particular attention to emissions. The study focus was twofold; firstly, to determine the extent by which emissions of NOx, uHC and CO are increased or reduced for various loads in BMEP. And secondly to compare the emissions between the two engines. In the gasoline engine, 20% methanol was blended with 80% gasoline (M20), while a blend of 20% n-butanol and 80% diesel (B20) was considered in the diesel engine. The gasoline engine was a naturally aspirated Suzuki RS-416 1.6L engine type and the diesel engine was a 1Z type, 1.9L Turbo-Direct injection (TDI). Results showed that NOx emissions increased with an increasing brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) for diesel fuel (DF) but was slightly lower than the blend B20 at 50 and 75% load; whereas using M20, NOx reduced in reference to gasoline fuel (GF) but was four times higher than that obtained in diesel engine. Firing B20 diminished the quality of unburned hydrocarbons (uHC) emissions in diesel engine based on the reference fuel DF. The range of emissions of uHC however was far less in the diesel engine than in the gasoline engine: 10-60 ppm and 600 to 700 ppm respectively. M20 reduced uHc concentration more than the GF above 25% BMEP. The concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) increased more for M20 than GF. Similarly, emission concentration of CO in B20 increased relative to DF. Exhaust gases temperature (EGT) was lower for all oxygenated blends, M20 and B20, than for GF and DF.
Journal of Power and Energy Engineering, 2019
The rate of electrification in rural areas in Zambia is very low, currently standing at less than... more The rate of electrification in rural areas in Zambia is very low, currently standing at less than 5% despite having abundant flowing water resources. Hydrokinetic technology is an alternative among other promising technologies for rural area electrification because of availability of abundant flowing Rivers and low population in rural settlement. In this paper, the author designed and numerically simulated a circular arc blade hydrokinetic turbine system. The design power for the horizontal axis hydrokinetic turbine was 3 kW at water velocity of 3 m/s with the tip speed ratio of 2.5, angle of attack of 10 degrees and power coefficient of 0.4. In this work, a numerical simulation was employed to characterize and develop the horizontal axis hydrokinetic turbine. The prototype circular arc blade horizontal axis hydrokinetic turbine was tested in one of stream in Zambia and the results were compared with the numerical simulation results.
Journal of Power and Energy Engineering, 2013
In this study, n-butanol-diesel blends were burned in a turbo-charged, direct injection diesel en... more In this study, n-butanol-diesel blends were burned in a turbo-charged, direct injection diesel engine where the brake thermal efficiency, (BTE) or brake specific fuel consumption, (BSFC) was compared with that of ethanol-diesel or methanol-diesel blends in another study by other authors. The test blends used were B5, B10 and B20 (where B5 is 5% n-butanol by volume and 95% diesel fuel-DF). In this study, the BTE was higher and the BSFC improved more than in the other study. Because of improved BTE with increasing brake mean effective pressure, BMEP, the BSFC reduced, however the increased shared volume of n-butanol in DF increased BSFC. Adding n-butanol in DF slightly derated the torque, brake power output with increasing speed, and caused a fall in exhaust gas temperatures, (EGT) which improves the volumetric efficiency and reduces compression work. Therefore, a small-shared volume of n-butanol in DF fired in a turbo-charged diesel engine performs better in terms of BTE and BSFC than that of ethanol or methanol blending in DF.
Fuel, 2013
h i g h l i g h t s " Regulated emissions were compared with other similar study by other authors... more h i g h l i g h t s " Regulated emissions were compared with other similar study by other authors using biodiesel blending with diesel fuel. " There was great improvement in the reduction of the emissions using a small shared volume of n-butanol with diesel fuel. " Premixed combustion phase is distinguishable and amplified suggesting an effective air-to-fuel mixing process. " We recommended the use of n-butanol/diesel blend in a turbo-charged engine without any engine modifications.
International Journal Of Petrochemical Science & Engineering, 2018
In order to reduce the effect of emissions on the environment by burning petroleum oil in engines... more In order to reduce the effect of emissions on the environment by burning petroleum oil in engines, researchers have sought out one of the solutions to be the blending of oxygenated additives with the fossil fuels. In this study n-butanol was added to a blend of methanol-gasoline fuel. The effects on Combustion and emission are reported using a single cylinder Octane rating BASF internal combustion engine. The results obtained indicated that the combustion duration reduced with increased shared volume of n-butanol in the methanol-gasoline blends. The blends used were M10, (10% methanol 90% gasoline by volume), M10:20 (10% methanol, 20% n-butanol, 70% gasoline), M20:30, M80:10. The peak pressure increased with the methanol fraction in the blend with gasoline. Unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions reduced with m80 to about 300 ppm and reduced even further with 10% n-butanol added to m80 showing that n-butanol has the effect of reducing UHC emissions when methanol fraction is above 20% in gasoline. As n-butanol was increased further by 30% in m20 (M20:30), Nox concentration did not change significantly when comparing values with the blends of m10 and M10:20
The purpose of this work was to show that kiva4 is more accurate than kiva3vr2 under different ig... more The purpose of this work was to show that kiva4 is more accurate than kiva3vr2 under different ignition timings. The numerical accuracy of kiva4 was compared with the numerical results obtained by other researchers who used kiva3vr2 as the simulation code. The combustion characteristics of gasoline under different ignition timings are obtained using the kiva4 code. For achieving this, two cases were investigated; a complete engine cycle was successfully simulated using a four-valve pent-roof engine and a comparison was made with experimental results by other researchers. At a constant speed of 600 rpm, a BASF (Badische Anilin-und Soda Fabrik) octane rating engine-single cylinder was used where ignition timing was changed in the range of 4 ̊ BTDC to 18 ̊ BTDC. Kiva4 generates more accurate results than kiva3vr2. The experimental results were more in agreement with kiva4 than kiva3vr2 results. The average temperature and pressure in kiva4 were 640 K and 16.48 bars while in kiva3vr2 we...
The use of biofuels that include n-butanol in diesel fuel (DF) is attracting attention in the sea... more The use of biofuels that include n-butanol in diesel fuel (DF) is attracting attention in the search for the reduction of emissions into the environment due to the burning of fossil fuel. The performance and combustion characteristics were evaluated in this study using blends B5, B10, and B20 (B5: 5% n-butanol and 95% DF) in a turbo-charged direct injection compression ignition engine. In the n-butanol diesel studies, a comparison was made with other studies that also included biodiesel in order to determine how suitable n-butanol-diesel blends were to use in internal combustion engines. Combustion characteristics of B20 (n-butanol 20% and 80% DF) improved when the study was compared with a similar study that included 40% biodiesel added to B20. A higher value of the standard deviation for DF than the blends was observed from the standard deviation diagram, indicating a more stable combustion process for the blends than DF. Soot reduction relative to DF at 1500 rpm at 75% load for B...
Current book evaluates the effects of oxygenated alcohol/gasoline/diesel fuel blends on performan... more Current book evaluates the effects of oxygenated alcohol/gasoline/diesel fuel blends on performance, combustion and emission characteristics in conventional reciprocating engines. On the one hand, in alcohol-gasoline blends, dual alcohols gasoline blends have not yet been sufficiently proven as suitable alternatives to single alcohol-gasoline blends in engines as far as performance is concerned. On the other hand, n-butanol-diesel, although it has a better miscibility factor in diesel than methanol or ethanol, is limited with regards to extensive application in the diesel engines due to its low cetane number. Engine performance was compared using single alcohol-gasoline and dual alcohol-gasoline blends, where the dual blends where constrained to meet the vapour issues regarding fuels and regulations. The blends were selected in terms of a combination by volume of one being higher alcohol (n-butanol) and the other, lower alcohol (methanol). The engines used for this study included a ...
The use of biofuels that include n-butanol in diesel fuel (DF) is attracting attention in the sea... more The use of biofuels that include n-butanol in diesel fuel (DF) is attracting attention in the search for the reduction of emissions into the environment due to the burning of fossil fuel. The performance and combustion characteristics were evaluated in this study using blends B5, B10, and B20 (B5: 5% n-butanol and 95% DF) in a turbo-charged direct injection compression ignition engine. In the n-butanol diesel studies, a comparison was made with other studies that also included biodiesel in order to determine how suitable n-butanol-diesel blends were to use in internal combustion engines. Combustion characteristics of B20 (n-butanol 20% and 80% DF) improved when the study was compared with a similar study that included 40% biodiesel added to B20. A higher value of the standard deviation for DF than the blends was observed from the standard deviation diagram, indicating a more stable combustion process for the blends than DF. Soot reduction relative to DF at 1500 rpm at 75% load for B...
The objective of this study was to investigate performance characteristics of a spark ignition en... more The objective of this study was to investigate performance characteristics of a spark ignition engine, particularly, the correlation between performance, exhaust gas temperature and speed, using Kiva4. Test data to validate kiva4 simulation results were conducted on a 3-cylinder, four-stroke Volkswagen (VW) Polo 6 TSI 1.2 gasoline engine. Three different tests were, therefore, carried out. In one set, variations in exhaust gas temperature were studied by varying the engine load, while keeping the engine speed constant. In another test, exhaust gas temperature variations were studied by keeping the engine at idling whilst varying the speeds. A third test involved studying variations in exhaust gas temperature under a constant load with variable engine speeds. To study variations in exhaust gas temperatures under test conditions, a basic grid/mesh generator, K3PREP, was employed to write an itape17 file comprising of a 45° asymmetrical mesh. This was based on the symmetry of the combu...
International Journal of Petrochemical Science & Engineering
It is agreed by scientists world-wide that continued burning of petroleum oils without interventi... more It is agreed by scientists world-wide that continued burning of petroleum oils without intervention is a great threat to the environment. In this study a comparison is made of the extent of emissions produced between diesel and gasoline engines using oxygenated blends. In the gasoline engine 20% methanol -80%, gasoline M20 was used. In the diesel engine, 20% n-butanol and 80% diesel B20 was the test fuel. The gasoline engine was a naturally aspirated Suzuki RS-416 1.6L engine type and the diesel type engine was a 1Z type, 1.9L Turbo-Direct injection (TDI). The results obtained were as follows: the NOx emissions increased with an increasing BMEP for Diesel Fuel (DF) but was slightly lower than the blend B20 at 50 and 75 % load; whereas using M20, Nox reduced in reference to gasoline fuel (GF) but was four times higher than that obtained in diesel engine; using B20 diminished the quality of Unburned hydrocarbons (uHc) emissions in diesel engine based on the reference fuel DF. The rang...
The purpose of this work was to show and elucidate the combustion characteristics of gasoline EN9... more The purpose of this work was to show and elucidate the combustion characteristics of gasoline EN91 in a spark ignition engine under different ignition timing. The combustion characteristics of gasoline under different ignition timing were obtained using the kiva4 code. The numerical results obtained in kiva4 were compared with the numerical results from other researchers who used kiva3vr2 as the simulation code. For achieving this, two cases were investigated; a complete engine cycle was successfully simulated using a four valve pent - roof engine and a comparison was made with experimental results by other researchers. At a constant speed of 600 rpm, a BASF (BadischeAnilin- und Soda Fabrik) octane rating engine - single cylinder was used where ignition timing was changed in the range of 40 BTDC to 180 BTDC. The temperature and pressure combustion characteristics in kiva4 and kiva3vr2 show a percentage error of 10%. The peak and average temperature and pressure under different ignit...