Jonathan Levie - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Jonathan Levie

Research paper thumbnail of Closing the generational start-up gap

Research paper thumbnail of Towards understanding informal investors : individual factors within local communities in England across the macroeconomic cycle

Research paper thumbnail of What distinguishes social entrepreneurs from business entrepreneurs? Insights from GEM

Objectives: What sort of people become social entrepreneurs, and in what way do they differ from ... more Objectives: What sort of people become social entrepreneurs, and in what way do they differ from business entrepreneurs? This question is important for policy because there has been a shift from direct to indirect delivery of many public services, requiring a professional approach to social enterprise. Yet we know little about who sets up social enterprises. Prior work: Much prior work on social entrepreneurs has been based on small and convenience samples, and this is true in the United Kingdom as elsewhere. An exception is work based on annual UK Global Entrepreneurship monitor (GEM) surveys (e.g. Levie et al., 2006). Approach: Defining and distinguishing business from social entrepreneurs is problematic. However, inclusion of items that measured the relative importance of economic, social and environmental goals in the 2009 UK GEM survey enables us to compare business and social entrepreneurs based on two different definitions: activity-based (setting up or running a new business or any kind of social, voluntary or community activity, venture or initiative) and goals-based (setting up or running a new organisation which has mainly economic goals versus mainly social goals). We use logistic multivariate regression techniques to identify differences between business and social entrepreneurs in demographic characteristics, effort, aspiration, use of resources, industry choice, location and organisational structure, identified from a representative sample of 30,000 adults interviewed in the United Kingdom in 2009. Results: The results show that the odds of an early-stage entrepreneur being a social rather than a business entrepreneur are reduced if they are male, from an ethnic minority, if they work 10 hours or more per week on the venture, and if they ever worked in their parents business, while they are increased if they have higher levels of education and if they are a settled in-migrant to their area. Implications: These results suggest that a high proportion of social enterprise founders are part-time founders. This could be a cause for concern for policy-makers keen to shift delivery of professional services from the public sector to a professional third sector. Future surveys could test if there is a handover of control from founders to full-time managers as social enterprises mature. Value: To our knowledge, this is the first time that large representative samples of business and social entrepreneurs have been compared using multivariate analysis. This type of research complements casebased research, enabling hypotheses raised by qualitative research to be tested on representative samples of a population.

Research paper thumbnail of Institutions, entrepreneurship, and innovation : the relative contribution of entrepreneurial employees and new business owners

Research paper thumbnail of State of Small Business Britain Conference 2014 -- The Ambition Gap

Animated Film on the ambition gap in business between the UK and U

Research paper thumbnail of The reciprocal nature of organizational sponsorship: how family and non-family parent firms sponsor their spinoffs

Research paper thumbnail of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Scotland 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Entrepreneurship for Engineering students at the University of Strathclyde

Research paper thumbnail of Immigration, ethnicity and entrepreneurial behavior

Praeger Publishers eBooks, Nov 30, 2006

This chapter is concerned with the question of whether or not immigrants and members of ethnic mi... more This chapter is concerned with the question of whether or not immigrants and members of ethnic minorities behave differently than native born and ethnic majority individuals when it comes to entrepreneurship, and if so, why.

Research paper thumbnail of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor : 2009 Global Report

This 11th report in the GEM series focuses on the impact of the recession on entrepreneurship and... more This 11th report in the GEM series focuses on the impact of the recession on entrepreneurship and the extent to which entrepreneurship can help reverse a downward economic trend. Also included are: 1) a special report on global perspectives of social entrepreneurship; 2) an analysis of the impact of the recession on funding to support new businesses; and 3) updates on entrepreneurial attitudes and perceptions, entrepreneurial activity, and entrepreneurial aspirations.

Research paper thumbnail of Transnational diaspora entrepreneurship: empirical findings, policy lessons and future research opportunities

Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks, May 18, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Introduction: relevance of transnational diaspora entrepreneurship and the motivation and structure of the Research Handbook

Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks, May 18, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Global entrepreneurship and institutions: an introduction

Small Business Economics, Oct 15, 2013

The paper has two objectives. The first is to summarize the history of the GEM consortium, some o... more The paper has two objectives. The first is to summarize the history of the GEM consortium, some of the contributions that it has delivered, and some challenges and opportunities ahead.

Research paper thumbnail of Preparing for the Ultimate Customer

Research paper thumbnail of Entrepreneurship, ethnicity and migration: current trends and future directions

Abstract This chapter is concerned with the question of whether or not immigrants and members of ... more Abstract This chapter is concerned with the question of whether or not immigrants and members of ethnic minorities behave differently than native born and ethnic majority individuals when it comes to entrepreneurship, and if so, why.

Research paper thumbnail of An International Validation of the Corporate Entrepreneurship Assessment Instrument (Ceai) (Interactive Paper)

Frontiers of entrepreneurship research, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of A Four Nation Study of Entrepreneur/Banker Interaction in Young Growing Firms

Frontiers of entrepreneurship research, 1998

Research paper thumbnail of GEM UK: North West Summary 2008

Research paper thumbnail of GEM-UK-2014-Launch-Presentation-Mar-3-V2-with-video

Research paper thumbnail of High Growth Aspiration and Female Entrepreneurship in the UK: unravelling the effects of gender from business characteristics

Research paper thumbnail of Closing the generational start-up gap

Research paper thumbnail of Towards understanding informal investors : individual factors within local communities in England across the macroeconomic cycle

Research paper thumbnail of What distinguishes social entrepreneurs from business entrepreneurs? Insights from GEM

Objectives: What sort of people become social entrepreneurs, and in what way do they differ from ... more Objectives: What sort of people become social entrepreneurs, and in what way do they differ from business entrepreneurs? This question is important for policy because there has been a shift from direct to indirect delivery of many public services, requiring a professional approach to social enterprise. Yet we know little about who sets up social enterprises. Prior work: Much prior work on social entrepreneurs has been based on small and convenience samples, and this is true in the United Kingdom as elsewhere. An exception is work based on annual UK Global Entrepreneurship monitor (GEM) surveys (e.g. Levie et al., 2006). Approach: Defining and distinguishing business from social entrepreneurs is problematic. However, inclusion of items that measured the relative importance of economic, social and environmental goals in the 2009 UK GEM survey enables us to compare business and social entrepreneurs based on two different definitions: activity-based (setting up or running a new business or any kind of social, voluntary or community activity, venture or initiative) and goals-based (setting up or running a new organisation which has mainly economic goals versus mainly social goals). We use logistic multivariate regression techniques to identify differences between business and social entrepreneurs in demographic characteristics, effort, aspiration, use of resources, industry choice, location and organisational structure, identified from a representative sample of 30,000 adults interviewed in the United Kingdom in 2009. Results: The results show that the odds of an early-stage entrepreneur being a social rather than a business entrepreneur are reduced if they are male, from an ethnic minority, if they work 10 hours or more per week on the venture, and if they ever worked in their parents business, while they are increased if they have higher levels of education and if they are a settled in-migrant to their area. Implications: These results suggest that a high proportion of social enterprise founders are part-time founders. This could be a cause for concern for policy-makers keen to shift delivery of professional services from the public sector to a professional third sector. Future surveys could test if there is a handover of control from founders to full-time managers as social enterprises mature. Value: To our knowledge, this is the first time that large representative samples of business and social entrepreneurs have been compared using multivariate analysis. This type of research complements casebased research, enabling hypotheses raised by qualitative research to be tested on representative samples of a population.

Research paper thumbnail of Institutions, entrepreneurship, and innovation : the relative contribution of entrepreneurial employees and new business owners

Research paper thumbnail of State of Small Business Britain Conference 2014 -- The Ambition Gap

Animated Film on the ambition gap in business between the UK and U

Research paper thumbnail of The reciprocal nature of organizational sponsorship: how family and non-family parent firms sponsor their spinoffs

Research paper thumbnail of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Scotland 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Entrepreneurship for Engineering students at the University of Strathclyde

Research paper thumbnail of Immigration, ethnicity and entrepreneurial behavior

Praeger Publishers eBooks, Nov 30, 2006

This chapter is concerned with the question of whether or not immigrants and members of ethnic mi... more This chapter is concerned with the question of whether or not immigrants and members of ethnic minorities behave differently than native born and ethnic majority individuals when it comes to entrepreneurship, and if so, why.

Research paper thumbnail of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor : 2009 Global Report

This 11th report in the GEM series focuses on the impact of the recession on entrepreneurship and... more This 11th report in the GEM series focuses on the impact of the recession on entrepreneurship and the extent to which entrepreneurship can help reverse a downward economic trend. Also included are: 1) a special report on global perspectives of social entrepreneurship; 2) an analysis of the impact of the recession on funding to support new businesses; and 3) updates on entrepreneurial attitudes and perceptions, entrepreneurial activity, and entrepreneurial aspirations.

Research paper thumbnail of Transnational diaspora entrepreneurship: empirical findings, policy lessons and future research opportunities

Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks, May 18, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Introduction: relevance of transnational diaspora entrepreneurship and the motivation and structure of the Research Handbook

Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks, May 18, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Global entrepreneurship and institutions: an introduction

Small Business Economics, Oct 15, 2013

The paper has two objectives. The first is to summarize the history of the GEM consortium, some o... more The paper has two objectives. The first is to summarize the history of the GEM consortium, some of the contributions that it has delivered, and some challenges and opportunities ahead.

Research paper thumbnail of Preparing for the Ultimate Customer

Research paper thumbnail of Entrepreneurship, ethnicity and migration: current trends and future directions

Abstract This chapter is concerned with the question of whether or not immigrants and members of ... more Abstract This chapter is concerned with the question of whether or not immigrants and members of ethnic minorities behave differently than native born and ethnic majority individuals when it comes to entrepreneurship, and if so, why.

Research paper thumbnail of An International Validation of the Corporate Entrepreneurship Assessment Instrument (Ceai) (Interactive Paper)

Frontiers of entrepreneurship research, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of A Four Nation Study of Entrepreneur/Banker Interaction in Young Growing Firms

Frontiers of entrepreneurship research, 1998

Research paper thumbnail of GEM UK: North West Summary 2008

Research paper thumbnail of GEM-UK-2014-Launch-Presentation-Mar-3-V2-with-video

Research paper thumbnail of High Growth Aspiration and Female Entrepreneurship in the UK: unravelling the effects of gender from business characteristics