Lionel Quetel - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Lionel Quetel
Proceedings of SPIE, Feb 16, 2017
Luminescence properties of Pr3+ and Dy3+ doped GaGeSbSe(S) vitreous systems have been studied. Th... more Luminescence properties of Pr3+ and Dy3+ doped GaGeSbSe(S) vitreous systems have been studied. The synthesis process to obtain homogeneous glasses has been determined and fibers have been successfully drawn from the produced preforms and characterized. Fibers show a mid-IR luminescence matching with the CO2 absorption band at 4.3 μm and can be used in an environmental monitoring sensor for the CO2 underground storage. The luminescence and glasses properties have been investigated on bulk samples and fibers in order to improve the efficiency of an optical CO2 sensor prototype operating from high to low concentration, down to the ppm level.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Aug 1, 2023
Electronics Letters, 1999
A new method is presented for the passive temperature compensation of piezo-tunable fibre Bragg g... more A new method is presented for the passive temperature compensation of piezo-tunable fibre Bragg gratings using the negative thermal expansion coefficient of the low voltage piezoelectric ceramic. A centre wavelength shift of only 0.5pm/K over a wide range from-10 to 60 ° C has been shown experimentally. Federal Ministry of Education and Research, KomNet contract 01-BP-812/0.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Jul 4, 2022
AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, Dec 1, 2018
Submarine telecom cables criss-cross the oceans, connecting islands to continents and providing i... more Submarine telecom cables criss-cross the oceans, connecting islands to continents and providing internet, financial and media services to consumers all around the world. Laser reflectometry as well as other optical techniques can potentially transform the optical fibers in these cables into sensors which can detect vibrations and ground motion from earthquakes, ocean waves, currents as well as permanent deformation of the seafloor. The goal of the ERC (European Research Council) funded project - FOCUS is to apply laser reflectometry on submarine fiber optic cables to detect deformation at the seafloor using BOTDR (Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry). This technique is commonly used monitoring large-scale engineering infrastructures (e.g. - bridges, dams, pipelines, etc.) and can measure very small strains (<< 1 mm/m) at very large distances (10 - 200 km), but until now has never been used to study movements at the seafloor. Within the framework of the FOCUS project, a...
Structural Health Monitoring-an International Journal, 2013
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), May 19, 2022
&lt;p&gt;On the 13th December 2020, a Strombolian eruption occurred on Mount Etna... more &lt;p&gt;On the 13th December 2020, a Strombolian eruption occurred on Mount Etna. We present a study of the temporal and spatial variation of strain measured at the underwater base of volcano during this event.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;As part of the FOCUS project, a BOTDR (Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry) interrogator has been connected to the INFN-LNS ( Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Laboratori Nazionali del Sud) fibre optic cable that extends from the port of Catania 25km offshore to TTS (Test Site South) in a water depth of 2km. This interrogator has been continuously recording the relative strain changes at 2m spacing along the length of the cable every 2 hrs since May 2020.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;On preliminary analysis, a change in strain is observed at the around the time of the eruption, however this variation occurs close to the shore where seasonal variations in water temperatures are in the order of 5&lt;strong&gt;&amp;#176;&lt;/strong&gt;C. As Brillouin frequency shifts are caused by both temperature and strain variations, it is necessary to remove this effect. To do so, numerical simulations of seasonal sea temperature specific to offshore Catania have used to estimate the change in temperature along the cable. This temperature change is then converted to a Brillouin frequency shift and removed from the frequency shift recorded by the interrogator before being converted to relative strain measurements. This processing produces a strain signature that is consistent with deformation observed by nearby geodetic stations on land.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The goal of the ERC (European Research Council) funded project - FOCUS i... more &lt;p&gt;The goal of the ERC (European Research Council) funded project - FOCUS is to apply laser reflectometry on submarine fiber optic cables to detect deformation at the seafloor in real time using BOTDR (Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry). This technique is commonly used monitoring large-scale engineering infrastructures (e.g. - bridges, dams, pipelines, etc.) and can measure very small strains (&lt;&lt; 1 mm/m) at very large distances (10 - 200 km), but until now has never been used to study tectonic faults and deformation on the seafloor.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here, we report that BOTDR measurements detected movement at the seafloor consistent with &amp;#8805;1 cm dextral strike-slip on the North Alfeo fault, 25 km offshore Catania, Sicily over the past 10 months. In Oct. 2020 a dedicated 6-km long fiber-optic strain cable was connected to the INFN-LNS (Catania physics institute) cabled seafloor observatory at 2060 m depth and deployed across this submarine fault, thus providing continuous monitoring of seafloor deformation at a spatial resolution of 2 m. The laser observations indicate significant elongation (20 - 40 microstrain) at two fault crossings, with most of the movement occurring between 19 and 21 Nov. 2020. A network of 8 seafloor geodetic stations for direct path measurements was also deployed in Oct. 2020, on both sides of the fault to provide an independent measure of relative seafloor movements. These positioning data are being downloaded during ongoing oceanographic expeditions to the working area (Aug. 2021 R/V Tethys; Jan. 2022 R/V PourquoiPas) using an acoustic modem to communicate with the stations on the seafloor. An additional experiment was performed in Sept. 2021 using an ROV on the Fugro vessel Handin Tide, by weighing down unburied portions of the submarine cable with pellet bags and sandbags (~25kg each) spaced every 5m. The response was observed simultaneously by DAS (Distributed Acoustic Sensing) recordings using two DAS interrogators (a Febus and a Silixa). The strain caused by the bag deployments was observed using BOTDR and typically produced a 50 - 100 microstrain signal across the 120 meter-long segments which were weighed down. In Jan. 2022 during the FocusX2 marine expedition, 21 ocean bottom seismometers were deployed for 12-14 months, which together with 15 temporary land-stations as well as the existing network of permanent stations (both operated by INGV) will allow us to perform a regional land-sea passive seismological monitoring experiment.&lt;/p&gt;
Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2015
The Dy 3+ doped Ga 5 Ge 20 Sb 10 S 65 bulk glass provides good emission efficiency in the middle ... more The Dy 3+ doped Ga 5 Ge 20 Sb 10 S 65 bulk glass provides good emission efficiency in the middle infrared with a better brightness than the blackbody sources. Sulfide single index fibers doped with Dy 3+ (500-3000 ppm) were drawn with optical attenuation of about 1-3dB/m, suitable to develop fluorescence sources for chemical analysis by optical absorption in middle infrared. They particularly present a broad emission around 4-5µm, making them attractive for CO 2 detection. Considering the low cost and efficient Dy 3+ pumping scheme by means of a commercial laser diode, the Dy 3+ sulfide fiber reveals potential for developing a CO 2 optical sensor. Using the 4.35µm broad emission of a Dy 3+ doped Ga 5 Ge 20 Sb 10 S 65 fiber combined with a differential measurement technique, the CO 2 gas concentration measurement was carried out fruitfully. For this specific application, the CO 2 detection threshold was fixed at about 400 ppm corresponding to atmospheric concentration and was successfully reached for a cell length of 1.5 cm with a resolution of about 5%. The sensitivity of the setup is mainly related to the size of the cell, deliberately reduced to develop a robust and compact system for natural geological sites.
Optical Fiber Technology, 1997
ABSTRACT We propose a new technique for producing UV-induced chirped fiber Bragg gratings for dis... more ABSTRACT We propose a new technique for producing UV-induced chirped fiber Bragg gratings for dispersion compensation by using a standard unchirped phase mask. The realization of apodised chirped Bragg gratings with a controlled bandwidth and a linear time delay characteristic is reported. These devices have been used to compensate for dispersion in a 150-km-long link (non-dispersion-shifted fiber) operating at a 10 Gbit/s transmission rate in the 1.55-μm band.
Fiber and Integrated Optics, 2008
ABSTRACT
17th International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors, 2005
This paper reports on the design and realization of a new optical fibre sensor body meant for emb... more This paper reports on the design and realization of a new optical fibre sensor body meant for embedding distributed optical fibre sensors into concrete. We have carried out a finite element analysis which shows that the proposed wave-like sensor enables continuous bonding between optical fibre and concrete, symmetrical response in traction and compression whatever the contact conditions may be. The stiffness of the optical fibre can so be adapted to the concrete, which reduces strain concentrations and need for a theoretical calibration factor. Experimental validations are carried out, showing that despite its wave-shape, the proposed sensor body does not introduce any losses or strain that would result from fibre macrobendings. The process of realization is very cheap, thus dedicated to distributed sensors. We have realized optical fibre extensometers based on this technique and on low-coherence interferometry method for the measurements, including an original approach of thermal effect compensation. Preliminary results are very encouraging.
Smart Materials and Structures, 2006
We propose a composite-made wave-like sensor body that enables continuous bonding between optical... more We propose a composite-made wave-like sensor body that enables continuous bonding between optical fibre and concrete. Finite element analysis shows that the stiffness of the optical fibre can be adapted to that of the concrete, reducing the strain concentrations and ...
IEEE Sensors Journal, 2008
Abstract We present a novel concept of quasi-distributed flexible optical fiber extensometers ful... more Abstract We present a novel concept of quasi-distributed flexible optical fiber extensometers fully compensated from thermal variations. Developed for structural health monitoring applications, the sensors are composed of a combination of intrinsic Fabry-Perot cavities ...
Nous proposons une microlentille à faisceau expansé en connecteur standard utile pour des applica... more Nous proposons une microlentille à faisceau expansé en connecteur standard utile pour des applications capteurs à fibre monomode en environnement sévère. Ce connecteur offre de faibles pertes d'insertion de la bande O à la bande C, de faibles réflexions et des tolérances de positionnement relâchées par rapport à une connectique monomode.
We propose an expanded beam micro lens in standard single mode connectors, compliant with harsh e... more We propose an expanded beam micro lens in standard single mode connectors, compliant with harsh environment connections. Low Insertion loss, high return loss and relaxed alignment tolerances compared with Single Mode Fiber (SMF) are demonstrated in C and O band. We give one example of harsh environment optical fiber sensor applications.
We demonstrate the interest of expanded beam microlenses (around 55µm of mode field diameter) to ... more We demonstrate the interest of expanded beam microlenses (around 55µm of mode field diameter) to relax positioning tolerances and to decrease reflectance in single mode fiber to fiber interconnexions. We also point out the interest of micro-lenses of very small mode field diameter (around 2 µm) to improve coupling efficiency in specialty fibers and integrated waveguides for non linear effects based functions and for sensors applications at a wavelength of 1.55 µm.
Proceedings of SPIE, Feb 16, 2017
Luminescence properties of Pr3+ and Dy3+ doped GaGeSbSe(S) vitreous systems have been studied. Th... more Luminescence properties of Pr3+ and Dy3+ doped GaGeSbSe(S) vitreous systems have been studied. The synthesis process to obtain homogeneous glasses has been determined and fibers have been successfully drawn from the produced preforms and characterized. Fibers show a mid-IR luminescence matching with the CO2 absorption band at 4.3 μm and can be used in an environmental monitoring sensor for the CO2 underground storage. The luminescence and glasses properties have been investigated on bulk samples and fibers in order to improve the efficiency of an optical CO2 sensor prototype operating from high to low concentration, down to the ppm level.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Aug 1, 2023
Electronics Letters, 1999
A new method is presented for the passive temperature compensation of piezo-tunable fibre Bragg g... more A new method is presented for the passive temperature compensation of piezo-tunable fibre Bragg gratings using the negative thermal expansion coefficient of the low voltage piezoelectric ceramic. A centre wavelength shift of only 0.5pm/K over a wide range from-10 to 60 ° C has been shown experimentally. Federal Ministry of Education and Research, KomNet contract 01-BP-812/0.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Jul 4, 2022
AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, Dec 1, 2018
Submarine telecom cables criss-cross the oceans, connecting islands to continents and providing i... more Submarine telecom cables criss-cross the oceans, connecting islands to continents and providing internet, financial and media services to consumers all around the world. Laser reflectometry as well as other optical techniques can potentially transform the optical fibers in these cables into sensors which can detect vibrations and ground motion from earthquakes, ocean waves, currents as well as permanent deformation of the seafloor. The goal of the ERC (European Research Council) funded project - FOCUS is to apply laser reflectometry on submarine fiber optic cables to detect deformation at the seafloor using BOTDR (Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry). This technique is commonly used monitoring large-scale engineering infrastructures (e.g. - bridges, dams, pipelines, etc.) and can measure very small strains (<< 1 mm/m) at very large distances (10 - 200 km), but until now has never been used to study movements at the seafloor. Within the framework of the FOCUS project, a...
Structural Health Monitoring-an International Journal, 2013
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), May 19, 2022
&lt;p&gt;On the 13th December 2020, a Strombolian eruption occurred on Mount Etna... more &lt;p&gt;On the 13th December 2020, a Strombolian eruption occurred on Mount Etna. We present a study of the temporal and spatial variation of strain measured at the underwater base of volcano during this event.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;As part of the FOCUS project, a BOTDR (Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry) interrogator has been connected to the INFN-LNS ( Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Laboratori Nazionali del Sud) fibre optic cable that extends from the port of Catania 25km offshore to TTS (Test Site South) in a water depth of 2km. This interrogator has been continuously recording the relative strain changes at 2m spacing along the length of the cable every 2 hrs since May 2020.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;On preliminary analysis, a change in strain is observed at the around the time of the eruption, however this variation occurs close to the shore where seasonal variations in water temperatures are in the order of 5&lt;strong&gt;&amp;#176;&lt;/strong&gt;C. As Brillouin frequency shifts are caused by both temperature and strain variations, it is necessary to remove this effect. To do so, numerical simulations of seasonal sea temperature specific to offshore Catania have used to estimate the change in temperature along the cable. This temperature change is then converted to a Brillouin frequency shift and removed from the frequency shift recorded by the interrogator before being converted to relative strain measurements. This processing produces a strain signature that is consistent with deformation observed by nearby geodetic stations on land.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The goal of the ERC (European Research Council) funded project - FOCUS i... more &lt;p&gt;The goal of the ERC (European Research Council) funded project - FOCUS is to apply laser reflectometry on submarine fiber optic cables to detect deformation at the seafloor in real time using BOTDR (Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry). This technique is commonly used monitoring large-scale engineering infrastructures (e.g. - bridges, dams, pipelines, etc.) and can measure very small strains (&lt;&lt; 1 mm/m) at very large distances (10 - 200 km), but until now has never been used to study tectonic faults and deformation on the seafloor.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here, we report that BOTDR measurements detected movement at the seafloor consistent with &amp;#8805;1 cm dextral strike-slip on the North Alfeo fault, 25 km offshore Catania, Sicily over the past 10 months. In Oct. 2020 a dedicated 6-km long fiber-optic strain cable was connected to the INFN-LNS (Catania physics institute) cabled seafloor observatory at 2060 m depth and deployed across this submarine fault, thus providing continuous monitoring of seafloor deformation at a spatial resolution of 2 m. The laser observations indicate significant elongation (20 - 40 microstrain) at two fault crossings, with most of the movement occurring between 19 and 21 Nov. 2020. A network of 8 seafloor geodetic stations for direct path measurements was also deployed in Oct. 2020, on both sides of the fault to provide an independent measure of relative seafloor movements. These positioning data are being downloaded during ongoing oceanographic expeditions to the working area (Aug. 2021 R/V Tethys; Jan. 2022 R/V PourquoiPas) using an acoustic modem to communicate with the stations on the seafloor. An additional experiment was performed in Sept. 2021 using an ROV on the Fugro vessel Handin Tide, by weighing down unburied portions of the submarine cable with pellet bags and sandbags (~25kg each) spaced every 5m. The response was observed simultaneously by DAS (Distributed Acoustic Sensing) recordings using two DAS interrogators (a Febus and a Silixa). The strain caused by the bag deployments was observed using BOTDR and typically produced a 50 - 100 microstrain signal across the 120 meter-long segments which were weighed down. In Jan. 2022 during the FocusX2 marine expedition, 21 ocean bottom seismometers were deployed for 12-14 months, which together with 15 temporary land-stations as well as the existing network of permanent stations (both operated by INGV) will allow us to perform a regional land-sea passive seismological monitoring experiment.&lt;/p&gt;
Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2015
The Dy 3+ doped Ga 5 Ge 20 Sb 10 S 65 bulk glass provides good emission efficiency in the middle ... more The Dy 3+ doped Ga 5 Ge 20 Sb 10 S 65 bulk glass provides good emission efficiency in the middle infrared with a better brightness than the blackbody sources. Sulfide single index fibers doped with Dy 3+ (500-3000 ppm) were drawn with optical attenuation of about 1-3dB/m, suitable to develop fluorescence sources for chemical analysis by optical absorption in middle infrared. They particularly present a broad emission around 4-5µm, making them attractive for CO 2 detection. Considering the low cost and efficient Dy 3+ pumping scheme by means of a commercial laser diode, the Dy 3+ sulfide fiber reveals potential for developing a CO 2 optical sensor. Using the 4.35µm broad emission of a Dy 3+ doped Ga 5 Ge 20 Sb 10 S 65 fiber combined with a differential measurement technique, the CO 2 gas concentration measurement was carried out fruitfully. For this specific application, the CO 2 detection threshold was fixed at about 400 ppm corresponding to atmospheric concentration and was successfully reached for a cell length of 1.5 cm with a resolution of about 5%. The sensitivity of the setup is mainly related to the size of the cell, deliberately reduced to develop a robust and compact system for natural geological sites.
Optical Fiber Technology, 1997
ABSTRACT We propose a new technique for producing UV-induced chirped fiber Bragg gratings for dis... more ABSTRACT We propose a new technique for producing UV-induced chirped fiber Bragg gratings for dispersion compensation by using a standard unchirped phase mask. The realization of apodised chirped Bragg gratings with a controlled bandwidth and a linear time delay characteristic is reported. These devices have been used to compensate for dispersion in a 150-km-long link (non-dispersion-shifted fiber) operating at a 10 Gbit/s transmission rate in the 1.55-μm band.
Fiber and Integrated Optics, 2008
ABSTRACT
17th International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors, 2005
This paper reports on the design and realization of a new optical fibre sensor body meant for emb... more This paper reports on the design and realization of a new optical fibre sensor body meant for embedding distributed optical fibre sensors into concrete. We have carried out a finite element analysis which shows that the proposed wave-like sensor enables continuous bonding between optical fibre and concrete, symmetrical response in traction and compression whatever the contact conditions may be. The stiffness of the optical fibre can so be adapted to the concrete, which reduces strain concentrations and need for a theoretical calibration factor. Experimental validations are carried out, showing that despite its wave-shape, the proposed sensor body does not introduce any losses or strain that would result from fibre macrobendings. The process of realization is very cheap, thus dedicated to distributed sensors. We have realized optical fibre extensometers based on this technique and on low-coherence interferometry method for the measurements, including an original approach of thermal effect compensation. Preliminary results are very encouraging.
Smart Materials and Structures, 2006
We propose a composite-made wave-like sensor body that enables continuous bonding between optical... more We propose a composite-made wave-like sensor body that enables continuous bonding between optical fibre and concrete. Finite element analysis shows that the stiffness of the optical fibre can be adapted to that of the concrete, reducing the strain concentrations and ...
IEEE Sensors Journal, 2008
Abstract We present a novel concept of quasi-distributed flexible optical fiber extensometers ful... more Abstract We present a novel concept of quasi-distributed flexible optical fiber extensometers fully compensated from thermal variations. Developed for structural health monitoring applications, the sensors are composed of a combination of intrinsic Fabry-Perot cavities ...
Nous proposons une microlentille à faisceau expansé en connecteur standard utile pour des applica... more Nous proposons une microlentille à faisceau expansé en connecteur standard utile pour des applications capteurs à fibre monomode en environnement sévère. Ce connecteur offre de faibles pertes d'insertion de la bande O à la bande C, de faibles réflexions et des tolérances de positionnement relâchées par rapport à une connectique monomode.
We propose an expanded beam micro lens in standard single mode connectors, compliant with harsh e... more We propose an expanded beam micro lens in standard single mode connectors, compliant with harsh environment connections. Low Insertion loss, high return loss and relaxed alignment tolerances compared with Single Mode Fiber (SMF) are demonstrated in C and O band. We give one example of harsh environment optical fiber sensor applications.
We demonstrate the interest of expanded beam microlenses (around 55µm of mode field diameter) to ... more We demonstrate the interest of expanded beam microlenses (around 55µm of mode field diameter) to relax positioning tolerances and to decrease reflectance in single mode fiber to fiber interconnexions. We also point out the interest of micro-lenses of very small mode field diameter (around 2 µm) to improve coupling efficiency in specialty fibers and integrated waveguides for non linear effects based functions and for sensors applications at a wavelength of 1.55 µm.