Louis Moreau - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Louis Moreau

EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Apr 1, 2012

A complete Fourier-transform spectrometer simulator is described. It simulates a single mirror sw... more A complete Fourier-transform spectrometer simulator is described. It simulates a single mirror sweep. This simulator is designed to test the signal chain of IASI but it is generic enough to simulate most scanning FTS.

We present the design and the test results of the interferometer for the GOSAT-2 sensor, a succes... more We present the design and the test results of the interferometer for the GOSAT-2 sensor, a successor of the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite launched in 2009 by Japan. Comparison to GOSAT-1 will be made.

ABSTRACT A concept for a small broadband Fourier transform spectrometer mounted on a surface plat... more ABSTRACT A concept for a small broadband Fourier transform spectrometer mounted on a surface platform such as rover for a lunar exploration mission is presented. The characteristics and performance of the instrument are given.

Proceedings of SPIE, Apr 8, 2003

The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) is a Fourier-Transform Spectrometer (FTS)... more The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) is a Fourier-Transform Spectrometer (FTS) that will be launched on the European METOP meteorological platform. IASI is to be used operationally to derive vertical profiles of temperature, humidity and composition of the atmosphere. This paper describes the IASI simulator model (ISM) developed in order to generate realistic instrument data measurements needed to test the signal processing algorithms as well as test performance improvement and measurement software. The simulator takes as input an atmospheric or calibration scene and a detailed description of the instrument parameters and produces a realistic sampled interferogram out of the Analog to Digital Converter (ADC). The instrument model includes all FTS relevant optical, mechanical and electronic phenomena such as: self-emission, double modulation, spectrum channel, position and time-dependent shear, position and time-dependent tilt, speed fluctuations, finite field of view, chromatism, noise, detector non-linearity, sampling laser wavelength and power fluctuations, etc. Both the science and the metrology signals are simulated. The validated models come from the heritage of a simulator developed 8 years ago for the ESA Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) that have evolved with various internal projects. A software tool coded in JAVA-2 and running on Windows based system integrates all the models. A graphical user-interface allows the edition of input parameters, the generation of intermediary results (modulation efficient, Instrument Line Shape (ILS), spectral power on the detector, etc.) and the visualization of results.

Fourier Transform Spectroscopy, 2003

A passive method to detect and quantify chemical vapors based on a dual beams FTS named CATSI wil... more A passive method to detect and quantify chemical vapors based on a dual beams FTS named CATSI will be presented. The instrument automatically removes the background signal to improve the detection efficiency.

CubeSats and SmallSats for Remote Sensing VI

International Conference on Space Optics — ICSO 2010, 2018

International Conference on Space Optics — ICSO 2014, 2017

OSA Optical Sensors and Sensing Congress 2021 (AIS, FTS, HISE, SENSORS, ES), 2021

An imaging FTS was developed and tested in the laboratory (TRL 4). It will be upgraded to fly on ... more An imaging FTS was developed and tested in the laboratory (TRL 4). It will be upgraded to fly on a stratospheric balloon in August 2022 to demonstrate the measurement strategy for the Arctic Observing Mission.

Proceedings of SPIE, Apr 23, 2010

ABB Bomem is expanding its line of infrared remote sensing products with the addition of a new mu... more ABB Bomem is expanding its line of infrared remote sensing products with the addition of a new multipixel imaging spectroradiometer. This hyperspectral instrument is based on the proven MR spectroradiometers. The instrument is modular and support several configurations. One of its configurations is optimised for differential acquisition in the VLWIR (cut-off near 14 mum) to support research related to the

Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Jun 1, 1997

ABSTRACT Pour simuler la dépendance bidirectionnelle de la réflectance, l'utilisation de ... more ABSTRACT Pour simuler la dépendance bidirectionnelle de la réflectance, l'utilisation de modèles bidirectionnels paramétriques (MBP) linéaires est de plus en plus courante. Cette étude est une évaluation de différents MBP effectuée en utilisant des données bidirectionnelles de réflectance de surface obtenues à l'aide d'un instrument appelé PARABOLA. Plusieurs essais ont été effectués en ajustant les MBP aux données de réflectance disponibles sur un domaine angulaire limité et non-limité, pour un angle zénithal solaire (AZS) fixe et variable, à la surface terrestre ainsi qu'au sommet de l'atmosphère. La performance de chacun des MBP est évaluée en comparant la corrélation entre la réflectance bidirectionnelle obtenue à partir des observations et celle simulée par les MBP de même qu'en comparant les albédos correspondants. Cette performance varie de façon considérable entre les MBP lorsque l'on restreint l'échantillonnage au plan principal. Lorsque les échantillons sont distribués sur le domaine angulaire complet, la plupart des MBP donnent un bon estimé de Valbédo; les erreurs relatives étant inférieures à 10%. Cependant, la dépendance bidirectionnelle simulée peut être très différente de la dépendance observée même si Valbédo simulé est bon. Des erreurs modérées se produisent lorsqu'un MBP ajusté pour un AZS spécifique est par la suite appliqué à d'autres AZS. La majorité des MBP performent mieux avec les données prises au sommet de l'atmosphère plutôt qu'au niveau du sol. La meilleure performance, pour le site à l'étude, a été obtenue en combinant l'équation paramétrique de Roujean et al. pour la diffusion de surface avec l'équation paramétrique de Ross pour la diffusion volumique. Cette combinaison permet d'obtenir des valeurs d'albédo ayant une erreur relative de seulement 2%.

Remote Sensing of Environment, Mar 1, 1996

... The adrantatze of this approach is that APAR,~,, can be deter-mined more accurately and readi... more ... The adrantatze of this approach is that APAR,~,, can be deter-mined more accurately and readily than PAB,~,,:I, while the determination of RPAB is as accurate as that of FPAR frith the same difficulties. ... The traditional and new methods for determining APAR .... ...

Remote Sensing of Environment, Mar 1, 1996

The amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) absorbed by canopy (APARCAN) is essential... more The amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) absorbed by canopy (APARCAN) is essential to the productivity of vegetation. Monitoring APARCAN from space has been achieved through the retrievals of two quantities, namely, the PAR incident at the surface (PARSFC↓) and the fraction of PAR intercepted by the canopy, FPAR. We propose a new approach that splits APARCAN into the PAR absorbed in the surface layer below the top of the canopy (APARSFC) and the ratio of APARCAN / APARSFC, RPAR. The method is introduced in two parts. Part I develops a simple parameterization that retrieves APARSFC more readily and accurately than PARSFC↓. Part II, presented in this paper, deals with the retrieval of RPAR. It is shown that RPAR can be derived as accurately and readily as FPAR. Hence, it is envisaged that the new approach offers an easier and more accurate means of estimating APARCAN than the traditional one. As an investigation tool, a one-dimensional multistream and multilayer model of canopy radiative transfer is first formulated. Extensive canopy modeling is conducted with input parameters of large ranges to represent a variety of canopies and ground conditions. For vegetated land, RPAR is found to correlate well with FPAR and thus RPAR can be estimated from FPAR. RPAR is also related with the surface vegetation indices (VIs) such as NDVI, SAVI, and DVI. The relationships between RPAR and VIs are driven by the changes in leaf area index. They are not sensitive to the solar zenith angle and the fractions of direct and diffuse radiation, but to the optical properties of the canopy. The models for inferring RPAR from various VIs are given, together with the correction models to account for the dependencies of RPAR on time and cloud cover.

Journal of Applied Meteorology, May 1, 1996

SPECTRA (Surface Processes and Ecosystem Changes Through Response Analysis) is one of the three c... more SPECTRA (Surface Processes and Ecosystem Changes Through Response Analysis) is one of the three candidate missions which is being proposed for implementation in theSA Earth Ex plorerrogram of research oriented missions. Its mission is dedicated to the assessment of a number of essential key vegetation variables especially those used in up- scaling from sites to globe (fractional vegetation cover, albedo, LAI, leaf chlorophyll content…). The mission is centred on the regular observation of terrestrial sites. At each fly-by, a site is acquired seven times with different along track incidence angles. SPECTRA satellite will embark an optical hyperspectral payload covering the solar spectral range (0.4 to 2.4 µm) and Thermal IR region (10.3 to 12.3 µm). For the purpose of the SPECTRA Phase A study, an image simulator has been developed by Alcatel Space and ABB Bomem in order to assess the compliance of the architecture with system and scientific requirements. After a description of the SPECTRA Mission, this article presents the hyperspectral image simulator and exhibits some results.

Canadian Aeronautics and Space Journal, Aug 1, 2009

The generation of daily weather forecasts relies to a large extent on the use of data from dedica... more The generation of daily weather forecasts relies to a large extent on the use of data from dedicated satellites. In recent years, several programs have been targeted at improving the sensors providing weather forecast data, both in polar and geostationary orbits. As part of the US National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS), the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) is the new generation of sounding instruments providing vertical profiles from polar orbits of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and humidity. ABB Analytical has developed the interferometer module and the internal calibration target for the CrIS sensor. An overview of these contributions is presented. The Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) is meant to be the next generation of US weather sounders from geostationary orbits. In Europe, the Meteosat Third Generation will also make use of an improved infrared sounder, the IRS. ABB Analytical has developed a generic interferometer module suitable for these two p...

IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1996

The objectives of this paper are to analyze the bidirectional effects of satellite data over six ... more The objectives of this paper are to analyze the bidirectional effects of satellite data over six land-cover types in northern regions, and to test a method for the routine correction of these effects. Analyses and corrections were carried out with both single-day and 10-day composite data obtained by the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) from central Canada acquired in

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 1997

ABB has recently designed a compact, low-cost and light weight infrared spectral imager. That ins... more ABB has recently designed a compact, low-cost and light weight infrared spectral imager. That instrument re-use many building blocks from ABB’s commercial line of products, repackaged in a system adapted for field operations. That instrument incorporates limited imaging capacity in order to improve the fill factor and the signal to clutter ratio when the target is not spatially uniform. The current version operates in the long-wave infrared from 6 μm to 14 μm. Its main applications include chemical detection and identification, environmental monitoring and LWIR infrared signature measurements.

EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Apr 1, 2012

A complete Fourier-transform spectrometer simulator is described. It simulates a single mirror sw... more A complete Fourier-transform spectrometer simulator is described. It simulates a single mirror sweep. This simulator is designed to test the signal chain of IASI but it is generic enough to simulate most scanning FTS.

We present the design and the test results of the interferometer for the GOSAT-2 sensor, a succes... more We present the design and the test results of the interferometer for the GOSAT-2 sensor, a successor of the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite launched in 2009 by Japan. Comparison to GOSAT-1 will be made.

ABSTRACT A concept for a small broadband Fourier transform spectrometer mounted on a surface plat... more ABSTRACT A concept for a small broadband Fourier transform spectrometer mounted on a surface platform such as rover for a lunar exploration mission is presented. The characteristics and performance of the instrument are given.

Proceedings of SPIE, Apr 8, 2003

The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) is a Fourier-Transform Spectrometer (FTS)... more The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) is a Fourier-Transform Spectrometer (FTS) that will be launched on the European METOP meteorological platform. IASI is to be used operationally to derive vertical profiles of temperature, humidity and composition of the atmosphere. This paper describes the IASI simulator model (ISM) developed in order to generate realistic instrument data measurements needed to test the signal processing algorithms as well as test performance improvement and measurement software. The simulator takes as input an atmospheric or calibration scene and a detailed description of the instrument parameters and produces a realistic sampled interferogram out of the Analog to Digital Converter (ADC). The instrument model includes all FTS relevant optical, mechanical and electronic phenomena such as: self-emission, double modulation, spectrum channel, position and time-dependent shear, position and time-dependent tilt, speed fluctuations, finite field of view, chromatism, noise, detector non-linearity, sampling laser wavelength and power fluctuations, etc. Both the science and the metrology signals are simulated. The validated models come from the heritage of a simulator developed 8 years ago for the ESA Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) that have evolved with various internal projects. A software tool coded in JAVA-2 and running on Windows based system integrates all the models. A graphical user-interface allows the edition of input parameters, the generation of intermediary results (modulation efficient, Instrument Line Shape (ILS), spectral power on the detector, etc.) and the visualization of results.

Fourier Transform Spectroscopy, 2003

A passive method to detect and quantify chemical vapors based on a dual beams FTS named CATSI wil... more A passive method to detect and quantify chemical vapors based on a dual beams FTS named CATSI will be presented. The instrument automatically removes the background signal to improve the detection efficiency.

CubeSats and SmallSats for Remote Sensing VI

International Conference on Space Optics — ICSO 2010, 2018

International Conference on Space Optics — ICSO 2014, 2017

OSA Optical Sensors and Sensing Congress 2021 (AIS, FTS, HISE, SENSORS, ES), 2021

An imaging FTS was developed and tested in the laboratory (TRL 4). It will be upgraded to fly on ... more An imaging FTS was developed and tested in the laboratory (TRL 4). It will be upgraded to fly on a stratospheric balloon in August 2022 to demonstrate the measurement strategy for the Arctic Observing Mission.

Proceedings of SPIE, Apr 23, 2010

ABB Bomem is expanding its line of infrared remote sensing products with the addition of a new mu... more ABB Bomem is expanding its line of infrared remote sensing products with the addition of a new multipixel imaging spectroradiometer. This hyperspectral instrument is based on the proven MR spectroradiometers. The instrument is modular and support several configurations. One of its configurations is optimised for differential acquisition in the VLWIR (cut-off near 14 mum) to support research related to the

Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Jun 1, 1997

ABSTRACT Pour simuler la dépendance bidirectionnelle de la réflectance, l'utilisation de ... more ABSTRACT Pour simuler la dépendance bidirectionnelle de la réflectance, l'utilisation de modèles bidirectionnels paramétriques (MBP) linéaires est de plus en plus courante. Cette étude est une évaluation de différents MBP effectuée en utilisant des données bidirectionnelles de réflectance de surface obtenues à l'aide d'un instrument appelé PARABOLA. Plusieurs essais ont été effectués en ajustant les MBP aux données de réflectance disponibles sur un domaine angulaire limité et non-limité, pour un angle zénithal solaire (AZS) fixe et variable, à la surface terrestre ainsi qu'au sommet de l'atmosphère. La performance de chacun des MBP est évaluée en comparant la corrélation entre la réflectance bidirectionnelle obtenue à partir des observations et celle simulée par les MBP de même qu'en comparant les albédos correspondants. Cette performance varie de façon considérable entre les MBP lorsque l'on restreint l'échantillonnage au plan principal. Lorsque les échantillons sont distribués sur le domaine angulaire complet, la plupart des MBP donnent un bon estimé de Valbédo; les erreurs relatives étant inférieures à 10%. Cependant, la dépendance bidirectionnelle simulée peut être très différente de la dépendance observée même si Valbédo simulé est bon. Des erreurs modérées se produisent lorsqu'un MBP ajusté pour un AZS spécifique est par la suite appliqué à d'autres AZS. La majorité des MBP performent mieux avec les données prises au sommet de l'atmosphère plutôt qu'au niveau du sol. La meilleure performance, pour le site à l'étude, a été obtenue en combinant l'équation paramétrique de Roujean et al. pour la diffusion de surface avec l'équation paramétrique de Ross pour la diffusion volumique. Cette combinaison permet d'obtenir des valeurs d'albédo ayant une erreur relative de seulement 2%.

Remote Sensing of Environment, Mar 1, 1996

... The adrantatze of this approach is that APAR,~,, can be deter-mined more accurately and readi... more ... The adrantatze of this approach is that APAR,~,, can be deter-mined more accurately and readily than PAB,~,,:I, while the determination of RPAB is as accurate as that of FPAR frith the same difficulties. ... The traditional and new methods for determining APAR .... ...

Remote Sensing of Environment, Mar 1, 1996

The amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) absorbed by canopy (APARCAN) is essential... more The amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) absorbed by canopy (APARCAN) is essential to the productivity of vegetation. Monitoring APARCAN from space has been achieved through the retrievals of two quantities, namely, the PAR incident at the surface (PARSFC↓) and the fraction of PAR intercepted by the canopy, FPAR. We propose a new approach that splits APARCAN into the PAR absorbed in the surface layer below the top of the canopy (APARSFC) and the ratio of APARCAN / APARSFC, RPAR. The method is introduced in two parts. Part I develops a simple parameterization that retrieves APARSFC more readily and accurately than PARSFC↓. Part II, presented in this paper, deals with the retrieval of RPAR. It is shown that RPAR can be derived as accurately and readily as FPAR. Hence, it is envisaged that the new approach offers an easier and more accurate means of estimating APARCAN than the traditional one. As an investigation tool, a one-dimensional multistream and multilayer model of canopy radiative transfer is first formulated. Extensive canopy modeling is conducted with input parameters of large ranges to represent a variety of canopies and ground conditions. For vegetated land, RPAR is found to correlate well with FPAR and thus RPAR can be estimated from FPAR. RPAR is also related with the surface vegetation indices (VIs) such as NDVI, SAVI, and DVI. The relationships between RPAR and VIs are driven by the changes in leaf area index. They are not sensitive to the solar zenith angle and the fractions of direct and diffuse radiation, but to the optical properties of the canopy. The models for inferring RPAR from various VIs are given, together with the correction models to account for the dependencies of RPAR on time and cloud cover.

Journal of Applied Meteorology, May 1, 1996

SPECTRA (Surface Processes and Ecosystem Changes Through Response Analysis) is one of the three c... more SPECTRA (Surface Processes and Ecosystem Changes Through Response Analysis) is one of the three candidate missions which is being proposed for implementation in theSA Earth Ex plorerrogram of research oriented missions. Its mission is dedicated to the assessment of a number of essential key vegetation variables especially those used in up- scaling from sites to globe (fractional vegetation cover, albedo, LAI, leaf chlorophyll content…). The mission is centred on the regular observation of terrestrial sites. At each fly-by, a site is acquired seven times with different along track incidence angles. SPECTRA satellite will embark an optical hyperspectral payload covering the solar spectral range (0.4 to 2.4 µm) and Thermal IR region (10.3 to 12.3 µm). For the purpose of the SPECTRA Phase A study, an image simulator has been developed by Alcatel Space and ABB Bomem in order to assess the compliance of the architecture with system and scientific requirements. After a description of the SPECTRA Mission, this article presents the hyperspectral image simulator and exhibits some results.

Canadian Aeronautics and Space Journal, Aug 1, 2009

The generation of daily weather forecasts relies to a large extent on the use of data from dedica... more The generation of daily weather forecasts relies to a large extent on the use of data from dedicated satellites. In recent years, several programs have been targeted at improving the sensors providing weather forecast data, both in polar and geostationary orbits. As part of the US National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS), the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) is the new generation of sounding instruments providing vertical profiles from polar orbits of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and humidity. ABB Analytical has developed the interferometer module and the internal calibration target for the CrIS sensor. An overview of these contributions is presented. The Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) is meant to be the next generation of US weather sounders from geostationary orbits. In Europe, the Meteosat Third Generation will also make use of an improved infrared sounder, the IRS. ABB Analytical has developed a generic interferometer module suitable for these two p...

IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1996

The objectives of this paper are to analyze the bidirectional effects of satellite data over six ... more The objectives of this paper are to analyze the bidirectional effects of satellite data over six land-cover types in northern regions, and to test a method for the routine correction of these effects. Analyses and corrections were carried out with both single-day and 10-day composite data obtained by the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) from central Canada acquired in

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 1997

ABB has recently designed a compact, low-cost and light weight infrared spectral imager. That ins... more ABB has recently designed a compact, low-cost and light weight infrared spectral imager. That instrument re-use many building blocks from ABB’s commercial line of products, repackaged in a system adapted for field operations. That instrument incorporates limited imaging capacity in order to improve the fill factor and the signal to clutter ratio when the target is not spatially uniform. The current version operates in the long-wave infrared from 6 μm to 14 μm. Its main applications include chemical detection and identification, environmental monitoring and LWIR infrared signature measurements.