Lyle Rode - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Lyle Rode
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 2004
Recent studies have shown that adding exogenous fibrolytic enzymes to ruminant diets can increase... more Recent studies have shown that adding exogenous fibrolytic enzymes to ruminant diets can increase milk production of dairy cows and weight gain of growing beef cattle as a result of enhanced feed digestion. While much progress has been made in terms of advancing feed enzyme technology for ruminants, considerable research is still required to develop more effective enzyme products. The mode of action whereby exogenous enzymes improve digestion of plant cell wall is complex, and there is evidence for numerous potential modes of action suggesting they are interdependant. A mode of action that accounts for the most critical factors that explain the observed increases in feed digestion is presented. Adding exogenous enzymes to the diet increases the hydrolytic capacity of the rumen mainly due to increased bacterial attachment, stimulation of rumen microbial populations and synergistic effects with hydrolases of ruminal microorganisms. The net effect is increased enzymic activity within t...
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2003
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 1988
Eight lactating Holstein cows fitted with simple cannulae in the rumen and proximal duodenum were... more Eight lactating Holstein cows fitted with simple cannulae in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design. The factors studied were: (1) forage length (full bloom alfalfa hay, long or chopped); (2) forage level in the total ration (25 or 75%); and (3) type of grain in the concentrate mixes (barley or corn). Organic matter (OM) intake was not affected by level of forage or grain type but was greater (P < 0.05) with chopped hay than with long hay. Apparent total digestion of OM increased (P < 0.01) from 59.7 to 68.1% as forage in the diet decreased from 75 to 25%, but site of digestion was unaffected. Flow to the duodenum of nonammonia-N, feed N, and microbial N were unaffected by forage level, forage length, or grain type. No differences in main effects were observed between corn and barley but interactions between grain type and forage length or amount indicate that type of grain had an influence upon site ...
Journal of Dairy Science, 2014
Canadian journal of animal …, 2004
... Dairy Cattle Fitted with Duodenal T-Type Cannulae Ruminal Protein Degradation of Corn Gluten ... more ... Dairy Cattle Fitted with Duodenal T-Type Cannulae Ruminal Protein Degradation of Corn Gluten Meal in Lactating 1983. ... Page 2. RUMINAL PROTEIN DEGRADATION OF CORN GLUTEN MEAL IN LACTATING DAIRY CATTLE FITTED WITH DUODENAL T-TYPE CANNULAE 1 ...
Journal of Dairy Science, 1999
A study was conducted using lactating Holstein cows with ruminal and duodenal cannulas in a 4 x 4... more A study was conducted using lactating Holstein cows with ruminal and duodenal cannulas in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to investigate fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on site and extent of nutrient digestion. The four diets consisted of 45% concentrate, 10% barley silage, and 45% cubed alfalfa hay (dry matter basis) and differed in enzyme supplementation: 1) control cubes, 2) cubes treated with 1 g of enzyme mixture/kg of cubes, 3) cubes treated with 2 g of enzyme mixture/kg of cubes, and 4) both concentrate and cubes treated with 1 g of enzyme mixture/kg of dry matter. The enzyme supplement contained primarily cellulase and xylanase activities. Digestion of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber in the total tract was higher for cows fed the high dosage of enzyme than for cows fed the control cubes. Ruminal digestibility of crude protein was higher, but that of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber was only numerically higher, for cows fed the high dosage of enzyme compared with that of cows fed the control cubes. Higher ruminal digestibility associated with the high dosage of enzyme resulted in more microbial protein synthesis. Milk production increased for cows fed the high dosage of enzyme compared with cows fed the control cubes and effects of the addition of enzyme on milk composition were minimal. The results demonstrated the benefits of using a fibrolytic enzyme additive to enhance feed digestion and milk production by dairy cows. The response to enzyme supplementation was affected more by amount of enzyme than by whether the enzyme was added to forage or concentrate.
British Journal of Nutrition, 2001
Journal of Dairy Science, 1999
Twenty multiparous lactating Holstein cows in early lactation were used to investigate effects of... more Twenty multiparous lactating Holstein cows in early lactation were used to investigate effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on dry matter intake, milk production, and digestibility. Cows were blocked according to parity, expected calving date, and milk yield in the previous lactation, and then randomly assigned after calving to two treatments: control or enzyme. The enzyme mixture, which contained mainly xylanase and cellulase activities (Pro-Mote®, Biovance Technol. Inc., Omaha, NE), was added to the concentrate to supply 1.3 g/kg of total mixed ration (dry matter basis). The total mixed rations contained 24% corn silage, 15% alfalfa hay, and 61% barley concentrate (dry matter basis) and were offered for ad libitum intake. Enzyme addition did not affect dry matter intake. However, total digestibility of nutrients, determined using Cr2O3, was dramatically increased by enzyme treatment (dry matter, 61.7 vs. 69.1%; neutral detergent fiber, 42.5 vs. 51.0%; acid detergent fiber, 31.7 vs. 41.9%; crude protein, 61.7 vs. 69.8%). Consequently, milk yield tended to increase (35.9 vs. 39.5 kg/d). Percentage of milk fat was lower, and percentages of milk protein tended to be lower for cows fed a diet supplemented with enzymes, such that component yields were similar for cows fed either diet. Energy deficiency was numerically lower for cows fed a diet supplemented with enzymes than for cows fed the control diet (–3.62 vs. –3.33 Mcal/d). Supplementing dairy cow diets with a fibrolytic enzyme mixture has the potential to enhance milk yield and nutrient digestibility of cows in early lactation without changing feed intake.
Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 2004
The effects of an enzyme preparation from Trichoderma longibrachiatum (TE) on adhesion and growth... more The effects of an enzyme preparation from Trichoderma longibrachiatum (TE) on adhesion and growth of the fibrolytic rumen bacterium Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 was studied to gain a better understanding of the action of feed enzyme additives on fibre digestion by ruminants. Adhesion experiments were performed on crystalline cellulose, corn silage and alfalfa hay. Adhesion of F succinogenes to cellulose was negatively related to the concentration of TE (p < 0.05). At the highest concentration used, TE reduced adhesion to cellulose from 65 to 39%. For corn silage and alfalfa hay, TE stimulated adhesion at low levels (p < 0.05) but this effect was lost at higher levels. Culture experiments were performed on crystalline cellulose and corn silage. The presence of TE in media containing cellulose failed to increase substrate disappearance or gas production although it increased numbers of non-adherent bacteria (p < 0.05). When corn silage was used, the addition of TE increased NDF disappearance (p < 0.05) at 24 and 48 h (33 and 52% in controls versus 53 and 65% in TE treatments). Growth rate and gas production were also stimulated (p < 0.05). We conclude that, for cellulose, the hydrolytic enzymes in TE obstructed available binding sites decreasing bacterial adherence. Fibrobacter succinogenes digested cellulose efficiently and addition of exogenous cellulases did not further increase substrate disappearance. However, for complex plant substrates, low concentration of TE increased bacterial adhesion and plant (corn) fiber degradation. For the Department of Agriculture and Agri-Food, Government of Canada, © Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada 2004. Published for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Journal of Dairy Science, 1994
Twelve lactating, multiparous Holstein cows were used in two experiments, designed as 6 x 6 Latin... more Twelve lactating, multiparous Holstein cows were used in two experiments, designed as 6 x 6 Latin squares with 28-d periods, to evaluate the effects of increasing the NDF concentration of diets consisting of barley-based concentrates and various forages. Diets were designed in a 3 x 2 factorial set with three concentrations of total dietary NDF (32, 36, and 40%) combined with two sources of forage. In Experiment 1, cows received alfalfa hay (45.1% NDF) or orchardgrass hay (54.0% NDF). In Experiment 2, cows received alfalfa hay (42.5% NDF) or corn silage (50.5% NDF). Cows ate more DM when fed alfalfa hay than when fed orchardgrass hay or corn silage. Intake of DM decreased as NDF concentration increased for alfalfa hay and corn silage diets, but a positive quadratic relationship between DMI and NDF occurred for orchardgrass hay. As dietary NDF increased, milk yield decreased, but fat percentage increased. Time spent ruminating was associated positively with concentration of NDF and was similar for diets formulated with various forages at the same dietary NDF concentration. Regardless of forage source, increasing dietary NDF concentration did not affect FCM yields because, as NDF intake increased, energy intake decreased. With consumer demand for low fat milk products, high yield of low fat milk is advantageous, and the minimal amount of fiber necessary in dairy cattle diets may be less than currently recommended. Further research is required to determine the long-term effects on health and longevity of low fiber diets fed to cows.
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 1997
Page 1. Effects of fibrolytic enzymes in corn or barley diets on performance and carcass characte... more Page 1. Effects of fibrolytic enzymes in corn or barley diets on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle KA Beauchemin1, SDM Jones1, LM Rode1, and VJH Sewalt2 1Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food ...
Experiments were conducted to investigate the role of the protein matrix in the digestion of barl... more Experiments were conducted to investigate the role of the protein matrix in the digestion of barley and corn by ruminal microorganisms. Grains, ground and collected on sieves as two particle fractions .25 to .89 mm (small particles) and 2.00 to 3.00 mm (large particles), as well as isolated barley and corn starch granules, were incubated with ruminal inocula. For both grains, digestion of starch in small particles was greater (P < .001) than that of large particles. At 16 and 24 h starch digestion was greater (P < .01) in barley than in corn, for small and large particles. Digestion of barley starch granules did not differ (P > .05) from that of corn starch granules at any incubation time. A 4-h preincubation of small-particle corn and barley with protease increased (P < .001) microbial digestion of starch in corn at 16 h but did not affect digestion of barley. When four ruminally cannulated steers were fed diets containing 80% barley, corn, or wheat or 100% alfalfa hay in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment, amylolytic activity of ruminal inoculum was higher for steers fed grains than for those fed alfalfa. However, when standardized for total viable counts of bacteria, ruminal amylolytic activity did not differ (P > .05) among diet treatments, but proteolytic activity of ruminal inoculum for steers fed alfalfa was higher (P < .01) than that for steers fed cereal grains. Activity of serine proteases in ruminal inoculum was higher (P < .05) for steers fed alfalfa than for steers fed grains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 1990
Journal of Dairy Science, 1997
Six primiparous and 6 multiparous lactating Holstein cows were used in a double 6 × 6 Latin squar... more Six primiparous and 6 multiparous lactating Holstein cows were used in a double 6 × 6 Latin square to determine the effects of the percentage of forage fiber in diets containing concentrates based on barley or corn. Cows received one of six diets that provided three percentages of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from barley silage [19.5, 25.0, and 40.9% of dry matter intake (DMI)] combined with concentrates based on either barley or corn.The DMI (18.6 vs. 18.3 kg/d) and net energy for lactation (27.2 vs. 26.8 Mcal/d) were similar for cows fed barley and corn diets, respectively. Consequently, milk yield (25.7 vs. 25.0 kg/d) and fat-corrected milk yield (22.3 vs. 21.7 kg/d) were not affected by type of grain. Milk yields were similar for cows fed low and medium NDF diets, but yields declined when NDF from forage exceeded 25% of DMI because of declining intake of net energy for lactation. Effects of increased fiber from forage on milk fat content differed depending on diet; the low NDF diet based on barley caused milk fat to decline. Rumination time was higher for diets based on barley than for diets based on corn (516 vs. 469 min/d), and, as the percentage of forage fiber in the diet increased from low to high, rumination time increased more for cows fed diets based on corn than for cows fed diets based on barley.The minimum amount of forage fiber necessary in diets to avoid milk fat depression appeared to be higher for barley diets than for corn diets, although milk fat depression may not be a valid criterion by which to assess minimum fiber concentrations. Further research is needed to determine the minimum concentration of forage fiber needed to ensure healthy ruminal function and cow longevity.
... Maintaining a Healthy Rumen – An Overview Lyle M. Rode Research Centre, Agriculture & Agr... more ... Maintaining a Healthy Rumen – An Overview Lyle M. Rode Research Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, PO Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB.T1J 4B1 CANADA E-mail: rode@em.agr.ca ∎ Take Home Message ... 54:504. (abstr.). Newbold, CJ, FM McIntosh, and RJ Wallace. 1995. ...
Small Ruminant Research, 2001
Two experiments with sheep were performed to test the efficacy of a linoleic acid-rich sunflower ... more Two experiments with sheep were performed to test the efficacy of a linoleic acid-rich sunflower seed oil as a supplement to barley silage-based diet (6% of the dietary dry matter) to suppress protozoal numbers in the rumen and measure effects of the oil on the growth performance and tissue content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). In the first experiment, rumen contents were sampled (2 h after feeding) from the two treatment groups of five rumen cannulated sheep on each day 0–14, and on days 16, 19, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49. The pH and protozoal counts were determined in each sample, while volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia nitrogen were determined in samples from days 7, 14, 21 and 49. In the second experiment, nine lambs were fed each of the two diets for 168 days. Thereafter, the lambs were harvested and samples of diaphragm muscle, leg muscle, rib muscle, heart, liver, kidney and subcutaneous fat were analyzed for lipid and fatty acid concentrations. Feeding the oil supplement decreased (P<0.05) the total protozoal numbers in rumen fluid samples from approximately 1,000,000 to less than 200,000 ml−1 within 6 days and maintained low numbers thereafter. This was associated with higher (P<0.05) pH on days 9 to 12, 21, 35, 42 and 49 and lower (P<0.05) concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and total VFA. However, average daily gain, daily dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass weight and clean fleece weight were not affected (P>0.05) by feeding of oil. The CLA content was increased (P<0.05) by dietary supplementation of the oil in tissue samples of diaphragm muscle (55%), leg muscle (37%), rib muscle (33%) and subcutaneous fat (33%). It was concluded that sunflower seed oil reduced rumen fauna and the C16:0 proportion of fat, while increasing C18:2 and CLA content in the muscle and fat tissues.
Journal of Dairy Science, 1999
Four lactating, cannulated Holstein cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to investigate ... more Four lactating, cannulated Holstein cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to investigate the effects of grain source and fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion in the rumen and in the intestine, and milk production. A 2 x 2 factorial arrangement was used; two grains (barley and hull-less barley) were combined with and without enzyme. The enzyme supplement (Pro-Mote; Biovance Technologies Inc., Omaha, NE) contained primarily cellulase and xylanase activities and was applied daily to the total mixed diet. Dry matter intake was not affected by diet, but starch intake was greatest when hull-less barley was fed. Starch from hull-less barley was more digestible in the rumen and in the total tract than was starch from barley, but opposite results occurred for fiber digestion, indicating that hull-less barley depressed fiber digestion. As a result, cows fed the hull-less barley diets tended to produce more milk with a higher milk lactose content than did cows fed the barley diets. Enzyme supplementation had minimal effects on ruminal digestion but increased nutrient digestibility in the total tract and the proportion of microbial N in nonammonia N. Consequently, cows fed diets supplemented with enzyme had a higher milk protein content and tended to produce more 4% fat-corrected milk than did control cows. These results indicate that the use of hull-less barley rather than barley increased the digestible energy intake of dairy cows, resulting in higher milk production. The use of a fibrolytic enzyme mixture enhanced feed digestibility and milk production.
Journal of Dairy Science, 2001
Journal of Dairy Science, 1994
Twelve lactating, multiparous Holstein cows were used to evaluate the effects of silage chop leng... more Twelve lactating, multiparous Holstein cows were used to evaluate the effects of silage chop length and proportion of long hay in low and adequate forage fiber diets on chewing activities and productivity of cows fed barley-based concentrates. Diets were designed with two forage:concentrate ratios (low forage fiber, 35:65; adequate forage fiber, 65:35), combined with two theoretical chop lengths of alfalfa silage (fine, 5 mm; coarse, 10 mm), and three proportions of long-stemmed alfalfa hay (0, 10, and 20% of DMI). Increasing the chop length of silage in low forage fiber diets did not affect DMI but increased FCM; in adequate forage fiber diets, it decreased DMI and FCM. Addition of hay to silage diets increased DMI, but not FCM yield. Increasing silage chop length in diets formulated below the recommended minimal amount of NDF from forage promoted rumination and increased milk production while maintaining milk fat content and DMI. Addition of a small amount of hay to low forage fiber diets was less effective than increased particle length of silage. In adequate forage fiber diets, finely chopped silage can be used effectively.
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 2004
Recent studies have shown that adding exogenous fibrolytic enzymes to ruminant diets can increase... more Recent studies have shown that adding exogenous fibrolytic enzymes to ruminant diets can increase milk production of dairy cows and weight gain of growing beef cattle as a result of enhanced feed digestion. While much progress has been made in terms of advancing feed enzyme technology for ruminants, considerable research is still required to develop more effective enzyme products. The mode of action whereby exogenous enzymes improve digestion of plant cell wall is complex, and there is evidence for numerous potential modes of action suggesting they are interdependant. A mode of action that accounts for the most critical factors that explain the observed increases in feed digestion is presented. Adding exogenous enzymes to the diet increases the hydrolytic capacity of the rumen mainly due to increased bacterial attachment, stimulation of rumen microbial populations and synergistic effects with hydrolases of ruminal microorganisms. The net effect is increased enzymic activity within t...
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2003
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 1988
Eight lactating Holstein cows fitted with simple cannulae in the rumen and proximal duodenum were... more Eight lactating Holstein cows fitted with simple cannulae in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design. The factors studied were: (1) forage length (full bloom alfalfa hay, long or chopped); (2) forage level in the total ration (25 or 75%); and (3) type of grain in the concentrate mixes (barley or corn). Organic matter (OM) intake was not affected by level of forage or grain type but was greater (P < 0.05) with chopped hay than with long hay. Apparent total digestion of OM increased (P < 0.01) from 59.7 to 68.1% as forage in the diet decreased from 75 to 25%, but site of digestion was unaffected. Flow to the duodenum of nonammonia-N, feed N, and microbial N were unaffected by forage level, forage length, or grain type. No differences in main effects were observed between corn and barley but interactions between grain type and forage length or amount indicate that type of grain had an influence upon site ...
Journal of Dairy Science, 2014
Canadian journal of animal …, 2004
... Dairy Cattle Fitted with Duodenal T-Type Cannulae Ruminal Protein Degradation of Corn Gluten ... more ... Dairy Cattle Fitted with Duodenal T-Type Cannulae Ruminal Protein Degradation of Corn Gluten Meal in Lactating 1983. ... Page 2. RUMINAL PROTEIN DEGRADATION OF CORN GLUTEN MEAL IN LACTATING DAIRY CATTLE FITTED WITH DUODENAL T-TYPE CANNULAE 1 ...
Journal of Dairy Science, 1999
A study was conducted using lactating Holstein cows with ruminal and duodenal cannulas in a 4 x 4... more A study was conducted using lactating Holstein cows with ruminal and duodenal cannulas in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to investigate fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on site and extent of nutrient digestion. The four diets consisted of 45% concentrate, 10% barley silage, and 45% cubed alfalfa hay (dry matter basis) and differed in enzyme supplementation: 1) control cubes, 2) cubes treated with 1 g of enzyme mixture/kg of cubes, 3) cubes treated with 2 g of enzyme mixture/kg of cubes, and 4) both concentrate and cubes treated with 1 g of enzyme mixture/kg of dry matter. The enzyme supplement contained primarily cellulase and xylanase activities. Digestion of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber in the total tract was higher for cows fed the high dosage of enzyme than for cows fed the control cubes. Ruminal digestibility of crude protein was higher, but that of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber was only numerically higher, for cows fed the high dosage of enzyme compared with that of cows fed the control cubes. Higher ruminal digestibility associated with the high dosage of enzyme resulted in more microbial protein synthesis. Milk production increased for cows fed the high dosage of enzyme compared with cows fed the control cubes and effects of the addition of enzyme on milk composition were minimal. The results demonstrated the benefits of using a fibrolytic enzyme additive to enhance feed digestion and milk production by dairy cows. The response to enzyme supplementation was affected more by amount of enzyme than by whether the enzyme was added to forage or concentrate.
British Journal of Nutrition, 2001
Journal of Dairy Science, 1999
Twenty multiparous lactating Holstein cows in early lactation were used to investigate effects of... more Twenty multiparous lactating Holstein cows in early lactation were used to investigate effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on dry matter intake, milk production, and digestibility. Cows were blocked according to parity, expected calving date, and milk yield in the previous lactation, and then randomly assigned after calving to two treatments: control or enzyme. The enzyme mixture, which contained mainly xylanase and cellulase activities (Pro-Mote®, Biovance Technol. Inc., Omaha, NE), was added to the concentrate to supply 1.3 g/kg of total mixed ration (dry matter basis). The total mixed rations contained 24% corn silage, 15% alfalfa hay, and 61% barley concentrate (dry matter basis) and were offered for ad libitum intake. Enzyme addition did not affect dry matter intake. However, total digestibility of nutrients, determined using Cr2O3, was dramatically increased by enzyme treatment (dry matter, 61.7 vs. 69.1%; neutral detergent fiber, 42.5 vs. 51.0%; acid detergent fiber, 31.7 vs. 41.9%; crude protein, 61.7 vs. 69.8%). Consequently, milk yield tended to increase (35.9 vs. 39.5 kg/d). Percentage of milk fat was lower, and percentages of milk protein tended to be lower for cows fed a diet supplemented with enzymes, such that component yields were similar for cows fed either diet. Energy deficiency was numerically lower for cows fed a diet supplemented with enzymes than for cows fed the control diet (–3.62 vs. –3.33 Mcal/d). Supplementing dairy cow diets with a fibrolytic enzyme mixture has the potential to enhance milk yield and nutrient digestibility of cows in early lactation without changing feed intake.
Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 2004
The effects of an enzyme preparation from Trichoderma longibrachiatum (TE) on adhesion and growth... more The effects of an enzyme preparation from Trichoderma longibrachiatum (TE) on adhesion and growth of the fibrolytic rumen bacterium Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 was studied to gain a better understanding of the action of feed enzyme additives on fibre digestion by ruminants. Adhesion experiments were performed on crystalline cellulose, corn silage and alfalfa hay. Adhesion of F succinogenes to cellulose was negatively related to the concentration of TE (p < 0.05). At the highest concentration used, TE reduced adhesion to cellulose from 65 to 39%. For corn silage and alfalfa hay, TE stimulated adhesion at low levels (p < 0.05) but this effect was lost at higher levels. Culture experiments were performed on crystalline cellulose and corn silage. The presence of TE in media containing cellulose failed to increase substrate disappearance or gas production although it increased numbers of non-adherent bacteria (p < 0.05). When corn silage was used, the addition of TE increased NDF disappearance (p < 0.05) at 24 and 48 h (33 and 52% in controls versus 53 and 65% in TE treatments). Growth rate and gas production were also stimulated (p < 0.05). We conclude that, for cellulose, the hydrolytic enzymes in TE obstructed available binding sites decreasing bacterial adherence. Fibrobacter succinogenes digested cellulose efficiently and addition of exogenous cellulases did not further increase substrate disappearance. However, for complex plant substrates, low concentration of TE increased bacterial adhesion and plant (corn) fiber degradation. For the Department of Agriculture and Agri-Food, Government of Canada, © Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada 2004. Published for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Journal of Dairy Science, 1994
Twelve lactating, multiparous Holstein cows were used in two experiments, designed as 6 x 6 Latin... more Twelve lactating, multiparous Holstein cows were used in two experiments, designed as 6 x 6 Latin squares with 28-d periods, to evaluate the effects of increasing the NDF concentration of diets consisting of barley-based concentrates and various forages. Diets were designed in a 3 x 2 factorial set with three concentrations of total dietary NDF (32, 36, and 40%) combined with two sources of forage. In Experiment 1, cows received alfalfa hay (45.1% NDF) or orchardgrass hay (54.0% NDF). In Experiment 2, cows received alfalfa hay (42.5% NDF) or corn silage (50.5% NDF). Cows ate more DM when fed alfalfa hay than when fed orchardgrass hay or corn silage. Intake of DM decreased as NDF concentration increased for alfalfa hay and corn silage diets, but a positive quadratic relationship between DMI and NDF occurred for orchardgrass hay. As dietary NDF increased, milk yield decreased, but fat percentage increased. Time spent ruminating was associated positively with concentration of NDF and was similar for diets formulated with various forages at the same dietary NDF concentration. Regardless of forage source, increasing dietary NDF concentration did not affect FCM yields because, as NDF intake increased, energy intake decreased. With consumer demand for low fat milk products, high yield of low fat milk is advantageous, and the minimal amount of fiber necessary in dairy cattle diets may be less than currently recommended. Further research is required to determine the long-term effects on health and longevity of low fiber diets fed to cows.
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 1997
Page 1. Effects of fibrolytic enzymes in corn or barley diets on performance and carcass characte... more Page 1. Effects of fibrolytic enzymes in corn or barley diets on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle KA Beauchemin1, SDM Jones1, LM Rode1, and VJH Sewalt2 1Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food ...
Experiments were conducted to investigate the role of the protein matrix in the digestion of barl... more Experiments were conducted to investigate the role of the protein matrix in the digestion of barley and corn by ruminal microorganisms. Grains, ground and collected on sieves as two particle fractions .25 to .89 mm (small particles) and 2.00 to 3.00 mm (large particles), as well as isolated barley and corn starch granules, were incubated with ruminal inocula. For both grains, digestion of starch in small particles was greater (P < .001) than that of large particles. At 16 and 24 h starch digestion was greater (P < .01) in barley than in corn, for small and large particles. Digestion of barley starch granules did not differ (P > .05) from that of corn starch granules at any incubation time. A 4-h preincubation of small-particle corn and barley with protease increased (P < .001) microbial digestion of starch in corn at 16 h but did not affect digestion of barley. When four ruminally cannulated steers were fed diets containing 80% barley, corn, or wheat or 100% alfalfa hay in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment, amylolytic activity of ruminal inoculum was higher for steers fed grains than for those fed alfalfa. However, when standardized for total viable counts of bacteria, ruminal amylolytic activity did not differ (P > .05) among diet treatments, but proteolytic activity of ruminal inoculum for steers fed alfalfa was higher (P < .01) than that for steers fed cereal grains. Activity of serine proteases in ruminal inoculum was higher (P < .05) for steers fed alfalfa than for steers fed grains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 1990
Journal of Dairy Science, 1997
Six primiparous and 6 multiparous lactating Holstein cows were used in a double 6 × 6 Latin squar... more Six primiparous and 6 multiparous lactating Holstein cows were used in a double 6 × 6 Latin square to determine the effects of the percentage of forage fiber in diets containing concentrates based on barley or corn. Cows received one of six diets that provided three percentages of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from barley silage [19.5, 25.0, and 40.9% of dry matter intake (DMI)] combined with concentrates based on either barley or corn.The DMI (18.6 vs. 18.3 kg/d) and net energy for lactation (27.2 vs. 26.8 Mcal/d) were similar for cows fed barley and corn diets, respectively. Consequently, milk yield (25.7 vs. 25.0 kg/d) and fat-corrected milk yield (22.3 vs. 21.7 kg/d) were not affected by type of grain. Milk yields were similar for cows fed low and medium NDF diets, but yields declined when NDF from forage exceeded 25% of DMI because of declining intake of net energy for lactation. Effects of increased fiber from forage on milk fat content differed depending on diet; the low NDF diet based on barley caused milk fat to decline. Rumination time was higher for diets based on barley than for diets based on corn (516 vs. 469 min/d), and, as the percentage of forage fiber in the diet increased from low to high, rumination time increased more for cows fed diets based on corn than for cows fed diets based on barley.The minimum amount of forage fiber necessary in diets to avoid milk fat depression appeared to be higher for barley diets than for corn diets, although milk fat depression may not be a valid criterion by which to assess minimum fiber concentrations. Further research is needed to determine the minimum concentration of forage fiber needed to ensure healthy ruminal function and cow longevity.
... Maintaining a Healthy Rumen – An Overview Lyle M. Rode Research Centre, Agriculture & Agr... more ... Maintaining a Healthy Rumen – An Overview Lyle M. Rode Research Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, PO Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB.T1J 4B1 CANADA E-mail: rode@em.agr.ca ∎ Take Home Message ... 54:504. (abstr.). Newbold, CJ, FM McIntosh, and RJ Wallace. 1995. ...
Small Ruminant Research, 2001
Two experiments with sheep were performed to test the efficacy of a linoleic acid-rich sunflower ... more Two experiments with sheep were performed to test the efficacy of a linoleic acid-rich sunflower seed oil as a supplement to barley silage-based diet (6% of the dietary dry matter) to suppress protozoal numbers in the rumen and measure effects of the oil on the growth performance and tissue content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). In the first experiment, rumen contents were sampled (2 h after feeding) from the two treatment groups of five rumen cannulated sheep on each day 0–14, and on days 16, 19, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49. The pH and protozoal counts were determined in each sample, while volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia nitrogen were determined in samples from days 7, 14, 21 and 49. In the second experiment, nine lambs were fed each of the two diets for 168 days. Thereafter, the lambs were harvested and samples of diaphragm muscle, leg muscle, rib muscle, heart, liver, kidney and subcutaneous fat were analyzed for lipid and fatty acid concentrations. Feeding the oil supplement decreased (P<0.05) the total protozoal numbers in rumen fluid samples from approximately 1,000,000 to less than 200,000 ml−1 within 6 days and maintained low numbers thereafter. This was associated with higher (P<0.05) pH on days 9 to 12, 21, 35, 42 and 49 and lower (P<0.05) concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and total VFA. However, average daily gain, daily dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass weight and clean fleece weight were not affected (P>0.05) by feeding of oil. The CLA content was increased (P<0.05) by dietary supplementation of the oil in tissue samples of diaphragm muscle (55%), leg muscle (37%), rib muscle (33%) and subcutaneous fat (33%). It was concluded that sunflower seed oil reduced rumen fauna and the C16:0 proportion of fat, while increasing C18:2 and CLA content in the muscle and fat tissues.
Journal of Dairy Science, 1999
Four lactating, cannulated Holstein cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to investigate ... more Four lactating, cannulated Holstein cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to investigate the effects of grain source and fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion in the rumen and in the intestine, and milk production. A 2 x 2 factorial arrangement was used; two grains (barley and hull-less barley) were combined with and without enzyme. The enzyme supplement (Pro-Mote; Biovance Technologies Inc., Omaha, NE) contained primarily cellulase and xylanase activities and was applied daily to the total mixed diet. Dry matter intake was not affected by diet, but starch intake was greatest when hull-less barley was fed. Starch from hull-less barley was more digestible in the rumen and in the total tract than was starch from barley, but opposite results occurred for fiber digestion, indicating that hull-less barley depressed fiber digestion. As a result, cows fed the hull-less barley diets tended to produce more milk with a higher milk lactose content than did cows fed the barley diets. Enzyme supplementation had minimal effects on ruminal digestion but increased nutrient digestibility in the total tract and the proportion of microbial N in nonammonia N. Consequently, cows fed diets supplemented with enzyme had a higher milk protein content and tended to produce more 4% fat-corrected milk than did control cows. These results indicate that the use of hull-less barley rather than barley increased the digestible energy intake of dairy cows, resulting in higher milk production. The use of a fibrolytic enzyme mixture enhanced feed digestibility and milk production.
Journal of Dairy Science, 2001
Journal of Dairy Science, 1994
Twelve lactating, multiparous Holstein cows were used to evaluate the effects of silage chop leng... more Twelve lactating, multiparous Holstein cows were used to evaluate the effects of silage chop length and proportion of long hay in low and adequate forage fiber diets on chewing activities and productivity of cows fed barley-based concentrates. Diets were designed with two forage:concentrate ratios (low forage fiber, 35:65; adequate forage fiber, 65:35), combined with two theoretical chop lengths of alfalfa silage (fine, 5 mm; coarse, 10 mm), and three proportions of long-stemmed alfalfa hay (0, 10, and 20% of DMI). Increasing the chop length of silage in low forage fiber diets did not affect DMI but increased FCM; in adequate forage fiber diets, it decreased DMI and FCM. Addition of hay to silage diets increased DMI, but not FCM yield. Increasing silage chop length in diets formulated below the recommended minimal amount of NDF from forage promoted rumination and increased milk production while maintaining milk fat content and DMI. Addition of a small amount of hay to low forage fiber diets was less effective than increased particle length of silage. In adequate forage fiber diets, finely chopped silage can be used effectively.