Monette Bebow-Reinhard - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
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Drafts by Monette Bebow-Reinhard
Start with Warrent Wittry's base typology of copper artifacts in 1957, I have since explored more... more Start with Warrent Wittry's base typology of copper artifacts in 1957, I have since explored more than 90,000 pieces and found new types to add and build on to bring my clarity to the pre-contact copper industry.
You'll get to read some of the introduction from each of my first four pre-contact copper artifac... more You'll get to read some of the introduction from each of my first four pre-contact copper artifact resource manuals. Please ask any questions. These are taken from my compilation of over 90.000 artifacts compiled in little more than a decade. I did the digging so you don't have to. See what's available in your area of interest.
Updated Wittry Typology, 2024
This is issue XXIII of the typology, which I continue to update to be used with the published Co... more This is issue XXIII of the typology, which I continue to update to be used with the published Copper Artifact resource manuals.
The Copper Artifact Master Database (CAMD) now contains nearly 90,000 artifacts from Canada down ... more The Copper Artifact Master Database (CAMD) now contains nearly 90,000 artifacts from Canada down into northern South America. Obviously there's no way that I can find everything. In many of the recent museums I visited on a Missouri to Iowa trip, there were a lot of stone artifacts but no copper. Copper, unfortunately, is easiest for collectors to find with metal detectors, and they have more value on the "market." This second edition of this article contains new information, to be shared in a little bit, about this Wisconsin to Washington state connection.
The pre-contact copper industry is the Americas' oldest metal industry. Unlike what many scholars... more The pre-contact copper industry is the Americas' oldest metal industry. Unlike what many scholars believe, it did not disappear, but it's true that it did change and evolve, in part as a response to the growing trade network.
For the last decade I have been compiling a master database of all copper artifacts (CAMD) found ... more For the last decade I have been compiling a master database of all copper artifacts (CAMD) found in the Americas. With only 85,000 in the database, I'm far from finished, and I never will be. But you will not find a compilation like this anywhere else. To show uses for the data, here we'll look at tracking copper tools with hash marks in Michigan and Wisconsin. This map was created for one of my monthly copper newsletters to show all the types of knives found, and you'll see where hash marks were noted. This map is a demonstration of all knife forms in Wisconsin and Michigan. Only those with the X are decorated with hash marks, compared to how many of those knife forms were found in each county. Shawano and Menominee counties are shown pre-division but you can't see county names here anyway. Picture the land instead before any arbitrary governmental county divisions. Note that there was also a II-D found in Washington County but I didn't have enough room there. That many knives indicates a lot of social activity, like a village site. What patterns do you see? Does this answer any questions? We don't know, for instance, if hash marked knives indicate trade from outside the area, or if they are ownership marks, or if they are generational marks.
For the last decade I have been compiling a master database of all copper artifacts (CAMD) found ... more For the last decade I have been compiling a master database of all copper artifacts (CAMD) found in the Americas. With only 85,000 in the database, I'm far from finished, and I never will be. But you will not find a compilation like this anywhere else. To show uses for the data, here we'll look at tracking copper tools with hash marks in Michigan and Wisconsin. This map was created for one of my monthly copper newsletters to show all the types of knives found, and you'll see where hash marks were noted. This map is a demonstration of all knife forms in Wisconsin and Michigan. Only those with the X are decorated with hash marks, compared to how many of those knife forms were found in each county. Shawano and Menominee counties are shown pre-division but you can't see county names here anyway. Picture the land instead before any arbitrary governmental county divisions. Note that there was also a II-D found in Washington County but I didn't have enough room there. That many knives indicates a lot of social activity, like a village site. What patterns do you see? Does this answer any questions? We don't know, for instance, if hash marked knives indicate trade from outside the area, or if they are ownership marks, or if they are generational marks.
In the most general terms, archaeologists have classified two types of copper ear spools; solid ... more In the most general terms, archaeologists have classified two types of copper ear spools; solid and bi-cymbal as Hopewell and copper covered and pulley as MIssissippian. In this survey of the Copper Artifact Master Database (CAMD), we'll take a closer look at what was found where in the Americas and see if that generality holds up. Here you'll discover, too, a third type of ear spool has emerged.
Papers by Monette Bebow-Reinhard
The battle of Little Bighorn in 1876 marked the beginning of the end of conflict between the U.S.... more The battle of Little Bighorn in 1876 marked the beginning of the end of conflict between the U.S. and its military against the various Native American tribes west of the Mississippi River. Historians have given us various ideas of why Lieutenant Colonel Custer met with defeat. But none have noted, in connection with the November 3rd "secret meeting" between Grant and his generals, a movement of troops away from the Black Hills even before decisions were supposedly made to no longer keep miners out of that sacred land. When we study attitude and orders in conjunction with what we know about these events, the idea emerges that the government knew that they couldn't get the Indians to break the Fort Laramie Treaty unless they were attacked. Here, then, is a presentation of the possibility of deliberate defeat by the U.S. government and its military in order to take the Black Hills.
Turtle Island Quarterly, 2017
What can copper artifacts tell us about effigy mounds, and the distinction of snake versus hawk? ... more What can copper artifacts tell us about effigy mounds, and the distinction of snake versus hawk? Here I try to solve the mystery and debate over the creation of Serpent Mound in Ohio, and include a survey of copper artifacts and maps that demonstrate trade in this ideology.
Start with Warrent Wittry's base typology of copper artifacts in 1957, I have since explored more... more Start with Warrent Wittry's base typology of copper artifacts in 1957, I have since explored more than 90,000 pieces and found new types to add and build on to bring my clarity to the pre-contact copper industry.
You'll get to read some of the introduction from each of my first four pre-contact copper artifac... more You'll get to read some of the introduction from each of my first four pre-contact copper artifact resource manuals. Please ask any questions. These are taken from my compilation of over 90.000 artifacts compiled in little more than a decade. I did the digging so you don't have to. See what's available in your area of interest.
Updated Wittry Typology, 2024
This is issue XXIII of the typology, which I continue to update to be used with the published Co... more This is issue XXIII of the typology, which I continue to update to be used with the published Copper Artifact resource manuals.
The Copper Artifact Master Database (CAMD) now contains nearly 90,000 artifacts from Canada down ... more The Copper Artifact Master Database (CAMD) now contains nearly 90,000 artifacts from Canada down into northern South America. Obviously there's no way that I can find everything. In many of the recent museums I visited on a Missouri to Iowa trip, there were a lot of stone artifacts but no copper. Copper, unfortunately, is easiest for collectors to find with metal detectors, and they have more value on the "market." This second edition of this article contains new information, to be shared in a little bit, about this Wisconsin to Washington state connection.
The pre-contact copper industry is the Americas' oldest metal industry. Unlike what many scholars... more The pre-contact copper industry is the Americas' oldest metal industry. Unlike what many scholars believe, it did not disappear, but it's true that it did change and evolve, in part as a response to the growing trade network.
For the last decade I have been compiling a master database of all copper artifacts (CAMD) found ... more For the last decade I have been compiling a master database of all copper artifacts (CAMD) found in the Americas. With only 85,000 in the database, I'm far from finished, and I never will be. But you will not find a compilation like this anywhere else. To show uses for the data, here we'll look at tracking copper tools with hash marks in Michigan and Wisconsin. This map was created for one of my monthly copper newsletters to show all the types of knives found, and you'll see where hash marks were noted. This map is a demonstration of all knife forms in Wisconsin and Michigan. Only those with the X are decorated with hash marks, compared to how many of those knife forms were found in each county. Shawano and Menominee counties are shown pre-division but you can't see county names here anyway. Picture the land instead before any arbitrary governmental county divisions. Note that there was also a II-D found in Washington County but I didn't have enough room there. That many knives indicates a lot of social activity, like a village site. What patterns do you see? Does this answer any questions? We don't know, for instance, if hash marked knives indicate trade from outside the area, or if they are ownership marks, or if they are generational marks.
For the last decade I have been compiling a master database of all copper artifacts (CAMD) found ... more For the last decade I have been compiling a master database of all copper artifacts (CAMD) found in the Americas. With only 85,000 in the database, I'm far from finished, and I never will be. But you will not find a compilation like this anywhere else. To show uses for the data, here we'll look at tracking copper tools with hash marks in Michigan and Wisconsin. This map was created for one of my monthly copper newsletters to show all the types of knives found, and you'll see where hash marks were noted. This map is a demonstration of all knife forms in Wisconsin and Michigan. Only those with the X are decorated with hash marks, compared to how many of those knife forms were found in each county. Shawano and Menominee counties are shown pre-division but you can't see county names here anyway. Picture the land instead before any arbitrary governmental county divisions. Note that there was also a II-D found in Washington County but I didn't have enough room there. That many knives indicates a lot of social activity, like a village site. What patterns do you see? Does this answer any questions? We don't know, for instance, if hash marked knives indicate trade from outside the area, or if they are ownership marks, or if they are generational marks.
In the most general terms, archaeologists have classified two types of copper ear spools; solid ... more In the most general terms, archaeologists have classified two types of copper ear spools; solid and bi-cymbal as Hopewell and copper covered and pulley as MIssissippian. In this survey of the Copper Artifact Master Database (CAMD), we'll take a closer look at what was found where in the Americas and see if that generality holds up. Here you'll discover, too, a third type of ear spool has emerged.
The battle of Little Bighorn in 1876 marked the beginning of the end of conflict between the U.S.... more The battle of Little Bighorn in 1876 marked the beginning of the end of conflict between the U.S. and its military against the various Native American tribes west of the Mississippi River. Historians have given us various ideas of why Lieutenant Colonel Custer met with defeat. But none have noted, in connection with the November 3rd "secret meeting" between Grant and his generals, a movement of troops away from the Black Hills even before decisions were supposedly made to no longer keep miners out of that sacred land. When we study attitude and orders in conjunction with what we know about these events, the idea emerges that the government knew that they couldn't get the Indians to break the Fort Laramie Treaty unless they were attacked. Here, then, is a presentation of the possibility of deliberate defeat by the U.S. government and its military in order to take the Black Hills.
Turtle Island Quarterly, 2017
What can copper artifacts tell us about effigy mounds, and the distinction of snake versus hawk? ... more What can copper artifacts tell us about effigy mounds, and the distinction of snake versus hawk? Here I try to solve the mystery and debate over the creation of Serpent Mound in Ohio, and include a survey of copper artifacts and maps that demonstrate trade in this ideology.