Michał Bodzek - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Michał Bodzek

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT

According to the literature, a lot of microplastics and nanoplastics enter the aquatic environmen... more According to the literature, a lot of microplastics and nanoplastics enter the aquatic environment each year. Various physical, chemical and biological treatment processes can be used to the removal of microplastics, among them membrane processes can play an important role. Pressure-driven membrane techniques, that is, micro-ultra-, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis, can be used in the context of micro-and nanoplastic removal as a third step in integrated wastewater treatment systems. The most effective solution in this regard are membrane bioreactors (MBRs), which combine the process of biological wastewater treatment with membrane separation. MBRs can increase the removal rate of microplastics and nanoplastics from primary wastewater to 99.9%, especially in different sizes and shapes, which is significantly more compared to other advanced treatment methods. Microplastics are being detected in drinking water, increasing concerns about the effectiveness of water treatment plants. The ultrafiltration process combined with coagulation/ flocculation can be one of the main technologies for removing not only organic contaminants but also microplastics in current water treatment plants. Significant progress has been made in the removal of microplastics and nanoplastics using membrane processes, but further progress is needed to minimize fouling, extension MBR efficiency, and scale-up issues in implementing membrane processes into industrial practice.

Archives of Environmental Protection

Production of sanitary safe water of high quality with membrane technology is an alternative for ... more Production of sanitary safe water of high quality with membrane technology is an alternative for conventional disinfection methods, as UF and MF membranes are found to be an effective barrier for pathogenic protozoa cysts, bacteria, and partially, viruses. The application of membranes in water treatment enables the reduction of chlorine consumption during fi nal disinfection, what is especially recommended for long water distribution systems, in which microbiological quality of water needs to be effectively maintained. Membrane fi ltration, especially ultrafi ltration and microfi ltration, can be applied to enhance and improve disinfection of water and biologically treated wastewater, as ultrafi ltration act as a barrier for viruses, bacteria and protozoa, but microfi ltration does not remove viruses. As an example of direct application of UF/MF to wastewater treatment, including disinfection, membrane bioreactors can be mentioned. Additionally, membrane techniques are used in removal of disinfection byproducts from water. For this purpose, high pressure driven membrane processes, i.e. reverse osmosis and nanofi ltration are mainly applied, however, in the case of inorganic DBPs, electrodialysis or Donnan dialysis can also be considered.

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2022

Maximum permissible concentrations of inorganic elements, including toxic constituents (heavy met... more Maximum permissible concentrations of inorganic elements, including toxic constituents (heavy metals), in drinking water, are established by the World Health Organization (WHO), EU Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998, and relevant national regulations. The paper presents an assessment of reverse osmosis SW30 membranes for simultaneous removal of boron, copper, and lithium from two high-mineralized water. The experiments conducted allowed to gain removal up to the following values (retention coefficients): boron (30% and 8%), copper (89% and 69%), and lithium (39% and 8%), in permeates. Despite the quite promising removal ratios gained for copper and lithium, the value of reduction of mineralization, boron, and some of the major ions was insufficient and their concentration values exceeded the parametric value introduced in the mentioned Directive. In concentrates with these three parameters, negligible increases in concentrations were observed. The research work carried ou...

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2020

In recent years, there has been an increase in the demand for drinking water and also for water i... more In recent years, there has been an increase in the demand for drinking water and also for water intended for agriculture, industry, and other purposes. Therefore, research is needed to find new technologies and methods for the comprehensive use of geothermal waters (GTs) to provide drinking water and water that can be used for other purposes in an environmentally-friendly way. The maximum permissible concentrations of inorganic micropollutants, including toxic constituents, both in drinking water and in wastewater discharged into the environment, are set by the World Health Organization, the Water Framework Directive, and relevant national regulations. The paper presents a comparison of the effectiveness of the removal of selected inorganic components from GTs on a laboratory and semi-technical scale. GT with mineralization of about 6 g/L was used in the research. Laboratory and semi-industrial tests were carried out with the use of NF270, NF90, ROBW30FR-400, and ROBW30HR-440i membranes from DOW FILMTEC Company. The research work carried out proved that the treatment of mineralized and salt-laden GT with increased content of micro-contaminants, including heavy metals, using a two-stage Nanofiltration-Reverse Osmosis system is an effective solution. Tests conducted on a laboratory (and semi-industrial) scale permitted micro-pollutant removal up to following values: B 96% (26%), Cr 3+ 86% (55%), Pb 2+ 94% (75%), Ni 2+ 67% (50%), Fe 2+ 99% (92%), and As 3+ 93% (67%). The use of membrane processes in water treatment can provide more or less selective removal of the target micropollutants.

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2020

In recent decades, the introduction of novel and promising nano-materials for development of next... more In recent decades, the introduction of novel and promising nano-materials for development of next generation of membranes of advanced antifouling and anti-scaling properties as well as for disinfection and photo-catalysis has been observed. Membranes made of these materials enable to obtain significantly higher water/permeate fluxes than thin film composite membranes currently used in membrane separation processes. Nano-materials such as silica, zeolites, metals (Ag, Zr and Ti) and metal oxides (TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , ZnO, Al 2 O 3), metal-organic compound, and carbon-based materials, that is, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene-based materials are the most often applied for membrane modifications. In the paper, the state of the art in progress and challenges related to preparation of membranes made of nano-materials is presented. Novel composite membranes can be divided into two categories: (i) membranes made of only from graphene-based materials also known as freestanding membranes and (ii) polymeric/ceramic membranes modified with nano-materials. Modification of polymeric membranes can be made either by introduction of nano-material on a membrane surface or its addition to a membrane casting solution followed by membrane formation from a mixture of a polymer and a nano-material. The future prospect of membranes based on nano-materials in regard to the final separation efficiency and commercial scaling up has been discussed.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S, 2012

Photocatalysis process belongs to an advanced oxidation technology for the removal of persistent ... more Photocatalysis process belongs to an advanced oxidation technology for the removal of persistent organic compounds and microorganisms from water. It is the technology with a great potential, a low-cost, environmental friendly and sustainable treatment technology to align with the “zero” waste scheme in the water/wastewater industry. At present, the main technical barriers that impede its full commercialization remained on the post-recovery of the catalyst particles after water treatment. This paper reviews the background of the process and photooxidation mechanisms of the organic pollutants and microorganisms. The review of the latest progresses of engineered-photocatalysts, photo-reactor systems, and the kinetics and modeling associated with the photocatalytic and photodisinfection water and wastewater treatment process, has been presented. A number of potential and commercial photocatalytic reactor configurations are discussed, in particular the photocatalytic membrane reactors. T...

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2018

The research with natural mine waters coming from Desalination Plant 'Dębieńsko' (Southern Poland... more The research with natural mine waters coming from Desalination Plant 'Dębieńsko' (Southern Poland), taken before reverse osmosis (RO) installation, that is, after standard pretreatment, was carried out. Commercial nanofiltration (NF) membranes produced by the Dow-Filmtec (NF-90) and RO membranes (SW30-2521 of Dow-Filmtec and AD HR-90 by GE) were used in the test. The NF process was carried out at a transmembrane pressure of 1.0 and 1.5 MPa and the RO process at a pressure of 2.5 and 3.0 MPa, depending on the system used. Tests were conducted using the Osmonics Inc. company's SEPA CF-HP type membrane module, in the high-pressure version in crossflow mode and in some cases in the dead-end mode system. A two-stage treatment system combining NF and RO for the desalination of mine water was used. The desalination efficiency (flux and composition of permeate and concentrate) was determined. The obtained results proved that NF could be an ideal pretreatment step for mine waters during RO desalination process. It enabled to increase the permeate flux of the RO membrane, eliminated the scaling problem and increased the concertation of salt in RO retentate. The use of the NF-90 membrane in the NF + RO desalination system resulted in a lower permeate flux in the NF process, while the flux in the RO process was higher in comparison to the system without NF. Taking into consideration the membrane efficiency results, one can conclude that permeates coming from mine water corresponded to the permissible values for drinking water standard. In addition, water was nontoxic.

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2018

High fluoride concentrations in aquatic environment, even above 30 mg/L, are often detected in ma... more High fluoride concentrations in aquatic environment, even above 30 mg/L, are often detected in many parts of the world. Due to fluoride effects on health, World Health Organization (WHO) as well as national health authorities have established its maximum permissible concentration in drinking water at the level of 1.5 mg/L. This review article aims to provide detail information on researchers' efforts in the field of fluorides removal during potable water production. The contaminant elimination methods have been broadly divided into three sections, that is, coagulation/precipitation, adsorption and membrane techniques. Both, precipitation with the use of calcium salts or coagulation with aluminum sulfate and ferric salts followed by sedimentation are used for fluoride removal. In electrocoagulation, a coagulant is generated in situ by means of oxidation of anode usually made of aluminum or iron. Adsorption is broadly utilized as it offers acceptable results and it is most appealing technique for the removal of fluorides regarding costs, simplicity of outline and operation. Alumina/aluminum-based materials, clays and soils, some minerals and carbon-based materials as well as layered double oxides, nanosorbents and biosorbents, they all have been tested as adsorbents for fluorides removal. Among membrane techniques reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration in integrated systems, electrodialysis and Donnan dialysis have been discussed.

Engineering and Protection of Environment, 2018

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2018

The use of reverse osmosis (RO) in water desalination often requires careful selection of the pre... more The use of reverse osmosis (RO) in water desalination often requires careful selection of the pretreatment methods to reduce scaling. One of them is nanofiltration (NF), which almost completely removes multivalent ions, whereas only 10%-50% of monovalent ones. The objective of the studies was to develop a two-stage membrane desalination process (NF + RO) to treat mine water. In the experiments, commercial membranes by Dow-Filmtec (NF-270, NF-90 and BW30FR-400) and Lanxess (PA00416 HR) were used in the NF and RO tests. The treatment efficiency (flux and permeate composition) and predicted scaling were determined. It was concluded that for both RO membranes and for the more compact NF membrane (NF90), the effectiveness of desalination was satisfactory. They achieved a high permeate flux and almost complete removal of most salts. It was necessary to apply a more compact nanofiltration membrane (NF-90) before RO. Application of the NF-90 membrane allowed to protect the RO membrane before scaling, that is, the precipitation of mineral compounds on the membrane surface.

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2017

Geothermal water which is discharged into surface waters following use has a negative impact on t... more Geothermal water which is discharged into surface waters following use has a negative impact on the water biocenosis. For this reason, the desalination of geothermal waters using membranes can not only be considered as a means of providing water for irrigation purposes, but also as a possible source of drinking water supply. Geothermal water has a high content of divalent ions, and in such conditions scale is formed on the membrane. Scaling causes a decrease in membrane capacity and permeate quality. The use of the reverse osmosis process in water desalination often requires careful selection of the pre-treatment methods. One of them is nanofiltration which almost completely removes multivalent salts, whereas only 10-50% of single-valent metal salts are removed. The objective of the studies was to develop a two-stage membrane desalination (NF + RO) process for geothermal water that has a high degree of hardness. In the experiments carried out, two different geothermal waters were tested, one from the Podhale basin (southern Poland) and the second from Uniejow (central Poland). Commercial membranes from the Dow-Filmtec company were used in the NF and RO test. The desalination efficiency (flux and permeate composition) and scaling prognosis were determined. Based on the results, an innovative approach to the role of membrane processes in the desalination of very hard geothermal water is proposed. It was concluded , that for water of high hardness (Uniejow) there should be applied a more compact nanofiltration membrane (NF90) before reverse osmosis, due to this method, it was achieved close to 100% removal of most analyzed ions. In the case of water with a lower hardness (Banska) there should be applied a less compact nanofiltration membrane (NF-270) before reverse osmosis obtaining by this method similar results of ions removal as in the case of NF-90 membrane, at the level close to 100% with a higher permeate flux.

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2017

One of the main operational problems when using reverse osmosis (RO) technology is membrane scali... more One of the main operational problems when using reverse osmosis (RO) technology is membrane scaling. Scaling directly affects membrane service life, the efficiency of the desalination process and operating costs, therefore predicting and preventing sediment precipitation in membrane systems is a key aspect of their operation. This process also plays an important role during the desalination of geothermal waters. Geothermal waters often exhibit high levels of carbonate hardness and elevated concentrations of silica, sulphates, strontium, barium and other elements. The elevated temperature of geothermal water during its desalination is particularly conducive to the formation of sediments, especially carbonates, but also silica, barite, alumino-silicates and in some cases copper sulphates. The work presents the results of research designed to optimise the selection of antiscalants which permit the reduction of deposits precipitating on the membranes used in the process of water treatment. They included modelling studies, laboratory tests and microscopic analysis of sediments formed on the membranes. The study used brackish geothermal water extracted from the geothermal intake. The geochemical modelling that was carried out (using the program PhreeqC) has allowed a detailed assessment of the tendency of mineral deposits to precipitate from the water being tested. It demonstrated what should be expected as regards the precipitation of different geochemical characteristics. It was all the more necessary to propose an appropriate antiscalant for a broad spectrum of action. Several commercially available antiscalants were used for tests in the RO process. The study was carried out using DOW FILMTEC membranes.

Archives of Environmental Protection, 2017

There is often a need to improve the taste of mineral water by reducing the sulphate ion content.... more There is often a need to improve the taste of mineral water by reducing the sulphate ion content. It was found that for such an effect, nanofiltration (NF) process can be used. In the case, the proposed formula was assumed obtaining a mineral water with reduction of H

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2017

In this study, the MIEX ® DOC process was applied to test the removal potential of halogenated or... more In this study, the MIEX ® DOC process was applied to test the removal potential of halogenated organic water disinfection by-products (trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, haloketones, chloropicrin and chloral hydrate) precursors. The experiments were conducted using model and surface water samples. The samples of untreated water and the MIEX ® DOC process effluent were chlorinated with sodium hypochlorite which resulted in residual free chlorine of 3-5 mg L-1 after 24 h. After this time, the water was analysed to check the presence of chlorination by-products using the gas chromatography method. Subsequently, the formation potential was calculated for each group of halogenated organic compounds. The efficiency of the MIEX ® DOC process in removing the disinfection by-product precursors was dependent on the type and quality of raw water. The MIEX ® DOC process showed the highest removal efficiency for trihalomethanes (68%-90%), haloacetic acids (76%-82%) and chloral hydrate (62%-88%) precursors. Lower removal efficiencies were observed for the precursors of haloacetonitriles (42%-72%), haloketones (26%-73%) and chloropicrin (9%-74%).

Archives of Environmental Protection, 2011

A number of inorganic compounds, including anions such as nitrate(V), chlorate(VII), bromate (V),... more A number of inorganic compounds, including anions such as nitrate(V), chlorate(VII), bromate (V), arsenate(III) and (V), borate and fluoride as well as metals forming anions under certain conditions, have been found in potentially harmful concentrations in numerous water sources. The maximum allowed levels of these compounds in drinking water set by the WHO and a number of countries are very low (in the range of µg/l to a few mg/l), thus the majority of them can be referred to as charged micropollutants. Several common treatment technologies which are nowadays used for removal of inorganic contaminants from natural water supplies, represent serious exploitation problems. Membrane processes such as reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF) in hybrid systems, Donnan dialysis (DD) and electrodialysis (ED) as well as membrane bioreactors (MBR), if properly selected, offer the advantage of producing high quality drinking water without inorganic anions.

Environmental science and pollution research international, Jan 4, 2016

The aim of the study was to compare the two reference methods for the determination of boron in w... more The aim of the study was to compare the two reference methods for the determination of boron in water samples and further assess the impact of the method of preparation of samples for analysis on the results obtained. Samples were collected during different desalination processes, ultrafiltration and the double reverse osmosis system, connected in series. From each point, samples were prepared in four different ways: the first was filtered (through a membrane filter of 0.45 μm) and acidified (using 1 mL ultrapure nitric acid for each 100 mL of samples) (FA), the second was unfiltered and not acidified (UFNA), the third was filtered but not acidified (FNA), and finally, the fourth was unfiltered but acidified (UFA). All samples were analysed using two analytical methods: inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results obtained were compared and correlated, and the differences between them were s...

Environment Protection Engineering

The paper presents the results of water treatment investigation, using UF/MF and a hybrid process... more The paper presents the results of water treatment investigation, using UF/MF and a hybrid process coagulation-UF/MF. The experiments were conducted using capillary modules made of polyethersulfone (PES) for ultrafiltration and of polypropylene (PP) for microfiltration. Two coagulants, i.e. iron chloride (FeCl 3-6H 2O) and aluminum sulfate (A1 2(SO 4)3-18H 2O), were used during the coagulation. The hybrid water treatment process was carried out in coagulation-sedimentation-MF/UF and "in-line" coagulation (without sedimentation)-MF/UF systems. Unlike a direct UF/MF, the hybrid processes allow an improvement in water quality and reduction in fouling intensity. UF efficiency can be predicted employing relaxation and resistance models. The mechanism of fouling based on Hermia's equation was determined.

Archives of Environmental Protection, 2015

This paper presents the recent advances in pervaporative reduction of sulfur content in gasoline.... more This paper presents the recent advances in pervaporative reduction of sulfur content in gasoline. Methods of preliminary selection of membrane active layer material are presented. Interactions between gasoline components (typical hydrocarbon and sulfur species) and membranes are showed. Influence of pervaporation process parameters i.e. feed temperature, downstream pressure and feed flow rate on the separation efficiency is discussed. Investigations of the influence of sulfur concentration in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline on membrane performance have been conducted. A series of PV tests was carried out to investigate the separation properties of the commercial composite membrane with an active layer made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) and to determine the efficiency of organic sulphur compound (thiophene) removal from model thiophene/n-heptane mixture depending on its concentration.

Archives of Environmental Protection, 2014

M embrane-based water desalination processes and hybrid technologies are often considered as a te... more M embrane-based water desalination processes and hybrid technologies are often considered as a technologically and economically viable alternative for desalination of geothermal waters. This has been conﬁrmed by the results of pilot studies concerning the UF-RO desalination of geothermal waters extracted from various geological structures in Poland. The assessment of the feasibility of implementing the water desalination process analysed on an industrial scale is largely dependent on the method and possibility of disposing or utilising the concentrate. The analyses conducted in this respect have demonstrated that it is possible to use the solution obtained as a balneological product owing to its elevated metasilicic acid, ﬂuorides and iodides ions content. Due to environmental considerations, injecting the concentrate back into the formation is the preferable solution. The energy efﬁciency and economic analysis conducted demonstrated that the cost effectiveness of implementing the U...

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are formed due to chlorination of water containing organic compounds. They... more Trihalomethanes (THMs) are formed due to chlorination of water containing organic compounds. They have mutagenous and carcinogenic properties. The main representative of this effluent group is chloroform. The objectives of this paper are to determine the removal effectiveness of chloroform from natural water with the application of reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and ultrafiltration as well as modelling the flux of using a mathematical model based on resistance determination law and filtration model in constant pressure conditions (J. Hermia's model). The investigation carried out demonstrated the possibility of applying these processes for the removal of chloroform from water. The comparison of volumetric fluxes - the model flux and the experimental one, confirmed good congruence of the model calculations with the results of investi- gation studies.

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT

Archives of Environmental Protection

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2022

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2020

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S, 2012

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2018

Engineering and Protection of Environment, 2018

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2018

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2017

Archives of Environmental Protection, 2017

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2017

Archives of Environmental Protection, 2011

Environmental science and pollution research international, Jan 4, 2016

Environment Protection Engineering

Archives of Environmental Protection, 2015

Archives of Environmental Protection, 2014