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Papers by Marisa Borreggine

<b>INTRODUCTION</b>Creating a diverse new generation of geoscientists begins at the t... more <b>INTRODUCTION</b>Creating a diverse new generation of geoscientists begins at the training stage. In undergraduate courses, early geoscientists are often glorified and discussed in terms of intellectual achievements, strong personalities, or heated debates. Nevertheless, the social and political backdrop for these scientists was complicated: the development of geology as a discipline is intertwined with the history of imperialism, colonialism, and Westward Expansion in the United States. Such topics are rarely discussed in current geoscience courses, and continuing to train the next generation of geoscientists without regard to this history perpetuates the same practices of exclusion. This is particularly important as co-production — developing knowledge and science together with local communities — is increasingly gaining attention and recognition today. Now, more than ever, there is a real need for historical literacy to be an integral part of STEM curriculum and training.Here we present a resource to assist educators in integrating topics on racism, colonialism, imperialism, environmental damage, and exploitation of natural resources into subjects commonly taught within geoscience departments. This resource consists of modular lecture slides with accompanying lecture notes, suggested discussion questions, and further reading to promote in-class engagement. This resource is freely available and geared towards flexibility so that rather than being a standalone course, it allows educators to pick and choose content for incorporation into their existing lectures. Topics available include plate tectonics, geomorphology, glaciology, and volcanology. For each topic, we discuss the imperialist nature of the sciences in the 19th and 20th century and link it to social inequalities today, with a particular focus on the overlooked contributions of early geology to scientific racism.Ultimately, we hope this work ignites energy towards a reimagined curriculum in the Earth sciences. This curriculum incorporates a social co [...]

Quaternary International, 2022

Predictive modeling of submerged archaeological sites requires accurate sea-level predictions in ... more Predictive modeling of submerged archaeological sites requires accurate sea-level predictions in order to reconstruct coastal paleogeography and associated geographic features that may have influenced the locations of occupation sites such as rivers and embayments. Earlier reconstructions of the paleogeography of parts of the western U.S. coast used an assumption of eustatic sea level, but this neglects the large spatial variations in relative sea level (RSL) associated with glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) and tectonics. Subsequent work using a one-dimensional (1-D) solid Earth model showed that reconstructions that accounted for GIA result in significant differences from those based on eustatic sea level. However, these analyses neglected the complex threedimensional (3-D) solid Earth structure associated with the Cascadia subduction zone that has also strongly influenced RSL along the Oregon-Washington (OR-WA) coast, requiring that the paleogeographic reconstructions must also account for this effect. Here we use RSL predictions from a 3-D solid Earth model that have been validated by RSL data to update previous paleogeographic reconstructions of the OR-WA coast for the last 12 kyr based on a 1-D solid Earth model. The large differences in the spatial variations in RSL on the OR-WA continental shelves predicted by the 3-D model relative to eustatic and 1-D models demonstrate that accurate reconstructions of coastal paleogeography for predictive modeling of submerged archaeological sites need to account for 3-D viscoelastic Earth structure in areas of complex tectonics.

Quaternary Science Reviews, 2020

Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2018

We describe modern ocean floor biological trends employing exploratory Remotely Operated Vehicle ... more We describe modern ocean floor biological trends employing exploratory Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Hercules dives in the Santa Barbara Basin, California, USA, through the Nautilus Exploration Program. Using ROV videos, in situ measurements, and sediment cores, we described oxygenation, temperature, biological zonation, and bulk sediment δ 15 N across three 120-meter vertical transects (from 380 to 500 m, m) that cross the depth of the ventilating sill (475 m) and upper OMZ boundary. These observations revealed major changes in the distribution of biota tied largely to changes in dissolved oxygen concentration. Upward increases in oxygen and temperature were coincident with successive disappearance and appearance of megafauna and foraminifera species and overall increases in community diversity. The most significant and abrupt change in seawater measurements, biological communities, sediment textures, and nitrogen isotopes were observed near the depth of the ventilating sill (from 480 to 450 m). Microbial mats were observed up to the depth of 475 m. Dense populations of Alia permodesta were identified at depths where dissolved oxygen ([O 2 ]) was < 2.4 µM (from 500 to 460 m). This taxon functioned as marking the boundary between the microbially-dominated and the megafauna-dominated communities. Bulk sediment δ 15 N values were elevated at 460 m, however the mechanism of post-depositional enrichment at this water depth is unclear. These observations have allowed for the refinement of paleoecological reconstructions in margin zonation, as well as a comparative baseline for expected future vertical changes in the OMZ. The modern trends, when integrated with the paleoceanographic record, show that continental margin biotic zonations underwent major vertical migration during the last deglaciation. Conspicuously, at 15,500 years ago, biotic zonations in the upper water column were vertically compressed towards the ocean surface by 35% compared with modern patterns.

Earth System Science Data Discussions, 2017

We assessed sediment coring, data acquisition, and publications from the North Pacific (north of ... more We assessed sediment coring, data acquisition, and publications from the North Pacific (north of 30˚ N) from 1951–2016. There are 2134 sediment cores collected by American, French, Japanese, Russian, and international research vessels across the North Pacific (including the Pacific Subarctic Gyre, Alaskan Gyre, Japan Margin, and California Margin, 1391 cores), Sea of Okhotsk (271 cores), Bering Sea (123 cores), and Sea of Japan (349 cores) reported here. All existing metadata associated with these sediment cores are documented, including coring date, location, core number, cruise number, water depth, vessel metadata, and coring technology. North Pacific age models are based on isotope stratigraphy, radiocarbon dating, magnetostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, tephrochronology, % opal, color, and lithophysical proxies. Here, we evaluate the iterative generation of each published age model and provide documentation of each dating technique used, as well as sedimentation rates...

Journal of Archaeological Science, 2022

<b>INTRODUCTION</b>Creating a diverse new generation of geoscientists begins at the t... more <b>INTRODUCTION</b>Creating a diverse new generation of geoscientists begins at the training stage. In undergraduate courses, early geoscientists are often glorified and discussed in terms of intellectual achievements, strong personalities, or heated debates. Nevertheless, the social and political backdrop for these scientists was complicated: the development of geology as a discipline is intertwined with the history of imperialism, colonialism, and Westward Expansion in the United States. Such topics are rarely discussed in current geoscience courses, and continuing to train the next generation of geoscientists without regard to this history perpetuates the same practices of exclusion. This is particularly important as co-production — developing knowledge and science together with local communities — is increasingly gaining attention and recognition today. Now, more than ever, there is a real need for historical literacy to be an integral part of STEM curriculum and training.Here we present a resource to assist educators in integrating topics on racism, colonialism, imperialism, environmental damage, and exploitation of natural resources into subjects commonly taught within geoscience departments. This resource consists of modular lecture slides with accompanying lecture notes, suggested discussion questions, and further reading to promote in-class engagement. This resource is freely available and geared towards flexibility so that rather than being a standalone course, it allows educators to pick and choose content for incorporation into their existing lectures. Topics available include plate tectonics, geomorphology, glaciology, and volcanology. For each topic, we discuss the imperialist nature of the sciences in the 19th and 20th century and link it to social inequalities today, with a particular focus on the overlooked contributions of early geology to scientific racism.Ultimately, we hope this work ignites energy towards a reimagined curriculum in the Earth sciences. This curriculum incorporates a social co [...]

Quaternary International, 2022

Predictive modeling of submerged archaeological sites requires accurate sea-level predictions in ... more Predictive modeling of submerged archaeological sites requires accurate sea-level predictions in order to reconstruct coastal paleogeography and associated geographic features that may have influenced the locations of occupation sites such as rivers and embayments. Earlier reconstructions of the paleogeography of parts of the western U.S. coast used an assumption of eustatic sea level, but this neglects the large spatial variations in relative sea level (RSL) associated with glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) and tectonics. Subsequent work using a one-dimensional (1-D) solid Earth model showed that reconstructions that accounted for GIA result in significant differences from those based on eustatic sea level. However, these analyses neglected the complex threedimensional (3-D) solid Earth structure associated with the Cascadia subduction zone that has also strongly influenced RSL along the Oregon-Washington (OR-WA) coast, requiring that the paleogeographic reconstructions must also account for this effect. Here we use RSL predictions from a 3-D solid Earth model that have been validated by RSL data to update previous paleogeographic reconstructions of the OR-WA coast for the last 12 kyr based on a 1-D solid Earth model. The large differences in the spatial variations in RSL on the OR-WA continental shelves predicted by the 3-D model relative to eustatic and 1-D models demonstrate that accurate reconstructions of coastal paleogeography for predictive modeling of submerged archaeological sites need to account for 3-D viscoelastic Earth structure in areas of complex tectonics.

Quaternary Science Reviews, 2020

Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2018

We describe modern ocean floor biological trends employing exploratory Remotely Operated Vehicle ... more We describe modern ocean floor biological trends employing exploratory Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Hercules dives in the Santa Barbara Basin, California, USA, through the Nautilus Exploration Program. Using ROV videos, in situ measurements, and sediment cores, we described oxygenation, temperature, biological zonation, and bulk sediment δ 15 N across three 120-meter vertical transects (from 380 to 500 m, m) that cross the depth of the ventilating sill (475 m) and upper OMZ boundary. These observations revealed major changes in the distribution of biota tied largely to changes in dissolved oxygen concentration. Upward increases in oxygen and temperature were coincident with successive disappearance and appearance of megafauna and foraminifera species and overall increases in community diversity. The most significant and abrupt change in seawater measurements, biological communities, sediment textures, and nitrogen isotopes were observed near the depth of the ventilating sill (from 480 to 450 m). Microbial mats were observed up to the depth of 475 m. Dense populations of Alia permodesta were identified at depths where dissolved oxygen ([O 2 ]) was < 2.4 µM (from 500 to 460 m). This taxon functioned as marking the boundary between the microbially-dominated and the megafauna-dominated communities. Bulk sediment δ 15 N values were elevated at 460 m, however the mechanism of post-depositional enrichment at this water depth is unclear. These observations have allowed for the refinement of paleoecological reconstructions in margin zonation, as well as a comparative baseline for expected future vertical changes in the OMZ. The modern trends, when integrated with the paleoceanographic record, show that continental margin biotic zonations underwent major vertical migration during the last deglaciation. Conspicuously, at 15,500 years ago, biotic zonations in the upper water column were vertically compressed towards the ocean surface by 35% compared with modern patterns.

Earth System Science Data Discussions, 2017

We assessed sediment coring, data acquisition, and publications from the North Pacific (north of ... more We assessed sediment coring, data acquisition, and publications from the North Pacific (north of 30˚ N) from 1951–2016. There are 2134 sediment cores collected by American, French, Japanese, Russian, and international research vessels across the North Pacific (including the Pacific Subarctic Gyre, Alaskan Gyre, Japan Margin, and California Margin, 1391 cores), Sea of Okhotsk (271 cores), Bering Sea (123 cores), and Sea of Japan (349 cores) reported here. All existing metadata associated with these sediment cores are documented, including coring date, location, core number, cruise number, water depth, vessel metadata, and coring technology. North Pacific age models are based on isotope stratigraphy, radiocarbon dating, magnetostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, tephrochronology, % opal, color, and lithophysical proxies. Here, we evaluate the iterative generation of each published age model and provide documentation of each dating technique used, as well as sedimentation rates...

Journal of Archaeological Science, 2022