Maria Ferreira de Almeida - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Maria Ferreira de Almeida

Research paper thumbnail of Microsporidiosis of Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 2002

An undescribed microsporidium was found infecting Tachinaephagus zealandicus, a gregarious parasi... more An undescribed microsporidium was found infecting Tachinaephagus zealandicus, a gregarious parasitoid that attacks third instar larvae of muscoid flies. Spores were present in all body regions and in all stages of development. Infected adults contained an average of 3.75 x 10 5 spores, and the pathogen was vertically transmitted to progeny. Infected female adults were fed either rifampicin or albendazole mixed with honey to determine the effectiveness of these drugs in preventing vertical transmission. After eight days of feeding on rifampicin the parasitoids produced progeny of which only 37% were infected. In contrast, albendazole-treated and untreated females produced progeny that were 97% and 100% infected, respectively. Healthy and infected colonies were established and studies were conducted to determine the mechanisms of transmission. It was observed that the efficiency of vertical (maternal) transmission was 96.3%. Uninfected parasitoid immatures also became infected when they shared superparasitized hosts with infected immatures. The method of transmission within superparasitized hosts is not known.

Research paper thumbnail of Aspectos da Biologia de Tachinaephagus Zealandicus Ashmead (Hymenoptera:Encyrtidae), parasitoide de larvas de dipteros sinantropicos

Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead e um endoparasitoide gregario que ataca larvas de terceiro ins... more Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead e um endoparasitoide gregario que ataca larvas de terceiro instar de dipteros muscoideos no Hemisferio Sul. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influencia de seis temperaturas constantes (16, 18, 20, 22, 25 e 27°C) no tempo de desenvolvimento, a influencia da ordem de emergencia na longevidade, o efeito da temperatura e tratamento alimentar na longevidade, a influencia do tratamento alimentar, densidade do hospedeiro e temperatura na taxa de ataque de T. zealandicus e tambem avaliar a influencia de quatro temperaturas constantes (15, 20, 25, 30° C) no tempo de desenvolvimento e longevidade de colonias infectadas e nao infectadas por um microsporideo. O sucesso na emergencia foi maior em 22°C tanto para machos quanto para remeas; um numero significativamente menor (24.130.4%) de parasitoides emergiu em 16°C e 25°C comparados com 22°C. O tempo de desenvolvimento foi de 24.0 a 56.9 dias para os dois sexos. Nao foi observada emergencia em 27°C. O parasitoides da mesma coorte que emergiram primeiro apresentaram maior longevidade que aqueles que emergiram mais tarde. A longevidade das remeas que receberam mel e agua decresceu com o aumento da temperatura e aquelas mantidas em 16°C viveram tres vezes mais que aquelas mantidas em 27°C. As remeas que receberam mel e agua apresentaram longevidades semelhantes entre 16-20°C, e remeas que receberam somente agua viveram de 4.8-7.6 dias em todas as temperaturas. As remeas viveram significativamente mais que os machos em todas as temperaturas, exceto em 16°C, mas as diferencas devido ao sexo foram pequenas se comparadas com os efeitos da temperatura e tratamento alimentar. Os tratamentos alimentares (mel, mel + agua, agua, e jejum) apresentaram efeitos estatisticamente significativos nas taxas de ataque em C. putoria e M domestica, contudo nenhum efeito significativo foi constato nos tratamentos quando analisada a progenie produzida. Tanto para M domestica quanto C. putoria foi observado que a porcentagem de hospedeiros mortos decresceu com o aumento da densidade do hospedeiro. A temperatura apresentou efeito significativo na taxa de ataque do parasitoide sobre C. putoria. Durante 24 horas de exposicao, as maiores taxas de ataque foram observadas em 22°C. Para o numero de hospedeiros mortos, nao foram encontradas significativas diferencas entre 20, 22, 25 e 27°C. Um microsporideo nao determinado foi encontrado infectando T. zealandicus. Esporos estavam presentes em todas as regioes do corpo do inseto e em todos os estagios de desenvolvimento. Adultos infectados apresentaram cerca de 3.75 x 105 esporos. Para separar a colonia em individuos infectados e nao infectados, as remeas infectadas foram tratadas com Rifampicin misturado ao mel como alimento e apos 8 dias cerca de 37% dos individuos da progenie examinada ainda estavam infectados. Uma cultura nao infectada foi estabelecida e as duas colonias foram testadas para o modo de transmissao. Foi observado que a eficiencia na transmissao materna foi de 96.3%. Parasitoides infectados desenvolveram significativamente mais rapido que os nao infectados em 15,20 e 25°C. Puparios que nao apresentaram emergencia foram dissecados e os resultados mostraram que os parasitoides infectados apresentaram maior dificuldade para emergir de seus puparios, especialmente em 20 e 25°C. A longevidade das remeas decresceu com o aumento das temperaturas. Os efeitos da infeccao na longevidade foram fortes em todas as temperaturas, entre os parasitoides que receberam mel e agua; a longevidade foi pequena em todos os grupos que receberam somente agua. Os resultados de ANOV A mostraram que nao somente a temperatura e o tratamento alimentar, mas tambem a infeccao afetou significativamente a longevidade de femeas e de machos. Femeas e machos da colonia infectada apresentaram tempos de vida similares (3.7-3.9 dias) quando os parasitoides receberam mel, agua e larvas de mosca domestica continuadamente apos emergencia. Parasitoides infectados produziram progenie significativamente menor que os nao infectados, e uma grande proporcao de parasitoides infectados falharam para emergir do pupario do hospedeiro. Grande parte do ataque ao hospedeiro e parasitismo ocorreu durante o primeiro dia de emergencia, indicando que esta especie e proovigenica. Foram comparados o ataque ao hospedeiro e o parasitismo sobre duas especies de mosca, mosca domestica e Sarcophaga bullata indicando que o efeito da infeccao foi modulado pela especie de hospedeiro presente. Numeros similares foram observados para ambos hospedeiros para numero de pupas mortas por infectados e nao infectados (70.2-74.1 hospedeiros atacados por grupo de 5 femeas de T. zealandicus). Contudo, parasitoides infectados produziram substancialmente menos progenie de mosca domestica (311.1 para nao infectados comparados com 138.3 para infectados), porem a infeccao nao apresentou efeito significativo na progenie produzida para o hospedeiro maior (s. bullata) (588.2 e 460.1…

Research paper thumbnail of Abundancia relativa e sazonal de Musca domestica L. 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) e de seus parasitoides em microhabitats de um curral de gado bovino, em Pirassununga (SP)

Foi realizado um levantamento para verificar a abundância relativa e sazonal de Musca domestica L... more Foi realizado um levantamento para verificar a abundância relativa e sazonal de Musca domestica L. 1758, e seus parasit6ides associados, em esterqueiras de estabulo de ordenha de gado bovino. Foram feitas 52 coletas, entre marco/1994 e fevereiro/1995, no Campus da Universidade de Sao Paulo, em Pirassununga-SP. Puparios de M. domestica e outros dipteros sinantr6picos foram coletados, em pontos pre-detemunados de duas esterqueiras. No laborat6rio, foram individualizados, em capsulas de gelatina, para aguardar a emergencia dos adultos e os puparios que nao apresentaram emergencia, em 40dias, foram dissecados para identificacao. Foram coletadas as seguintes especies de Diptera: Musca domestica L., Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), Physiphora aenea (Fabr.) e Sarcophagula sp. Os parasitoides identificados foram: Aleochara puberula (K1ug), Aleochara bipustulata (L.) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae); Spalangia cameroni Perkins, Spalangia endius Wa1ker, Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis, Spalangia gemina Boucek, e duas morfoespecies de Muscidifurax (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). A.puberula, S. cameroni e S. endius foram as especies que apresentaram maior abundância durante o ano e sa~ portanto, as mais indicadas para o controle da M. domestica. Alem disso, as especies parasit6ides apresentaram diferentes picos de sazonalidade indicando que durante o ano cada uma atua num momento, no controle das populacoes naturais da mosca. A populacao de M domestica apresentou padrao de sazonalidade proporcional as mudancas de temperatura e precipitacao oconidas durante o experimento, ja as especies parasit6ides apresentaram sazonalidade marcada pela presenca da mosca, o que confinna a possibilidade de estar ocorrendo uma relacao de densidade-dependencia entre ambos Abstract

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of Temperature on Development Time and Longevity ofTachinaephagus zealandicus(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), and Effects of Nutrition and Emergence Order on Longevity

Environmental Entomology, 2002

Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead is a gregarious endoparasitoid that attacks third instars of m... more Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead is a gregarious endoparasitoid that attacks third instars of muscoid ßies in the Southern Hemisphere. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the inßuence of six constant temperatures (16, 18, 20, 22, 25, and 27ЊC) on development time, the inßuence of emergence order on longevity, and the effects of temperature and food treatment on longevity. Emergence success was greatest at 22ЊC for both males and females; signiÞcantly fewer (24.1Ð30.4%) parasitoids emerged at 16 and 25ЊC compared with 22ЊC. Development time ranged from 24.0 to 56.9 d for both sexes. No emergence was observed at 27ЊC. Early-emerging parasitoids had greater longevity than parasitoids that emerged later from the same cohorts. The longevity of females given honey and water decreased with increasing temperature, and those reared at 16ЊC lived about three times longer than those kept at 27ЊC. Females given honey and water had similar longevities at 16 Ð20ЊC, and females that were given only water lived for only 4.8 Ð7.6 d at all temperatures. Females lived signiÞcantly longer overall than males at all temperatures except 16ЊC, but differences due to sex were small compared with the effects of temperature and nutrition. Further investigations will be necessary to determine the climatic zones in which T. zealandicus is most likely to be an effective biological control agent of muscoid ßies.

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of Feeding Treatment, Host Density, Temperature, and Cool Storage on Attack Rates of <I>Tachinaephagus zealandicus</I> (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Environmental Entomology, 2002

Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead is a gregarious endoparasitoid that attacks third instars of m... more Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead is a gregarious endoparasitoid that attacks third instars of muscoid ßies, including house ßies, Musca domestica L. A colony of this parasitoid was established from samples collected from a poultry farm in Santa Cruz da Conceiç ão, São Paulo, Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the inßuence of feeding treatment, host density and temperature on attack rates on T. zealandicus. Parasitoids that were given honey as adults attacked two to three times as many house ßy larvae (25 host attacks/female/d) as parasitoids that were given only water or nothing. Host attacks and progeny production by T. zealandicus on house ßy and Chrysomyia putoria increased over the range of host:parasitoid ratios tested, reaching a maximum of 21Ð22 hosts killed and 13 progeny produced/female/d at the highest host density of 32 larvae/female. Host attacks were higher at 22ЊC than at the other temperatures studied (20 Ð29ЊC), but differences in attack rates were small over the range of 20 Ð27ЊC (10 Ð13 host attacks/female). Comparatively few hosts (6.3) were attacked at 29ЊC. Higher rates of progeny production also were observed among parasitoids tested at lower temperatures (9 Ð11 progeny produced/female at 20 Ð22ЊC) than at 29ЊC (1.8 progeny/female). Females of T. zealandicus that were stored at 15ЊC after emergence had highest rates of host attacks (58 Ð 62 hosts killed per group of Þve female parasitoids) and progeny production (174 Ð261 progeny) after 6 Ð12 d of storage at this temperature; relatively few hosts were attacked or parasitized (6 Ð9 host attacks and progeny/group) after 0 or 1 d at 15ЊC.

Research paper thumbnail of Aleocharaspp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) and Pupal Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Attacking Symbovine Fly Pupae (Diptera: Muscidae, Sarcophagidae and Otitidae) in Southeastern Brazil

Biological Control, 1999

Samples of house fly, Musca domestica L., stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and Physiphora ae... more Samples of house fly, Musca domestica L., stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and Physiphora aenea (F.) puparia were collected weekly at a dairy cattle farm, in Piraç ununga (21°59Ј S; 47°21Ј W and 597.0 m), State of Sã o Paulo, Brazil, between March 1994 and February 1995. Puparia were collected in eight sites (each had a diameter of approximately 60 cm and depth of 10 cm) chosen around two manure storage piles and a feeding trough to determine which species comprised the fauna of pupal parasitoids. Adults were allowed to emerge from intact fly puparia and were dissected 50 days later. Adults of house flies emerged from ca. 37.4% of 10,504 intact house fly puparia, 38.2% of puparia were aborted, parasitoids emerged from 7.2%, and larvae of Aleochara puberula (Klug) emerged from 17.2%. Adults of stable fly emerged from 41.5%, parasitoids emerged from 57.5%, and larvae of A. puberula emerged from only 1.0% of 200 intact stable fly puparia collected. Adults of P. aenea emerged from 83.3%, parasitoids attacked 15.4%, and larvae of A. puberula emerged from 1.2% of 162 intact P. aenea puparia collected. Muscidifurax raptoroides (Kogan and Legner) and Muscidifurax sp. were recovered only from house flies, whereas Spalangia cameroni Perkins, S. gemina Boucek, S. endius Walker, S. nigroaenea Curtis and A. puberula were recovered from all three fly species. The seasonal emergence of parasitoids was analyzed for the three species of flies collected. Larvae of Aleochara (Coprochara) notula (Erichson) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) were reared and a wasp from family Eucoilidae (Cynipoidea) was found in some puparia (ca. 20) of Sarcophagula sp. (Sarcophagidae). This is the first report of aleocharine larvae attacking puparia of symbovine flies in Brazil. 1999 Academic Press

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of Nosema Disease on Fitness of the Parasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Environmental Entomology, 2003

The effects of an undetermined species of Nosema on Þtness of the muscoid ßy parasitoid Tachinaep... more The effects of an undetermined species of Nosema on Þtness of the muscoid ßy parasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus were examined in the laboratory. Infected female parasitoids that were given honey and water lived about one-half as long as uninfected parasitoids under these feeding conditions. Effects of infection on longevity were strongest at 30ЊC; infected and uninfected females lived 2.8 and 8.7 d, respectively. Infected and uninfected parasitoids that were given only water had similar longevities, but water-onlyÐfed parasitoids had much shorter lifespans than honey-fed parasitoids at all temperatures. Infection did not result in signiÞcant lengthening of development times of immature stages, with male and female parasitoids completing development from egg to adult in Ϸ23, 33, and 60 d at 25, 20, and 15ЊC, respectively. Overall emergence of uninfected parasitoid adults was 16 times greater than infected parasitoids at 15ЊC. Emergence of uninfected parasitoids was 11 and 3 times greater than infected parasitoids at 20 and 25ЊC, respectively, and sex ratios of emerged adults were signiÞcantly more male-biased in infected parasitoids at these temperatures than among uninfected parasitoids. Dissections of uneclosed puparia revealed that many infected parasitoids completed development to the adult stage but did not successfully emerge from host puparia. Infected and uninfected females killed similar numbers of hosts (70 Ð75 house ßy or Sarcophaga bullata larvae killed per group of Þve females in 24 h). Uninfected females parasitized signiÞcantly more house ßy larvae (59.7) and produced more than twice as many adult progeny (311.1) as infected females (34.1 hosts parasitized, 138.3 progeny produced). Infected females parasitized about as many S. bullata hosts as uninfected females and produced slightly fewer adult progeny (588.2 and 460.1 progeny per group of Þve uninfected and infected females, respectively). In tests with individual females given house ßy hosts daily throughout life, uninfected and infected parasitoids had similar longevities (3.9 and 3.7 d, respectively), but uninfected parasitoids produced 2Ð5 times as many adult progeny.

Research paper thumbnail of Microsporidiosis of Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 2002

An undescribed microsporidium was found infecting Tachinaephagus zealandicus, a gregarious parasi... more An undescribed microsporidium was found infecting Tachinaephagus zealandicus, a gregarious parasitoid that attacks third instar larvae of muscoid flies. Spores were present in all body regions and in all stages of development. Infected adults contained an average of 3.75 x 10 5 spores, and the pathogen was vertically transmitted to progeny. Infected female adults were fed either rifampicin or albendazole mixed with honey to determine the effectiveness of these drugs in preventing vertical transmission. After eight days of feeding on rifampicin the parasitoids produced progeny of which only 37% were infected. In contrast, albendazole-treated and untreated females produced progeny that were 97% and 100% infected, respectively. Healthy and infected colonies were established and studies were conducted to determine the mechanisms of transmission. It was observed that the efficiency of vertical (maternal) transmission was 96.3%. Uninfected parasitoid immatures also became infected when they shared superparasitized hosts with infected immatures. The method of transmission within superparasitized hosts is not known.

Research paper thumbnail of Aspectos da Biologia de Tachinaephagus Zealandicus Ashmead (Hymenoptera:Encyrtidae), parasitoide de larvas de dipteros sinantropicos

Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead e um endoparasitoide gregario que ataca larvas de terceiro ins... more Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead e um endoparasitoide gregario que ataca larvas de terceiro instar de dipteros muscoideos no Hemisferio Sul. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influencia de seis temperaturas constantes (16, 18, 20, 22, 25 e 27°C) no tempo de desenvolvimento, a influencia da ordem de emergencia na longevidade, o efeito da temperatura e tratamento alimentar na longevidade, a influencia do tratamento alimentar, densidade do hospedeiro e temperatura na taxa de ataque de T. zealandicus e tambem avaliar a influencia de quatro temperaturas constantes (15, 20, 25, 30° C) no tempo de desenvolvimento e longevidade de colonias infectadas e nao infectadas por um microsporideo. O sucesso na emergencia foi maior em 22°C tanto para machos quanto para remeas; um numero significativamente menor (24.130.4%) de parasitoides emergiu em 16°C e 25°C comparados com 22°C. O tempo de desenvolvimento foi de 24.0 a 56.9 dias para os dois sexos. Nao foi observada emergencia em 27°C. O parasitoides da mesma coorte que emergiram primeiro apresentaram maior longevidade que aqueles que emergiram mais tarde. A longevidade das remeas que receberam mel e agua decresceu com o aumento da temperatura e aquelas mantidas em 16°C viveram tres vezes mais que aquelas mantidas em 27°C. As remeas que receberam mel e agua apresentaram longevidades semelhantes entre 16-20°C, e remeas que receberam somente agua viveram de 4.8-7.6 dias em todas as temperaturas. As remeas viveram significativamente mais que os machos em todas as temperaturas, exceto em 16°C, mas as diferencas devido ao sexo foram pequenas se comparadas com os efeitos da temperatura e tratamento alimentar. Os tratamentos alimentares (mel, mel + agua, agua, e jejum) apresentaram efeitos estatisticamente significativos nas taxas de ataque em C. putoria e M domestica, contudo nenhum efeito significativo foi constato nos tratamentos quando analisada a progenie produzida. Tanto para M domestica quanto C. putoria foi observado que a porcentagem de hospedeiros mortos decresceu com o aumento da densidade do hospedeiro. A temperatura apresentou efeito significativo na taxa de ataque do parasitoide sobre C. putoria. Durante 24 horas de exposicao, as maiores taxas de ataque foram observadas em 22°C. Para o numero de hospedeiros mortos, nao foram encontradas significativas diferencas entre 20, 22, 25 e 27°C. Um microsporideo nao determinado foi encontrado infectando T. zealandicus. Esporos estavam presentes em todas as regioes do corpo do inseto e em todos os estagios de desenvolvimento. Adultos infectados apresentaram cerca de 3.75 x 105 esporos. Para separar a colonia em individuos infectados e nao infectados, as remeas infectadas foram tratadas com Rifampicin misturado ao mel como alimento e apos 8 dias cerca de 37% dos individuos da progenie examinada ainda estavam infectados. Uma cultura nao infectada foi estabelecida e as duas colonias foram testadas para o modo de transmissao. Foi observado que a eficiencia na transmissao materna foi de 96.3%. Parasitoides infectados desenvolveram significativamente mais rapido que os nao infectados em 15,20 e 25°C. Puparios que nao apresentaram emergencia foram dissecados e os resultados mostraram que os parasitoides infectados apresentaram maior dificuldade para emergir de seus puparios, especialmente em 20 e 25°C. A longevidade das remeas decresceu com o aumento das temperaturas. Os efeitos da infeccao na longevidade foram fortes em todas as temperaturas, entre os parasitoides que receberam mel e agua; a longevidade foi pequena em todos os grupos que receberam somente agua. Os resultados de ANOV A mostraram que nao somente a temperatura e o tratamento alimentar, mas tambem a infeccao afetou significativamente a longevidade de femeas e de machos. Femeas e machos da colonia infectada apresentaram tempos de vida similares (3.7-3.9 dias) quando os parasitoides receberam mel, agua e larvas de mosca domestica continuadamente apos emergencia. Parasitoides infectados produziram progenie significativamente menor que os nao infectados, e uma grande proporcao de parasitoides infectados falharam para emergir do pupario do hospedeiro. Grande parte do ataque ao hospedeiro e parasitismo ocorreu durante o primeiro dia de emergencia, indicando que esta especie e proovigenica. Foram comparados o ataque ao hospedeiro e o parasitismo sobre duas especies de mosca, mosca domestica e Sarcophaga bullata indicando que o efeito da infeccao foi modulado pela especie de hospedeiro presente. Numeros similares foram observados para ambos hospedeiros para numero de pupas mortas por infectados e nao infectados (70.2-74.1 hospedeiros atacados por grupo de 5 femeas de T. zealandicus). Contudo, parasitoides infectados produziram substancialmente menos progenie de mosca domestica (311.1 para nao infectados comparados com 138.3 para infectados), porem a infeccao nao apresentou efeito significativo na progenie produzida para o hospedeiro maior (s. bullata) (588.2 e 460.1…

Research paper thumbnail of Abundancia relativa e sazonal de Musca domestica L. 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) e de seus parasitoides em microhabitats de um curral de gado bovino, em Pirassununga (SP)

Foi realizado um levantamento para verificar a abundância relativa e sazonal de Musca domestica L... more Foi realizado um levantamento para verificar a abundância relativa e sazonal de Musca domestica L. 1758, e seus parasit6ides associados, em esterqueiras de estabulo de ordenha de gado bovino. Foram feitas 52 coletas, entre marco/1994 e fevereiro/1995, no Campus da Universidade de Sao Paulo, em Pirassununga-SP. Puparios de M. domestica e outros dipteros sinantr6picos foram coletados, em pontos pre-detemunados de duas esterqueiras. No laborat6rio, foram individualizados, em capsulas de gelatina, para aguardar a emergencia dos adultos e os puparios que nao apresentaram emergencia, em 40dias, foram dissecados para identificacao. Foram coletadas as seguintes especies de Diptera: Musca domestica L., Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), Physiphora aenea (Fabr.) e Sarcophagula sp. Os parasitoides identificados foram: Aleochara puberula (K1ug), Aleochara bipustulata (L.) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae); Spalangia cameroni Perkins, Spalangia endius Wa1ker, Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis, Spalangia gemina Boucek, e duas morfoespecies de Muscidifurax (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). A.puberula, S. cameroni e S. endius foram as especies que apresentaram maior abundância durante o ano e sa~ portanto, as mais indicadas para o controle da M. domestica. Alem disso, as especies parasit6ides apresentaram diferentes picos de sazonalidade indicando que durante o ano cada uma atua num momento, no controle das populacoes naturais da mosca. A populacao de M domestica apresentou padrao de sazonalidade proporcional as mudancas de temperatura e precipitacao oconidas durante o experimento, ja as especies parasit6ides apresentaram sazonalidade marcada pela presenca da mosca, o que confinna a possibilidade de estar ocorrendo uma relacao de densidade-dependencia entre ambos Abstract

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of Temperature on Development Time and Longevity ofTachinaephagus zealandicus(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), and Effects of Nutrition and Emergence Order on Longevity

Environmental Entomology, 2002

Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead is a gregarious endoparasitoid that attacks third instars of m... more Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead is a gregarious endoparasitoid that attacks third instars of muscoid ßies in the Southern Hemisphere. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the inßuence of six constant temperatures (16, 18, 20, 22, 25, and 27ЊC) on development time, the inßuence of emergence order on longevity, and the effects of temperature and food treatment on longevity. Emergence success was greatest at 22ЊC for both males and females; signiÞcantly fewer (24.1Ð30.4%) parasitoids emerged at 16 and 25ЊC compared with 22ЊC. Development time ranged from 24.0 to 56.9 d for both sexes. No emergence was observed at 27ЊC. Early-emerging parasitoids had greater longevity than parasitoids that emerged later from the same cohorts. The longevity of females given honey and water decreased with increasing temperature, and those reared at 16ЊC lived about three times longer than those kept at 27ЊC. Females given honey and water had similar longevities at 16 Ð20ЊC, and females that were given only water lived for only 4.8 Ð7.6 d at all temperatures. Females lived signiÞcantly longer overall than males at all temperatures except 16ЊC, but differences due to sex were small compared with the effects of temperature and nutrition. Further investigations will be necessary to determine the climatic zones in which T. zealandicus is most likely to be an effective biological control agent of muscoid ßies.

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of Feeding Treatment, Host Density, Temperature, and Cool Storage on Attack Rates of <I>Tachinaephagus zealandicus</I> (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Environmental Entomology, 2002

Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead is a gregarious endoparasitoid that attacks third instars of m... more Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead is a gregarious endoparasitoid that attacks third instars of muscoid ßies, including house ßies, Musca domestica L. A colony of this parasitoid was established from samples collected from a poultry farm in Santa Cruz da Conceiç ão, São Paulo, Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the inßuence of feeding treatment, host density and temperature on attack rates on T. zealandicus. Parasitoids that were given honey as adults attacked two to three times as many house ßy larvae (25 host attacks/female/d) as parasitoids that were given only water or nothing. Host attacks and progeny production by T. zealandicus on house ßy and Chrysomyia putoria increased over the range of host:parasitoid ratios tested, reaching a maximum of 21Ð22 hosts killed and 13 progeny produced/female/d at the highest host density of 32 larvae/female. Host attacks were higher at 22ЊC than at the other temperatures studied (20 Ð29ЊC), but differences in attack rates were small over the range of 20 Ð27ЊC (10 Ð13 host attacks/female). Comparatively few hosts (6.3) were attacked at 29ЊC. Higher rates of progeny production also were observed among parasitoids tested at lower temperatures (9 Ð11 progeny produced/female at 20 Ð22ЊC) than at 29ЊC (1.8 progeny/female). Females of T. zealandicus that were stored at 15ЊC after emergence had highest rates of host attacks (58 Ð 62 hosts killed per group of Þve female parasitoids) and progeny production (174 Ð261 progeny) after 6 Ð12 d of storage at this temperature; relatively few hosts were attacked or parasitized (6 Ð9 host attacks and progeny/group) after 0 or 1 d at 15ЊC.

Research paper thumbnail of Aleocharaspp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) and Pupal Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Attacking Symbovine Fly Pupae (Diptera: Muscidae, Sarcophagidae and Otitidae) in Southeastern Brazil

Biological Control, 1999

Samples of house fly, Musca domestica L., stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and Physiphora ae... more Samples of house fly, Musca domestica L., stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and Physiphora aenea (F.) puparia were collected weekly at a dairy cattle farm, in Piraç ununga (21°59Ј S; 47°21Ј W and 597.0 m), State of Sã o Paulo, Brazil, between March 1994 and February 1995. Puparia were collected in eight sites (each had a diameter of approximately 60 cm and depth of 10 cm) chosen around two manure storage piles and a feeding trough to determine which species comprised the fauna of pupal parasitoids. Adults were allowed to emerge from intact fly puparia and were dissected 50 days later. Adults of house flies emerged from ca. 37.4% of 10,504 intact house fly puparia, 38.2% of puparia were aborted, parasitoids emerged from 7.2%, and larvae of Aleochara puberula (Klug) emerged from 17.2%. Adults of stable fly emerged from 41.5%, parasitoids emerged from 57.5%, and larvae of A. puberula emerged from only 1.0% of 200 intact stable fly puparia collected. Adults of P. aenea emerged from 83.3%, parasitoids attacked 15.4%, and larvae of A. puberula emerged from 1.2% of 162 intact P. aenea puparia collected. Muscidifurax raptoroides (Kogan and Legner) and Muscidifurax sp. were recovered only from house flies, whereas Spalangia cameroni Perkins, S. gemina Boucek, S. endius Walker, S. nigroaenea Curtis and A. puberula were recovered from all three fly species. The seasonal emergence of parasitoids was analyzed for the three species of flies collected. Larvae of Aleochara (Coprochara) notula (Erichson) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) were reared and a wasp from family Eucoilidae (Cynipoidea) was found in some puparia (ca. 20) of Sarcophagula sp. (Sarcophagidae). This is the first report of aleocharine larvae attacking puparia of symbovine flies in Brazil. 1999 Academic Press

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of Nosema Disease on Fitness of the Parasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Environmental Entomology, 2003

The effects of an undetermined species of Nosema on Þtness of the muscoid ßy parasitoid Tachinaep... more The effects of an undetermined species of Nosema on Þtness of the muscoid ßy parasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus were examined in the laboratory. Infected female parasitoids that were given honey and water lived about one-half as long as uninfected parasitoids under these feeding conditions. Effects of infection on longevity were strongest at 30ЊC; infected and uninfected females lived 2.8 and 8.7 d, respectively. Infected and uninfected parasitoids that were given only water had similar longevities, but water-onlyÐfed parasitoids had much shorter lifespans than honey-fed parasitoids at all temperatures. Infection did not result in signiÞcant lengthening of development times of immature stages, with male and female parasitoids completing development from egg to adult in Ϸ23, 33, and 60 d at 25, 20, and 15ЊC, respectively. Overall emergence of uninfected parasitoid adults was 16 times greater than infected parasitoids at 15ЊC. Emergence of uninfected parasitoids was 11 and 3 times greater than infected parasitoids at 20 and 25ЊC, respectively, and sex ratios of emerged adults were signiÞcantly more male-biased in infected parasitoids at these temperatures than among uninfected parasitoids. Dissections of uneclosed puparia revealed that many infected parasitoids completed development to the adult stage but did not successfully emerge from host puparia. Infected and uninfected females killed similar numbers of hosts (70 Ð75 house ßy or Sarcophaga bullata larvae killed per group of Þve females in 24 h). Uninfected females parasitized signiÞcantly more house ßy larvae (59.7) and produced more than twice as many adult progeny (311.1) as infected females (34.1 hosts parasitized, 138.3 progeny produced). Infected females parasitized about as many S. bullata hosts as uninfected females and produced slightly fewer adult progeny (588.2 and 460.1 progeny per group of Þve uninfected and infected females, respectively). In tests with individual females given house ßy hosts daily throughout life, uninfected and infected parasitoids had similar longevities (3.9 and 3.7 d, respectively), but uninfected parasitoids produced 2Ð5 times as many adult progeny.