Michael Klare - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Michael Klare
Penn State Journal of Law and International Affairs, 2015
Klare 3:2 11 has political and military implications. "This energy renaissance," it declared, "ha... more Klare 3:2 11 has political and military implications. "This energy renaissance," it declared, "has far-reaching consequences for energy markets, trade, and, potentially, even for energy security, geopolitics, and the global economy." 4 Energy security and geopolitics have, of course, played a pivotal role in international affairs for a very long time, ever since the development of oil-powered vehicles and weapons of war. As the demand for petroleum exploded, especially in the years during and after World War I, the major military and industrial powers fought with one another for control over the world's handful of oilproducing areas. Gaining access to foreign oil supplies was also a major war aim of Germany and Japan during World II and a major concern of the United States during the Cold War era. After the Cold War, the United States continued to place a high priority on ensuring its access to foreign oil supplies, employing military force on several occasions to protect the oil flow from the Persian Gulf. 5 The 2012 IEA statement suggested, however, that the well-established relationship between energy and geopolitics would be profoundly altered as a result of the current "energy renaissance." As an energy-specific organization, the IEA did not offer its own prognosis on the geopolitical implications of its suggestive comment, except to note that we should expect a shift in the center of gravity of world oil and natural gas production from the Middle East to North America. 6 Nevertheless, it is obvious from its analysis that this shift and other consequences of the "renaissance" will have profound implications for the foreign and security policies of both energy importing and exporting nations and for the prospects for
Competition over vital resources is a potent source of international friction among nations and w... more Competition over vital resources is a potent source of international friction among nations and within states. The result is the increasing interplay of international and internal struggles and the growing militarization of the global energy resource quest.
Third World Quarterly, 2006
and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study pu... more and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
International Affairs, 1985
* Acknowledgments *1. The Global Arms Market: A Briefing on the Arms Trade *2. Primal Motives: Th... more * Acknowledgments *1. The Global Arms Market: A Briefing on the Arms Trade *2. Primal Motives: The Political Economy of Arms Sales *3. The Evolution of Doctrine: U.S. Arms Export Policy from Kennedy to Reagan *4. The Implementation of Policy: Arms Export Decisionmaking *5. The Limits of Policy: U.S. Arms Exports to Latin America *6. Arms and the Shah: The Rise and Fall of the "Surrogate Strategy" *7. After the Shah: U.S. Arms Sales to the Middle East in the 1980s *8. Coproduction and Licensing: The Export of America's Arms-Making Technology *9. Arms Sales and Human Rights: The Merchants of Repression *10. A Look at the Competition: Soviet and European Arms Sales to the Third World *11. Promoting Global Stability: An Alternative Policy Framework * Appendix 1. U.S. Military Exports by sProgram, Fiscal 1950-82 * Appendix 2. U.S. Arms Transfers to Third World Police Forces by Country, September 1976-May 1979 * Notes * Selected Bibliography * Index
Penn State Journal of Law and International Affairs, 2015
Klare 3:2 11 has political and military implications. "This energy renaissance," it declared, "ha... more Klare 3:2 11 has political and military implications. "This energy renaissance," it declared, "has far-reaching consequences for energy markets, trade, and, potentially, even for energy security, geopolitics, and the global economy." 4 Energy security and geopolitics have, of course, played a pivotal role in international affairs for a very long time, ever since the development of oil-powered vehicles and weapons of war. As the demand for petroleum exploded, especially in the years during and after World War I, the major military and industrial powers fought with one another for control over the world's handful of oilproducing areas. Gaining access to foreign oil supplies was also a major war aim of Germany and Japan during World II and a major concern of the United States during the Cold War era. After the Cold War, the United States continued to place a high priority on ensuring its access to foreign oil supplies, employing military force on several occasions to protect the oil flow from the Persian Gulf. 5 The 2012 IEA statement suggested, however, that the well-established relationship between energy and geopolitics would be profoundly altered as a result of the current "energy renaissance." As an energy-specific organization, the IEA did not offer its own prognosis on the geopolitical implications of its suggestive comment, except to note that we should expect a shift in the center of gravity of world oil and natural gas production from the Middle East to North America. 6 Nevertheless, it is obvious from its analysis that this shift and other consequences of the "renaissance" will have profound implications for the foreign and security policies of both energy importing and exporting nations and for the prospects for
Competition over vital resources is a potent source of international friction among nations and w... more Competition over vital resources is a potent source of international friction among nations and within states. The result is the increasing interplay of international and internal struggles and the growing militarization of the global energy resource quest.
Third World Quarterly, 2006
and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study pu... more and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
International Affairs, 1985
* Acknowledgments *1. The Global Arms Market: A Briefing on the Arms Trade *2. Primal Motives: Th... more * Acknowledgments *1. The Global Arms Market: A Briefing on the Arms Trade *2. Primal Motives: The Political Economy of Arms Sales *3. The Evolution of Doctrine: U.S. Arms Export Policy from Kennedy to Reagan *4. The Implementation of Policy: Arms Export Decisionmaking *5. The Limits of Policy: U.S. Arms Exports to Latin America *6. Arms and the Shah: The Rise and Fall of the "Surrogate Strategy" *7. After the Shah: U.S. Arms Sales to the Middle East in the 1980s *8. Coproduction and Licensing: The Export of America's Arms-Making Technology *9. Arms Sales and Human Rights: The Merchants of Repression *10. A Look at the Competition: Soviet and European Arms Sales to the Third World *11. Promoting Global Stability: An Alternative Policy Framework * Appendix 1. U.S. Military Exports by sProgram, Fiscal 1950-82 * Appendix 2. U.S. Arms Transfers to Third World Police Forces by Country, September 1976-May 1979 * Notes * Selected Bibliography * Index