MOHD IKHWAN KHAIRUL ANUAR - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by MOHD IKHWAN KHAIRUL ANUAR

The process of pharmaceutical tabletting involves the application of stress onto the powdered dru... more The process of pharmaceutical tabletting involves the application of stress onto the powdered drug ingredients contained within a rigid die. This compaction process will cause the powder to densify and form a tablet, which is then ejected from the die cavity. In reality, the tablet will incur some elastic strains during the compaction process and the tablet dimensional changes resulted due to the elastic relaxation of the tablet in the subsequent processing stages undermine the final tablet mechanical integrity. The ejection stage, where the tablet is extruded from the die, has not been studied extensively and is an important stage where any tabletting defects are immediately visible. It is then the purpose of this Thesis to experimentally elucidate the behaviour of the tablet elastic relaxation and its influence on the tablet mechanical integrity during the ejection, the final stage of the compaction process. The Thesis starts with highlighting the existence of the tablet elastic r...

The injection molding is a manufacturing technique for making parts from both thermoplastic and t... more The injection molding is a manufacturing technique for making parts from both thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic materials in production. Molten plastic is injected at high pressure into a mold, which is the inverse of the product's shape. From the previous data that had been taken, there are increasing rejected part. By using the classical method, it can reduce the rejected value. This study will research to provide a high level review and analysis of the governing principles to identify theoretical limits on process performance. The variations in the machining parameters, such as temperature, time, pressure, and distance greatly affect the measures of the machining performance. Therefore, proper selection of the machining parameters can result in better machining performance. After conducting an analysis for these parameters, which is the main factor of the rejected value increased one solution from the aspect machine scale already approachable and its value already at the optimum level. From the new parameter setting, which is the optimum range value, one experiment was carried out on these machines and finally it is shown that the rejected values are decreasing.

The aim for this project is to build a message board using dot matrix display. The message board ... more The aim for this project is to build a message board using dot matrix display. The message board consists of four major subsections. These sections include a computer program, a communications system, a microcontroller, and the LED display. The computer program takes text entered by the user, converts the text to the proper data format, and loads the message onto the board. The communications system handles data flowing from the computer to the message board. The message board is connected to the computer using RS232 cable.Data coming in from the computer is handled by the microcontroller, which stored the data in memory. The microcontroller is also responsible for reading instructions and messages from memory then displaying the messages according to the instructions. The LED display is operated by a set of constant current display drivers. These display drivers light the LED's based on data received from the microcontroller.

Household waste is waste which is generated in the day to day operations of a household. Househol... more Household waste is waste which is generated in the day to day operations of a household. Household waste management includes the collection, transportation, processing and disposal of waste. Improper waste management practice and system may lead to human health and environmental degradation issue. This study investigates on household waste generation in Bukit Subang, Shah Alam, household management practice and technology used in the waste management system. From survey and data collected the amount of waste produce monthly in Bukit Subang was obtained. The results obtain show residents are aware on the importance of waste management system and satisfied with their waste management system due to well managed system by the Majlis Bandaraya Shah Alam (MBSA). The data collected are used for Life Cycle Analysis (LOA) in calculating the emission rates towards human and environment impact assessment. The results obtain shows the current and future estimated emissions rate. This study limits the emission factor only towards the human toxicity via air due to certain limitation.

In 1920, robotic be found when Czechoslovakian playwright Karel Capek introduces the word robot i... more In 1920, robotic be found when Czechoslovakian playwright Karel Capek introduces the word robot in the play R.U.R. - Rossum's Universal Robots. The word comes from the Czech robota, which means tedious labor. In 1938, the first programmable paint-spraying mechanism is designed by Americans Willard Pollard and Harold Roselund for the DeVilbiss Company. In 1951, in France, Raymond Goertz designs the first tele-operated articulated arm for the Atomic Energy Commission. The design is based entirely on mechanical coupling between the master and slave arms (using steel cables and pulleys). Derivatives of this design are still seen in places where handling of small nuclear samples is required. This is generally regarded as the major milestone in force feedback technology. The main function of a master slave arm for a painting application is to paint some part that difficult to paint. Why robot arm are useful for painting is because the painting itself can be hazardous for human. The design of the arm robot can paint some other part by using arm robot and controlled by using master arm robot. Every movement can be controlled by master arm robot. Effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by experiments using a developed three-axis master-slave arm system. In this project, it was specially focused and involves in Conceptual and Mechanical design of Master Slave Robot for Painting Application that to design and choose the best of arm robot that will be build for prototyped. The proposed arm master system consists of a self-contained computing hardware with a potential motors at each arm joints. The purpose of this master unit is to measure the angular position of the joints of the user’s arm. These angular positions are transmitted, as voltages, to the transducer interface. For Slave Robot, the mechanical arm can cover a range of human arm movements. The complexity of the human arm makes any attempt to mimic.

Short term load forecasting is important in predicting and analysis power distribution for a shor... more Short term load forecasting is important in predicting and analysis power distribution for a short period of time in many places. This project paper present the use of perceptron artificial neural network model for short term load forecasting in power distribution systems. Thus, this proposed project involves with case study and Matlab software implementation to come out with a model that can forecast future load for a week ahead. The expecting load forecast is to get minimum forecasting error of at least 1.5 percent. Furthermore, the suitability of the proposed approach is illustrated through an application to real load shapes provided utility of Malaysia. The data represent half hourly load data for 6 weeks in Peninsular Malaysia.

Alhamdulillah, finally I manage to complete my project which is a prerequisite for my Master of E... more Alhamdulillah, finally I manage to complete my project which is a prerequisite for my Master of Engineering (Electrical-Power). I am so blessed to Allah who gave me tremendous courage, strength and spirit while facing all the obstacles all this while. There is nothing more important except giving a special thanks to my supervisor Dr. Yanuar Z. Arief for all his advice, stimulating suggestions, concerns and supports during the research, from the beginning till the end of this thesis. Furthermore, I would like to express my special gratitude to my wife, Madihah Md Rasid for his valuable advice and friendly help. Her extensive discussions throughout my work and the interesting explorations have been very helpful for this study. Thanks also to my colleague, Mohd Fahmi Abdul Rahim who have been involved directly or indirectly during the completion of this project. His help and ideas are much appreciated. For my last dedication, my sincere thankful is also extends to my father, mother and siblings for their never ending support and understanding throughout my master study.

International journal of pharmaceutics, Jan 15, 2010

The predilection of a bi-layered tablet to fail in the interface region after its initial formati... more The predilection of a bi-layered tablet to fail in the interface region after its initial formation in the compaction process reduces its practicality as a choice for controlled release solid drug delivery system. Hence, a fundamental appreciation of the governing mechanism that causes the weakening of the interfacial bonds within the bi-layered tablet is crucial in order to improve the overall bi-layered tablet mechanical integrity. This work has shown that the occurrence of the elastic relaxation in the interface region during the ejection stage of the compaction process decreases with the increase in the bi-layered tablet interface strength. This is believed to be due to the increase in the plastic bonding in the interface region. The tablet diametrical elastic relaxation affects the tablet height elastic relaxation, where the impediment of the tablet height expansion is observed when the interface region experiences a diametrical expansion.

This paper has reported comparison between Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Back Elimination M... more This paper has reported comparison between Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Back Elimination Method (BEM) and Regression Method. These techniques were applied by using statistical software package SPSS 13.0. For the purpose of comparison, all the methods were tested on nine prime indicators of low cost housing demand which include population growth, birth rate, mortality rate, inflation rate, unemployment rate, GDP (gross domestic product), housing stock, household income and poverty rate. Data for the indicators was obtained from ministry of housing for low cost housing demand in Gombak District. From analysis it was found that PCA method had identified three significant indicators for low cost housing demand that is GDP/Capita in Selangor, housing stock and mortality baby rate. BEM had identified four significant indicators that is inflation rate, GDP/Capita in Selangor, Poverty Rate and Housing Stock. While, regression method identified only one significant indicator that is poverty rate. From these findings it can be concluded that BEM is the best method in determining significant indicators as compared to PCA and regression method. These finding will help the researcher in adopting suitable method for determining significant indicators in any field.

Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2010

This paper highlights the study on realism of 3D city urban model for security hotspot analysis u... more This paper highlights the study on realism of 3D city urban model for security hotspot analysis using remote sensing data and spatial analysis approach. New advanced remote sensing data, namely LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and IKONOS satellite data were used to obtain the spatial information of the urban features which used to simulate the 3D urban city model. This study examines the threats from the snipers using multi-criteria algorithm, emphasizing on viewshed and distance analysis on 3D urban city model of Dataran Merdeka, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, one of the most frequently selected venue for many public events. The main output of the study is the identification of potential spots, best to enclave prospective snipers given the effective shooting ranges and clear viewshed to the target of interest. Rainfall effects, a common environmental factor that hinders clarity of snipers viewshed in tropical cities has also been considered in the identification of these potential risky spots. The identified risk spots were later confirmed fully with in-situ verifications, hence demonstrated the utility of such technique for applications in the security hotspot analysis.

The Scientific World Journal, 2014

The primary objective of this study is to distinguish between mobile bearing and fixed bearing po... more The primary objective of this study is to distinguish between mobile bearing and fixed bearing posterior stabilized knee prostheses in the mechanics performance using the finite element simulation. Quantifying the relative mechanics attributes and survivorship between the mobile bearing and the fixed bearing prosthesis remains in investigation among researchers. In the present study, 3-dimensional computational model of a clinically used mobile bearing PS type knee prosthesis was utilized to develop a finite element and dynamic simulation model. Combination of displacement and force driven knee motion was adapted to simulate a flexion motion from 0° to 135° with neutral, 10°, and 20° internal tibial rotation to represent deep knee bending. Introduction of the secondary moving articulation in the mobile bearing knee prosthesis has been found to maintain relatively low shear stress during deep knee motion with tibial rotation.

Powder Technology, 2009

Tablets are invariably formed by uniaxial compression in rigid dies and the tablet mechanical int... more Tablets are invariably formed by uniaxial compression in rigid dies and the tablet mechanical integrity is highly dependent on its ability to withstand the physical dimensional changes resulting from the elastic relaxation due to the release of the elastic strains incurred during the tablet formation. Therefore, a complete understanding of the continuous tablet elastic relaxation behaviour will provide designers of the solid drug delivery system, important information on the probable mechanical performances of the designed tablets and the likelihood of failures at each stage in the tablet preparation process. This current work has successfully studied online Starch 1500 tablet elastic relaxation behaviour during ejection, which is one of the main stages in a tablet preparation through the use of novel non-contact laser measuring devices. The starch tablets were observed to undergo 'recompression' or height reduction in the early stages of ejection, followed by height expansion as they moved further towards the die exit and during emergence. Online diametrical measurements of the tablets during emergence indicated the existence of periodic diametrical expansions-contractions, which has been attributed to the diametrical elastic relaxation behaviour as well as the topographical nature of the circumferential tablet surface. The amplitudes of these expansioncontraction cycles, are believed to be dependent upon the corresponding stored elastic energy of that particular strip of circumferential surface in contact with the die walls. It is also found that the starch tablets formed at a lower compaction velocity predominantly dissipate the internal stored elastic energies by plastic flow and maintain its stored elastic energy during the ejection stage in relative to those formed at a higher compaction velocity.

SPIE Proceedings, 2012

ABSTRACT Proper oil palm plantation management is crucial for Malaysia as the country depends hea... more ABSTRACT Proper oil palm plantation management is crucial for Malaysia as the country depends heavily on palm oil as a major source of national income. Precision agriculture is considered as one of the approaches that can be adopted to improve plantation practices for plantation managers such as the government-owned FELDA. However, currently the implementation of precision agriculture based on remote sensing and GIS is still lacking. This study explores the potential of the use of LiDAR and optical remote sensing data for plantation road and terrain planning for planting purposes. Traditional approaches use land surveying techniques that are time consuming and costly for vast plantation areas. The first ever airborne LiDAR and multispectral survey for oil palm plantation was carried out in early 2012 to test its feasibility. Preliminary results show the efficiency of such technology in demanding engineering and agricultural requirements of oil palm plantation. The most significant advantage of the approach is that it allows plantation managers to accurately plan the plantation road and determine the planting positions of new oil palm seedlings. Furthermore, this creates for the first time, digital database of oil palm estate and the airborne imagery can also be used for related activities such as oil palm tree inventory and detection of palm diseases. This work serves as the pioneer towards a more frequent application of LiDAR and multispectral data for oil palm plantation in Malaysia.

Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 2015

In this paper, a linear relationship is proposed relating the natural logarithm of partition coef... more In this paper, a linear relationship is proposed relating the natural logarithm of partition coefficient, ln K for protein partitioning in poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)-phosphate aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) to the square of tie-line length (TLL 2). This relationship provides good fits (r 2 > 0.98) to the partition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PEG (1450 g/mol, 2000 g/mol, 3350 g/mol, and 4000 g/mol)-phosphate ATPS with TLL of 25.0e50.0% (w/w) at pH 7.0. Results also showed that the plot of ln K against pH for BSA partitioning in the ATPS containing 33.0% (w/w) PEG1450 and 8.0% (w/w) phosphate with varied working pH between 6.0 and 9.0 exhibited a linear relationship which is in good agreement (r 2 [ 0.94) with the proposed relationship, ln K [ a 0 pH D b 0. These results suggested that both the relationships proposed could be applied to correlate and elucidate the partition behavior of biomolecules in the polymer-salt ATPS. The influence of other system parameters on the partition behavior of BSA was also investigated. An optimum BSA yield of 90.80% in the top phase and K of 2.40 was achieved in an ATPS constituted with 33.0% (w/w) PEG 1450 and 8.0% (w/w) phosphate in the presence of 8.5% (w/w) sodium chloride (NaCl) at pH 9.0 for 0.3% (w/w) BSA load.

Marghany, Maged Mahmoud (2010) Utilization of LIDAR and IKONOS satelite data for security hotspot... more Marghany, Maged Mahmoud (2010) Utilization of LIDAR and IKONOS satelite data for security hotspot analysis based on realism of 3D city model. In: The 2010 International Conference on Computational Science and Applications (ICCSA 2010), 2010, Jepun.

Separation and Purification Technology, 2013

Recycling hydrophilic organic solvent/inorganic salt aqueous two-phase flotation (ATPF) is a nove... more Recycling hydrophilic organic solvent/inorganic salt aqueous two-phase flotation (ATPF) is a novel, low cost, green and high efficient technique for recovery of biomolecules. Recycling ATPF composed of 2-propanol and potassium phosphate was developed for sustainable separation, concentration and purification of Burkholderia cenocepacia ST8 lipase from liquid fermentation broth. Thirteen parameters upon recycling hydrophilic organic solvent/inorganic salt ATPF performance were investigated. The optimum conditions for this recycling ATPF were determined to be 40 mL volume of 50% (w/w) 2-propanol, 1.0 L of 250 g/L of potassium phosphate, pH 8.5, 100% (v/v) of crude feedstock, 30 mL/min of N2 flow rate for 30 min in a 8 cm radius of colorimeter tube with G4 porosity (5-15 μm) sintered glass disk. A purification factor of 14.4 ± 0.04 and a lipase yield of 99.2 ± 0.03% were achieved in this optimized ATPF. The recycling of phase-forming components employed at the end of recovery process was based on the principals of green chemistry, with high efficiency and economical viability. There was no gross variation of results during the process of scaling-up. Therefore, this novel recycling ATPF is feasible to be applied at industrial-scale.

International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2011

Although hyperspectral remote sensing has been used to study many agricultural phenomena such as ... more Although hyperspectral remote sensing has been used to study many agricultural phenomena such as crop stress and diseases, the potential use of this technique for detecting Ganoderma disease infestations and damage to oil palms under field conditions has not been explored to date. This research was conducted to investigate the feasibility of using a portable hyperspectral remote-sensing instrument to identify spectral differences between oil-palm leaves with and without Ganoderma infections. Reflectance spectra of samples representative of three classes of disease severity were collected. The most significant bands for spectral discrimination were selected from reflectance spectra and first derivatives of reflectance spectra. The significant wavelengths were identified using one-way analysis of variance. Then, a Jeffries-Matusita (JM) distance measurement was used to determine spectral separability between the classes. A maximum likelihood classifier method was used to classify the three classes based on the most significant wavelength spectral responses, and an error matrix was finally used to assess the accuracy of the classification.

International Journal of Food Engineering, 2005

Mechanically agitated fluid bed granulators with inserted impeller are currently favoured by the ... more Mechanically agitated fluid bed granulators with inserted impeller are currently favoured by the industry due to better particle mixing, heat transfer and effective particle growth. However, effects of operational variables such as impeller speed, atomising air flow rate and fluidising temperature on the physical characteristics of the generated granules are still not fully quantified. Scaling-up of industrial fluid bed granulation processes especially in the pharmaceutical industry are done empirically. In this paper, a study is described on the effects of impeller speed, atomising air flow rate and fluidising temperature on the flowability, moisture content, mean particle size and size distribution of the granulated cocoa-milk drink powder in an agitated fluid bed granulation process. Findings showed that when all the values of the three investigated operational parameters were increased, granules with better flowability characteristics, lower moisture content, smaller and more un...

Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2010

Background: It is generally accepted that the tablet elastic relaxation during compaction plays a... more Background: It is generally accepted that the tablet elastic relaxation during compaction plays a vital role in undermining the final tablet mechanical integrity. One of the least investigated stages of the compaction process is the ejection stage. Method: This work has successfully monitored the paracetamol tablet dimensional changes during ejection using noncontact dimensional measuring devices. The extent of the tablet damage was physically viewed by examining the presence of cracks on the tablet side surfaces upon complete ejection from the die cavity. Results: Damaged tablets were obtained when the paracetamol tablets exhibited comparatively high elastic relaxation during the ejection stage of the compaction process. Conclusion: Hence, this work presents evidences of the detrimental consequences of the paracetamol tablet elastic relaxation during ejection on its final mechanical integrity.