Marianne Riddervold - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Marianne Riddervold

Research paper thumbnail of Introduction: Out With the Old, In With the New? Explaining Changing EU–US Relations

Politics and Governance

When Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022, Europe and the US quickly joined in a strong and co... more When Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022, Europe and the US quickly joined in a strong and coordinated response. But how significant is the Ukraine crisis response for longer-term trends in transatlantic relations? This thematic issue addresses this question by focusing on the factors that affect the strength of the transatlantic relationship. Only by exploring the impact of various structural, strategic, economic, institutional, and domestic factors can we better understand the current and future state of EU–US relations—both in normal times and in times of crisis. Two questions are explored across cases: First, is the EU–US relationship changing in various fields? Second, how can the putative changes (or stability) in EU–US relations be explained? For this purpose, the articles also operationalize and apply a common explanatory framework. This Introduction sets out and justifies the overall research questions, develops the analytical framework, and briefly explains the empiric...

Research paper thumbnail of Contesting transatlantic relations: how weaker relations influence EU foreign policies

Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks, Jan 24, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Unified in response to rising powers? China, Russia and EU-US relations

Routledge eBooks, Jun 29, 2020

How do the EU and the US respond to rising powers making territorial claims? Are they unified in ... more How do the EU and the US respond to rising powers making territorial claims? Are they unified in their approaches, and if not, where do their policies diverge? Transatlantic unity or dissent in response to main geopolitical issues has implications for our understanding of transatlantic security relations and for the future of global power-relations more broadly. We explore EU-US positions and responses to Chinese advances in the South China Sea and Russia's actions in the Ukraine. Two hypotheses guide our analysis: First, that they cooperate to balance against these powers, hence strengthening transatlantic relations. Secondly, that the EU is developing policies independently of the US, thus weakening EU-US relations. Our findings suggest that despite a general coherence of American and European stance in both cases, the level of coordination varies. Instead, we find signs of weakening EU-US security relations as the EU develops a more autonomous policy vis-à-vis the US.

Research paper thumbnail of Transatlantic Relations in a Changing World

Routledge eBooks, Jul 3, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Failing through: European migration governance across the central Mediterranean

Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, May 8, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Maritime Security in the Arctic

Routledge eBooks, Jul 25, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Conclusion: Out With the Old, In With the New? Explaining Changing EU–US Relations

Politics and Governance, May 18, 2022

This article summarizes the thematic issue findings, focusing on the factors that contribute to s... more This article summarizes the thematic issue findings, focusing on the factors that contribute to stabilize or weaken EU-US relations. Seen together, the articles have systematically documented that there is a growing pressure on transatlantic relations both in multilateral institutional settings as well as in foreign and security policy. On the one hand, transatlantic relations within NATO are strengthening in the context of Russia's new war in Ukraine, pushing Europe closer to the US and papering over disputes among European nations about the course of intra-European security cooperation. Shared norms and institutions as well as non-state actors with an interest in keeping the relationship strong for economic, strategic, or more normative reasons also serve to stabilize the relationship. On the other hand, longer-term geopolitical and economical structural changes together with domestic factors, particularly in the US, and in some cases diverging interests, suggest a parallel longer-term weakening of the relationship.

Research paper thumbnail of The Maritime Turn in EU Foreign and Security Policies: Aims, Actors and Mechanisms of Integration

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Research paper thumbnail of The European Union’s Space Diplomacy: Contributing to Peaceful Co-operation?

The Hague Journal of Diplomacy

Summary The European Union (EU) has become a key player in space, second only to that of the USA.... more Summary The European Union (EU) has become a key player in space, second only to that of the USA. This article discusses what type of diplomatic actor the EU is in space by exploring whether it contributes to peaceful co-operation or if the EU — due to increasing geopolitical competition on Earth — is developing into a traditional realist actor. For this purpose, it applies three analytically distinct models of EU space policies, applicable also to other Global Commons areas. It finds that the EU does not treat space as an area of geopolitical competition. Instead, it contributes to space diplomacy through its focus on regulating and institutionalising space activities. However, rather than being driven by ‘the space flight idea’, the EU is committed to the peaceful development of space mainly for economic, strategic and societal purposes, in line with what one would expect of a liberal institutionalist actor.

Research paper thumbnail of Correction to: The Palgrave Handbook of EU Crises

The Palgrave Handbook of EU Crises, 2021

In the original version of this book, in the list of contributors, the affiliation for "Hubert Zi... more In the original version of this book, in the list of contributors, the affiliation for "Hubert Zimmermann" which was incorrectly included as "Gutenberg University in Mainz" instead of "Philipps University of Marburg (Germany)" has now been corrected. Also, in Chapter 16, the author name H. Kassim which was mistakenly added twice has been removed and the disclaimer for Luc Tholoniat has been added. The corrections to the book have been updated with the changes.

Research paper thumbnail of Crisis and Differentiation in the CFSP: Leaders, Laggards and Critical Junctures

European Foreign Affairs Review

This article explores the relationship between exogenous crises and internal, formal differentiat... more This article explores the relationship between exogenous crises and internal, formal differentiated integration in the European Union (EU) maritime foreign and security policy. Drawing on institutionalist concepts and the analytical framework in the Introduction, we argue that crises may serve as drivers of uniform rather than differentiated integration in policy areas dominated by dissent or differing needs and interests. Specifically, crises mark ‘critical junctures’ that open windows of opportunity for EU integration supporters (‘leaders’) to convince reluctant states (‘laggards’ and ‘disruptors’) to pursue further integration. To substantiate these theoretical assumptions, the article explores two case studies of integration where Member States were unlikely to agree to joint measures. The first case examines the launch of the EU anti-smuggling mission EUNAVFOR MED Sophia in response to the refugee crisis in the Mediterranean, while the second case looks at the EU’s joint action...

Research paper thumbnail of Crisis, Covid-19, and the Governing of Resilience in the European Union

The Politics of Legitimation in the European Union, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Not so Humanitarian After All? Assessing EU Naval Mission Sophia Not so Humanitarian After All? Assessing EU Naval Mission Sophia

ARENA Centre for European Studies at the University of Oslo promotes theoretically oriented, empi... more ARENA Centre for European Studies at the University of Oslo promotes theoretically oriented, empirically informed studies analysing the dynamics of the evolving European political order. The research is multidisciplinary and organized along four key dimensions: A European democratic order; the EU's executive order; expertise and knowledge in the EU; and European foreign and security policy. twitter.com/arena_uio Abstract This paper adds to our understanding of the role of norms in EU foreign and security policy by a critical assessment of the EU's naval mission Sophia. Studies suggest that the EU is a 'humanitarian' foreign policy actor, foremost promoting human rights and multilateral cooperation. This is also how the EU often describes itself, including when justifying Sophia. Critiques of Sophia have however questioned its legitimacy, claiming instead that its main aim is to reduce the flow of sea-born migration to the EU. Studying the relevance of this claim, we ...

Research paper thumbnail of EU Maritime Foreign and Security Policy Integration: Explaining the EU Maritime Security Strategy

The Maritime Turn in EU Foreign and Security Policies

How can we explain EU maritime foreign and security policy integration? What are the mechanisms d... more How can we explain EU maritime foreign and security policy integration? What are the mechanisms driving integration in this domain? This chapter seeks to tease this out by conducting an in-depth study of the adoption of the EU Maritime Security Strategy (EUMSS). The EUMSS was adopted in 2014, despite initial opposition of several member states. To tease out a comprehensive explanation of the EUMSS, the chapter explores the relevance four analytically distinct hypotheses across different phases of the policy-making process. The analysis finds that the adoption of the EUMSS can be explained in three phases where different mechanisms were at work. First, in line with a neo-realist hypothesis, structural changes in the maritime global security environment created a window of opportunity for a coalition of member states to place a maritime strategy on the EU agenda. Second, the EEAS and the Commission had a key role in driving a cross-sectoral strategy forward, in line with rational institutionalist predictions. Third, geopolitical events, especially those linked to Russia’s intervention in Ukraine, created a security environment that was acted upon by a pro-EUMSS coalition to get it adopted. The study also shows that the normative content of the EUMSS was not contested or debated in any stages of the policy-making process, suggesting that norms influenced the EUMSS through the mechanism of habitual response. This has far-reaching consequences for our understanding of EU foreign and security policy, suggesting that the EU even in this policy area has reached a level of maturity where certain standards and norms of appropriate behaviour are taken for granted, indeed even being part of the EU’s external identity.

Research paper thumbnail of Conclusion. EU Maritime Foreign and Security Policies: Aims, Actors, and Mechanisms of Integration

The Maritime Turn in EU Foreign and Security Policies

This book set out to provide a comprehensive understanding of EU maritime foreign and security po... more This book set out to provide a comprehensive understanding of EU maritime foreign and security policies, asking to what extent, how, and why the EU is a maritime power in the making. The studies confirm that the EU indeed is becoming maritime global power. The EU now has its own Maritime Security Strategy with a functioning and comprehensive action plan, two major ongoing military naval operations, to a large degree acts with one voice at the international scene, and it has taken important steps in the development of an Arctic policy. In the maritime domain, the EU is no longer only a soft power but increasingly uses military means to respond to new security threats and challenges, also known as 'soft threats' such as piracy and migration. The high number of planned actions agreed in the EUMSS and action plan as well as the maritime focus in the EU's new Global Strategy suggests that we can expect maritime integration and cooperation, including in the military domain, to continue to grow in the years to come. The UK's withdrawal from the EU and the US' more reluctant tone towards guaranteeing Europe's defence will only serve to push this development further. After all, EU leaders have already agreed to deepen cooperation on security and defence in the face of these events (European Council 2017). The findings in this book are thus important also for our understanding of the EU as such. Being the only remaining intergovernmental policy area in the EU and the one most strongly linked to member states' sovereignty, EU foreign and security policies have been referred as a sine qua non in order to achieve full European integration. And EU maritime foreign and security policy indeed takes collective

Research paper thumbnail of The Legitimacy Crisis: An Introduction

The Palgrave Handbook of EU Crises, 2020

This section examines how the crisis of democratic legitimacy shapes the prospects for further in... more This section examines how the crisis of democratic legitimacy shapes the prospects for further integration. All the authors find evidence for ‘muddling through’ by the EU in response to its legitimacy crisis. Raube and Costa Reis show how the Commission and European Parliament took incremental steps of starting infringement proceedings against Hungary and Poland in response to breaches in the rule of law by elected populist governments, yet partisanship undermined the EU’s response. Holst and Molander discuss the democratic pitfalls of technocratic decision-making in response to crisis and detail the kinds of reforms needed to enhance accountability and citizen nonexpert participation in policy. De Wilde examines the Eurobarometer polls after recent crises afflicting the EU and considers the long- and short-term effects of crisis on public trust in EU institutions.

Research paper thumbnail of EU–US Relations in Times of Crises

The Palgrave Handbook of EU Crises

Research paper thumbnail of Hvorfor EU vil komme styrket ut av koronakrisen

Research paper thumbnail of Beyond Intergovernmental Cooperation: The Influence of the European Parliament and the Commission on EU Foreign and Security Policies

European Foreign Affairs Review, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Beyond Delegation How the European Commission Affects Intergovernmental Policies Through Expertise

How, if at all, does the Commission’s expertise inform intergovernmental decision-making within t... more How, if at all, does the Commission’s expertise inform intergovernmental decision-making within the EU? In this article, we aim to capture the relationship between the Commission’s expertise and its influence within intergovernmental policy-areas through a study of Commission influence in two least likely sectors: security and defence policies (military mission Atalanta and EU Maritime Security Strategy) and external migration (EU mobility partnerships with third countries). In these cases we observe that the Commission strongly informs policy developments even though it has only limited formal competences. To explore whether and, if so, how this influence is linked to its expertise, we develop and consider two hypotheses: The expert authority hypothesis and the expert arguments hypothesis. To identify possible additional channels of influence, we also consider the relevance of two alternative hypotheses: The strategic coalition hypothesis and the institutional circumvention hypothe...

Research paper thumbnail of Introduction: Out With the Old, In With the New? Explaining Changing EU–US Relations

Politics and Governance

When Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022, Europe and the US quickly joined in a strong and co... more When Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022, Europe and the US quickly joined in a strong and coordinated response. But how significant is the Ukraine crisis response for longer-term trends in transatlantic relations? This thematic issue addresses this question by focusing on the factors that affect the strength of the transatlantic relationship. Only by exploring the impact of various structural, strategic, economic, institutional, and domestic factors can we better understand the current and future state of EU–US relations—both in normal times and in times of crisis. Two questions are explored across cases: First, is the EU–US relationship changing in various fields? Second, how can the putative changes (or stability) in EU–US relations be explained? For this purpose, the articles also operationalize and apply a common explanatory framework. This Introduction sets out and justifies the overall research questions, develops the analytical framework, and briefly explains the empiric...

Research paper thumbnail of Contesting transatlantic relations: how weaker relations influence EU foreign policies

Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks, Jan 24, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Unified in response to rising powers? China, Russia and EU-US relations

Routledge eBooks, Jun 29, 2020

How do the EU and the US respond to rising powers making territorial claims? Are they unified in ... more How do the EU and the US respond to rising powers making territorial claims? Are they unified in their approaches, and if not, where do their policies diverge? Transatlantic unity or dissent in response to main geopolitical issues has implications for our understanding of transatlantic security relations and for the future of global power-relations more broadly. We explore EU-US positions and responses to Chinese advances in the South China Sea and Russia's actions in the Ukraine. Two hypotheses guide our analysis: First, that they cooperate to balance against these powers, hence strengthening transatlantic relations. Secondly, that the EU is developing policies independently of the US, thus weakening EU-US relations. Our findings suggest that despite a general coherence of American and European stance in both cases, the level of coordination varies. Instead, we find signs of weakening EU-US security relations as the EU develops a more autonomous policy vis-à-vis the US.

Research paper thumbnail of Transatlantic Relations in a Changing World

Routledge eBooks, Jul 3, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Failing through: European migration governance across the central Mediterranean

Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, May 8, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Maritime Security in the Arctic

Routledge eBooks, Jul 25, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Conclusion: Out With the Old, In With the New? Explaining Changing EU–US Relations

Politics and Governance, May 18, 2022

This article summarizes the thematic issue findings, focusing on the factors that contribute to s... more This article summarizes the thematic issue findings, focusing on the factors that contribute to stabilize or weaken EU-US relations. Seen together, the articles have systematically documented that there is a growing pressure on transatlantic relations both in multilateral institutional settings as well as in foreign and security policy. On the one hand, transatlantic relations within NATO are strengthening in the context of Russia's new war in Ukraine, pushing Europe closer to the US and papering over disputes among European nations about the course of intra-European security cooperation. Shared norms and institutions as well as non-state actors with an interest in keeping the relationship strong for economic, strategic, or more normative reasons also serve to stabilize the relationship. On the other hand, longer-term geopolitical and economical structural changes together with domestic factors, particularly in the US, and in some cases diverging interests, suggest a parallel longer-term weakening of the relationship.

Research paper thumbnail of The Maritime Turn in EU Foreign and Security Policies: Aims, Actors and Mechanisms of Integration

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Research paper thumbnail of The European Union’s Space Diplomacy: Contributing to Peaceful Co-operation?

The Hague Journal of Diplomacy

Summary The European Union (EU) has become a key player in space, second only to that of the USA.... more Summary The European Union (EU) has become a key player in space, second only to that of the USA. This article discusses what type of diplomatic actor the EU is in space by exploring whether it contributes to peaceful co-operation or if the EU — due to increasing geopolitical competition on Earth — is developing into a traditional realist actor. For this purpose, it applies three analytically distinct models of EU space policies, applicable also to other Global Commons areas. It finds that the EU does not treat space as an area of geopolitical competition. Instead, it contributes to space diplomacy through its focus on regulating and institutionalising space activities. However, rather than being driven by ‘the space flight idea’, the EU is committed to the peaceful development of space mainly for economic, strategic and societal purposes, in line with what one would expect of a liberal institutionalist actor.

Research paper thumbnail of Correction to: The Palgrave Handbook of EU Crises

The Palgrave Handbook of EU Crises, 2021

In the original version of this book, in the list of contributors, the affiliation for "Hubert Zi... more In the original version of this book, in the list of contributors, the affiliation for "Hubert Zimmermann" which was incorrectly included as "Gutenberg University in Mainz" instead of "Philipps University of Marburg (Germany)" has now been corrected. Also, in Chapter 16, the author name H. Kassim which was mistakenly added twice has been removed and the disclaimer for Luc Tholoniat has been added. The corrections to the book have been updated with the changes.

Research paper thumbnail of Crisis and Differentiation in the CFSP: Leaders, Laggards and Critical Junctures

European Foreign Affairs Review

This article explores the relationship between exogenous crises and internal, formal differentiat... more This article explores the relationship between exogenous crises and internal, formal differentiated integration in the European Union (EU) maritime foreign and security policy. Drawing on institutionalist concepts and the analytical framework in the Introduction, we argue that crises may serve as drivers of uniform rather than differentiated integration in policy areas dominated by dissent or differing needs and interests. Specifically, crises mark ‘critical junctures’ that open windows of opportunity for EU integration supporters (‘leaders’) to convince reluctant states (‘laggards’ and ‘disruptors’) to pursue further integration. To substantiate these theoretical assumptions, the article explores two case studies of integration where Member States were unlikely to agree to joint measures. The first case examines the launch of the EU anti-smuggling mission EUNAVFOR MED Sophia in response to the refugee crisis in the Mediterranean, while the second case looks at the EU’s joint action...

Research paper thumbnail of Crisis, Covid-19, and the Governing of Resilience in the European Union

The Politics of Legitimation in the European Union, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Not so Humanitarian After All? Assessing EU Naval Mission Sophia Not so Humanitarian After All? Assessing EU Naval Mission Sophia

ARENA Centre for European Studies at the University of Oslo promotes theoretically oriented, empi... more ARENA Centre for European Studies at the University of Oslo promotes theoretically oriented, empirically informed studies analysing the dynamics of the evolving European political order. The research is multidisciplinary and organized along four key dimensions: A European democratic order; the EU's executive order; expertise and knowledge in the EU; and European foreign and security policy. twitter.com/arena_uio Abstract This paper adds to our understanding of the role of norms in EU foreign and security policy by a critical assessment of the EU's naval mission Sophia. Studies suggest that the EU is a 'humanitarian' foreign policy actor, foremost promoting human rights and multilateral cooperation. This is also how the EU often describes itself, including when justifying Sophia. Critiques of Sophia have however questioned its legitimacy, claiming instead that its main aim is to reduce the flow of sea-born migration to the EU. Studying the relevance of this claim, we ...

Research paper thumbnail of EU Maritime Foreign and Security Policy Integration: Explaining the EU Maritime Security Strategy

The Maritime Turn in EU Foreign and Security Policies

How can we explain EU maritime foreign and security policy integration? What are the mechanisms d... more How can we explain EU maritime foreign and security policy integration? What are the mechanisms driving integration in this domain? This chapter seeks to tease this out by conducting an in-depth study of the adoption of the EU Maritime Security Strategy (EUMSS). The EUMSS was adopted in 2014, despite initial opposition of several member states. To tease out a comprehensive explanation of the EUMSS, the chapter explores the relevance four analytically distinct hypotheses across different phases of the policy-making process. The analysis finds that the adoption of the EUMSS can be explained in three phases where different mechanisms were at work. First, in line with a neo-realist hypothesis, structural changes in the maritime global security environment created a window of opportunity for a coalition of member states to place a maritime strategy on the EU agenda. Second, the EEAS and the Commission had a key role in driving a cross-sectoral strategy forward, in line with rational institutionalist predictions. Third, geopolitical events, especially those linked to Russia’s intervention in Ukraine, created a security environment that was acted upon by a pro-EUMSS coalition to get it adopted. The study also shows that the normative content of the EUMSS was not contested or debated in any stages of the policy-making process, suggesting that norms influenced the EUMSS through the mechanism of habitual response. This has far-reaching consequences for our understanding of EU foreign and security policy, suggesting that the EU even in this policy area has reached a level of maturity where certain standards and norms of appropriate behaviour are taken for granted, indeed even being part of the EU’s external identity.

Research paper thumbnail of Conclusion. EU Maritime Foreign and Security Policies: Aims, Actors, and Mechanisms of Integration

The Maritime Turn in EU Foreign and Security Policies

This book set out to provide a comprehensive understanding of EU maritime foreign and security po... more This book set out to provide a comprehensive understanding of EU maritime foreign and security policies, asking to what extent, how, and why the EU is a maritime power in the making. The studies confirm that the EU indeed is becoming maritime global power. The EU now has its own Maritime Security Strategy with a functioning and comprehensive action plan, two major ongoing military naval operations, to a large degree acts with one voice at the international scene, and it has taken important steps in the development of an Arctic policy. In the maritime domain, the EU is no longer only a soft power but increasingly uses military means to respond to new security threats and challenges, also known as 'soft threats' such as piracy and migration. The high number of planned actions agreed in the EUMSS and action plan as well as the maritime focus in the EU's new Global Strategy suggests that we can expect maritime integration and cooperation, including in the military domain, to continue to grow in the years to come. The UK's withdrawal from the EU and the US' more reluctant tone towards guaranteeing Europe's defence will only serve to push this development further. After all, EU leaders have already agreed to deepen cooperation on security and defence in the face of these events (European Council 2017). The findings in this book are thus important also for our understanding of the EU as such. Being the only remaining intergovernmental policy area in the EU and the one most strongly linked to member states' sovereignty, EU foreign and security policies have been referred as a sine qua non in order to achieve full European integration. And EU maritime foreign and security policy indeed takes collective

Research paper thumbnail of The Legitimacy Crisis: An Introduction

The Palgrave Handbook of EU Crises, 2020

This section examines how the crisis of democratic legitimacy shapes the prospects for further in... more This section examines how the crisis of democratic legitimacy shapes the prospects for further integration. All the authors find evidence for ‘muddling through’ by the EU in response to its legitimacy crisis. Raube and Costa Reis show how the Commission and European Parliament took incremental steps of starting infringement proceedings against Hungary and Poland in response to breaches in the rule of law by elected populist governments, yet partisanship undermined the EU’s response. Holst and Molander discuss the democratic pitfalls of technocratic decision-making in response to crisis and detail the kinds of reforms needed to enhance accountability and citizen nonexpert participation in policy. De Wilde examines the Eurobarometer polls after recent crises afflicting the EU and considers the long- and short-term effects of crisis on public trust in EU institutions.

Research paper thumbnail of EU–US Relations in Times of Crises

The Palgrave Handbook of EU Crises

Research paper thumbnail of Hvorfor EU vil komme styrket ut av koronakrisen

Research paper thumbnail of Beyond Intergovernmental Cooperation: The Influence of the European Parliament and the Commission on EU Foreign and Security Policies

European Foreign Affairs Review, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Beyond Delegation How the European Commission Affects Intergovernmental Policies Through Expertise

How, if at all, does the Commission’s expertise inform intergovernmental decision-making within t... more How, if at all, does the Commission’s expertise inform intergovernmental decision-making within the EU? In this article, we aim to capture the relationship between the Commission’s expertise and its influence within intergovernmental policy-areas through a study of Commission influence in two least likely sectors: security and defence policies (military mission Atalanta and EU Maritime Security Strategy) and external migration (EU mobility partnerships with third countries). In these cases we observe that the Commission strongly informs policy developments even though it has only limited formal competences. To explore whether and, if so, how this influence is linked to its expertise, we develop and consider two hypotheses: The expert authority hypothesis and the expert arguments hypothesis. To identify possible additional channels of influence, we also consider the relevance of two alternative hypotheses: The strategic coalition hypothesis and the institutional circumvention hypothe...