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Papers by Małgorzata Iwanek
Water
Water scarcity affects at least 11% of the population and 17% of the territory of the European Un... more Water scarcity affects at least 11% of the population and 17% of the territory of the European Union. Simultaneously in cities there is a problem of urban floods caused by violent and intense rainfalls. Decentralized drainage systems are designed to capture rainwater runoff at the place of precipitation and improve the hydrological conditions through the use of surface and subsurface infiltration, retention, and evapotranspiration techniques. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the financial profitability of selected Low Impact Development (LID) methods for decentralized management of rainwater disposed from the roofs of two different buildings. In the presented conditions, the use of dual installations and infiltration tunnels turned out to be cost-effective solutions, whereas infiltration boxes were unprofitable for both buildings. The most unprofitable solution would become profitable if the investment costs were reduced by as much as 67% or if it was possible to generate 2...
Journal of Ecological Engineering
As a result of a buried water pipe unsealing, water often flows from the pipe to the soil surface... more As a result of a buried water pipe unsealing, water often flows from the pipe to the soil surface, washing out the solid particles of soil and creating the so-called suffosion holes. It is a dangerous phenomenon, especially in urbanized areas, where it poses a threat to human safety and the stability of infrastructure. Uncontrolled outflows of water from water pipes belong to the main causes of suffosion in cities, occur in all water networks around the world and are difficult to predict. Therefore, it seems to be important to determine the size of the so-called the protection zone, which is the area around the potential leak where, in the event of a water pipe failure, it would be possible for water to flow in the soil. The analysis of the suffosion holes distribution around the place of leakage may be helpful in determining the size of the protection zone. Previous studies have shown that this distribution is random. Thus, the structure consisting of suffusion holes creates a certain geometric shape, which is difficult to describe using the classical concepts of Euclidean geometry. The study showed that this structure meets the conditions for probabilistic fractals, which means that elements of fractal geometry can be used to determine the size of the protection zone.
Leakages from water mains caused by pipe breakages are often connected with rapid flow of great a... more Leakages from water mains caused by pipe breakages are often connected with rapid flow of great amount of water through soil or ground [1]. If the soil is internally unstable, fine particles are washed out from the solid matrix and transported through the pores causing the phenomenon of suffosion. As a result, water flowing with soil particles at first creates empty spaces below soil surface and then depression, hollows or holes in the soil surface, called here suffosion holes. The phenomenon of suffosion is particularly dangerous in urbanized areas, because these areas are characterized by a higher population density than non-urbanized areas, more compact and often higher built-up areas, as well as the presence of industrial infrastructure. Empty spaces below the soil surface create the threat to the stability of objects, especially building foundations and underground pipelines. The risk of the phenomenon of suffosion in urbanized areas is most often associated with the presence o...
Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment, 2018
Water losses occur in every water distribution systems during their overall exploitation time. Lo... more Water losses occur in every water distribution systems during their overall exploitation time. Losses cause not only additional operating costs but also generate negative social and ecological consequences. Water losses may have multiple possible reasons, differing in accordance to a water supply system. Therefore, there is a high need to individually analyze each water supply distribution system. The aim of this paper is to analyze and compare water losses in selected two group water supply systems, serving 5 000–10 000 consumers. Water balances, pursued in accordance to the methodology developed by IWA (International Water Association), enabled calculation of water losses indicators for both systems. The obtained results lead to evaluation of the condition of analyzed water supply systems and they suggest potential actions in order to minimize water losses. Moreover, the results indicate the great necessity for working out a reliable method for determination of unavoidable annual ...
Sanitation systems exploitation may result in the possibility of sewage exfiltration. The exfilte... more Sanitation systems exploitation may result in the possibility of sewage exfiltration. The exfiltering sewage, very often containing the high concentration of organic and inorganic pollutants may cause the clear danger for the groundwater and soil environment. The qualitative and quantitative monitoring of wastewater leaving the damaged sewage pipe is quite difficult and often, in practice – impossible. Recently, the numerical modeling of pollutants transport in groundwater and soil has gained the increased popularity. This paper presents the results of numerical calculations of chosen pollutants (cadmium and chromium) exfiltering from the damaged gravitational sewer system pipe located in the profile of Nadstawna St., Lublin, Poland. The numerical calculations were conducted by FEFLOW 5.2, WASY, Germany software. Soils’ transport parameters as well as initial and boundary conditions were obtained by results of laboratory, field and literature studies. The results of our researches e...
Cutting pattern for test specimens. 2 Internal bond values as affected by resin viscosity, resin ... more Cutting pattern for test specimens. 2 Internal bond values as affected by resin viscosity, resin rate, and board density. Effect of resin rate and board density on internal bond properties. Effect of resin viscosity on internal bond properties.
Urban Water II, 2014
One of main problems that exploiting water supply network companies have to deal with is a second... more One of main problems that exploiting water supply network companies have to deal with is a secondary contamination of water transported by a distribution system. That problem has escalated after the political system transformation in 1989, which turned out to be typical for Central and East Europe countries. In this paper, selected causes and the scale of this phenomenon is shown. Attention was paid to the evolutionary changes which have occurred in water supply networks through last 20 years. At first, oversizing of water supplied networks was assumed as the main reason of the recontamination, as a result of an essential decrease of industrial and individual customer's water demand. Gradually, other factors were noticed, such as a dynamic increase of exploited water supply pipe's length and material's influence. As additional factors, the authors also acknowledge results of actions taken in order to raise water supply enterprises efficiency-especially with connecting small, local networks into group systems. Presented considerations and analysis were based on an available domestic literature and survey research undertaken in Polish water supply companies in the years 2010-2012. The authors also present exemplary results of their own research, realized in selected water supply systems of different sizes. This research illustrate an influence of the pipes' material (PVC and PE), but also the unwelcome effects of connecting local water supply networks into one group system.
Applied Water Science
Leakages from buried water pipes can result in suffosion posing a threat to the environment and t... more Leakages from buried water pipes can result in suffosion posing a threat to the environment and the infrastructure existing in cities. Leakage of water from a pressure pipe into a soil susceptible to suffosion is a very complex phenomenon, characterized by a number of different parameters. Taking into account all parameters in the empirical tests of the buried water pipe leakage is practically impossible. Thus, it is necessary to select them so that on the one hand it is possible to perform a physical simulation of the phenomenon, and on the other to obtain reliable results of investigations. According to the Pareto principle, it can be stated that a small group of factors—about 20%—has a crucial impact on the phenomenon. Therefore, in empirical tests of water outflow from the underground water supply system, it is enough to consider 20% of the parameters affecting the analyzed phenomenon. The purpose of this work was to select these parameters. The selection was based on two types ...
S t r e s z c z e n i e. Metoda van Genuchtena-Mualema obliczania współczynnika przewodnictwa hy-... more S t r e s z c z e n i e. Metoda van Genuchtena-Mualema obliczania współczynnika przewodnictwa hy-draulicznego bazuje na krzywej retencji wodnej, aproksymowanej funkcją trójparametrową. Parametry te stanowią podstawę obliczeń wspomnianego współczynnika w pełnym zakresie uwilgotnienia. W pracy określono wpływ dokładności ich oszacowania na zgodność dopasowania wyników obliczeniowych do wartości empirycznych rozpatrywanego współczynnika. Badania przeprowadzono dla czterech mono-litów gleb organicznych (Mt I aa, ab, bb i bc). Analizując uzyskane wyniki wykazano znaczący wpływ niedokładności oszacowania dwóch spośród trzech rozpatrywanych parametrów funkcji aproksymu-jących krzywą retencji wodnej na uzyskiwane wartości współczynnika przewodnictwa hydraulicznego. S ł o w a k l u c z o w e : współczynnik przewodnictwa hydraulicznego, krzywa retencji wodnej, gleby hydrogeniczne WSTĘP Coraz powszechniejsze w ostatnich latach stosowanie metod numerycznych do symulacji dynamiki uwilgotnienia n...
WIT Transactions on The Built Environment
One of the most difficult steps during evaluating of the system safety plan is the evaluation of ... more One of the most difficult steps during evaluating of the system safety plan is the evaluation of certainty of water delivery through the distribution network. So far, no universal method of this estimation has been fully elaborated. Most often, the various reliability factors are used. However, these factors does not always include the geometrical structure of distribution network. It can be analysed by methods of minimal cut or efficiency sets paths between water source and outtake or even all nodes. However, such methods are very laborious and their difficulty increases together with the increase of degree of network complexity. The aim of this paper is to present a proposition of an application of two methods: reference nodes and fractal dimension, for estimation of certainty of water delivery though complex distribution networks. Exemplary calculation presented in the paper, were conducted for 6 different models and real water supply networks. The conducted calculations indicated that reference nodes method has a limitation to maximum 6 looped networks. Fractal dimension method doesn't have such limitation. The proved in the paper relationship between fractal dimension value and number of minimal efficiency sets paths indicates that this method can be used for complex networks estimation.
Applied Water Science
The most important goal of every water distribution system is to deliver water to the consumers i... more The most important goal of every water distribution system is to deliver water to the consumers in the demand and time determined by its users. However, not all water usages require the potable water quality. One of the technical solutions enabling water recycling and its reuse is a dual installation system. Dual installations recycle rain wastewater or grey water from bathtubs, showers and sinks and further reuse it for irrigation or toilet flushing. The profitability of a dual installation system is highly dependent on the water price, which tends to vary significantly according to the location. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the profitability of dual installation systems in exemplary hotel building hypothetically located in 10 different European countries. The profitability was determined on the basis of multi-criteria decision analysis performed for two installation variants. The investment was evaluated in terms of technical, economic and environmental aspects. As a r...
Water
Water scarcity affects at least 11% of the population and 17% of the territory of the European Un... more Water scarcity affects at least 11% of the population and 17% of the territory of the European Union. Simultaneously in cities there is a problem of urban floods caused by violent and intense rainfalls. Decentralized drainage systems are designed to capture rainwater runoff at the place of precipitation and improve the hydrological conditions through the use of surface and subsurface infiltration, retention, and evapotranspiration techniques. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the financial profitability of selected Low Impact Development (LID) methods for decentralized management of rainwater disposed from the roofs of two different buildings. In the presented conditions, the use of dual installations and infiltration tunnels turned out to be cost-effective solutions, whereas infiltration boxes were unprofitable for both buildings. The most unprofitable solution would become profitable if the investment costs were reduced by as much as 67% or if it was possible to generate 2...
Journal of Ecological Engineering
As a result of a buried water pipe unsealing, water often flows from the pipe to the soil surface... more As a result of a buried water pipe unsealing, water often flows from the pipe to the soil surface, washing out the solid particles of soil and creating the so-called suffosion holes. It is a dangerous phenomenon, especially in urbanized areas, where it poses a threat to human safety and the stability of infrastructure. Uncontrolled outflows of water from water pipes belong to the main causes of suffosion in cities, occur in all water networks around the world and are difficult to predict. Therefore, it seems to be important to determine the size of the so-called the protection zone, which is the area around the potential leak where, in the event of a water pipe failure, it would be possible for water to flow in the soil. The analysis of the suffosion holes distribution around the place of leakage may be helpful in determining the size of the protection zone. Previous studies have shown that this distribution is random. Thus, the structure consisting of suffusion holes creates a certain geometric shape, which is difficult to describe using the classical concepts of Euclidean geometry. The study showed that this structure meets the conditions for probabilistic fractals, which means that elements of fractal geometry can be used to determine the size of the protection zone.
Leakages from water mains caused by pipe breakages are often connected with rapid flow of great a... more Leakages from water mains caused by pipe breakages are often connected with rapid flow of great amount of water through soil or ground [1]. If the soil is internally unstable, fine particles are washed out from the solid matrix and transported through the pores causing the phenomenon of suffosion. As a result, water flowing with soil particles at first creates empty spaces below soil surface and then depression, hollows or holes in the soil surface, called here suffosion holes. The phenomenon of suffosion is particularly dangerous in urbanized areas, because these areas are characterized by a higher population density than non-urbanized areas, more compact and often higher built-up areas, as well as the presence of industrial infrastructure. Empty spaces below the soil surface create the threat to the stability of objects, especially building foundations and underground pipelines. The risk of the phenomenon of suffosion in urbanized areas is most often associated with the presence o...
Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment, 2018
Water losses occur in every water distribution systems during their overall exploitation time. Lo... more Water losses occur in every water distribution systems during their overall exploitation time. Losses cause not only additional operating costs but also generate negative social and ecological consequences. Water losses may have multiple possible reasons, differing in accordance to a water supply system. Therefore, there is a high need to individually analyze each water supply distribution system. The aim of this paper is to analyze and compare water losses in selected two group water supply systems, serving 5 000–10 000 consumers. Water balances, pursued in accordance to the methodology developed by IWA (International Water Association), enabled calculation of water losses indicators for both systems. The obtained results lead to evaluation of the condition of analyzed water supply systems and they suggest potential actions in order to minimize water losses. Moreover, the results indicate the great necessity for working out a reliable method for determination of unavoidable annual ...
Sanitation systems exploitation may result in the possibility of sewage exfiltration. The exfilte... more Sanitation systems exploitation may result in the possibility of sewage exfiltration. The exfiltering sewage, very often containing the high concentration of organic and inorganic pollutants may cause the clear danger for the groundwater and soil environment. The qualitative and quantitative monitoring of wastewater leaving the damaged sewage pipe is quite difficult and often, in practice – impossible. Recently, the numerical modeling of pollutants transport in groundwater and soil has gained the increased popularity. This paper presents the results of numerical calculations of chosen pollutants (cadmium and chromium) exfiltering from the damaged gravitational sewer system pipe located in the profile of Nadstawna St., Lublin, Poland. The numerical calculations were conducted by FEFLOW 5.2, WASY, Germany software. Soils’ transport parameters as well as initial and boundary conditions were obtained by results of laboratory, field and literature studies. The results of our researches e...
Cutting pattern for test specimens. 2 Internal bond values as affected by resin viscosity, resin ... more Cutting pattern for test specimens. 2 Internal bond values as affected by resin viscosity, resin rate, and board density. Effect of resin rate and board density on internal bond properties. Effect of resin viscosity on internal bond properties.
Urban Water II, 2014
One of main problems that exploiting water supply network companies have to deal with is a second... more One of main problems that exploiting water supply network companies have to deal with is a secondary contamination of water transported by a distribution system. That problem has escalated after the political system transformation in 1989, which turned out to be typical for Central and East Europe countries. In this paper, selected causes and the scale of this phenomenon is shown. Attention was paid to the evolutionary changes which have occurred in water supply networks through last 20 years. At first, oversizing of water supplied networks was assumed as the main reason of the recontamination, as a result of an essential decrease of industrial and individual customer's water demand. Gradually, other factors were noticed, such as a dynamic increase of exploited water supply pipe's length and material's influence. As additional factors, the authors also acknowledge results of actions taken in order to raise water supply enterprises efficiency-especially with connecting small, local networks into group systems. Presented considerations and analysis were based on an available domestic literature and survey research undertaken in Polish water supply companies in the years 2010-2012. The authors also present exemplary results of their own research, realized in selected water supply systems of different sizes. This research illustrate an influence of the pipes' material (PVC and PE), but also the unwelcome effects of connecting local water supply networks into one group system.
Applied Water Science
Leakages from buried water pipes can result in suffosion posing a threat to the environment and t... more Leakages from buried water pipes can result in suffosion posing a threat to the environment and the infrastructure existing in cities. Leakage of water from a pressure pipe into a soil susceptible to suffosion is a very complex phenomenon, characterized by a number of different parameters. Taking into account all parameters in the empirical tests of the buried water pipe leakage is practically impossible. Thus, it is necessary to select them so that on the one hand it is possible to perform a physical simulation of the phenomenon, and on the other to obtain reliable results of investigations. According to the Pareto principle, it can be stated that a small group of factors—about 20%—has a crucial impact on the phenomenon. Therefore, in empirical tests of water outflow from the underground water supply system, it is enough to consider 20% of the parameters affecting the analyzed phenomenon. The purpose of this work was to select these parameters. The selection was based on two types ...
S t r e s z c z e n i e. Metoda van Genuchtena-Mualema obliczania współczynnika przewodnictwa hy-... more S t r e s z c z e n i e. Metoda van Genuchtena-Mualema obliczania współczynnika przewodnictwa hy-draulicznego bazuje na krzywej retencji wodnej, aproksymowanej funkcją trójparametrową. Parametry te stanowią podstawę obliczeń wspomnianego współczynnika w pełnym zakresie uwilgotnienia. W pracy określono wpływ dokładności ich oszacowania na zgodność dopasowania wyników obliczeniowych do wartości empirycznych rozpatrywanego współczynnika. Badania przeprowadzono dla czterech mono-litów gleb organicznych (Mt I aa, ab, bb i bc). Analizując uzyskane wyniki wykazano znaczący wpływ niedokładności oszacowania dwóch spośród trzech rozpatrywanych parametrów funkcji aproksymu-jących krzywą retencji wodnej na uzyskiwane wartości współczynnika przewodnictwa hydraulicznego. S ł o w a k l u c z o w e : współczynnik przewodnictwa hydraulicznego, krzywa retencji wodnej, gleby hydrogeniczne WSTĘP Coraz powszechniejsze w ostatnich latach stosowanie metod numerycznych do symulacji dynamiki uwilgotnienia n...
WIT Transactions on The Built Environment
One of the most difficult steps during evaluating of the system safety plan is the evaluation of ... more One of the most difficult steps during evaluating of the system safety plan is the evaluation of certainty of water delivery through the distribution network. So far, no universal method of this estimation has been fully elaborated. Most often, the various reliability factors are used. However, these factors does not always include the geometrical structure of distribution network. It can be analysed by methods of minimal cut or efficiency sets paths between water source and outtake or even all nodes. However, such methods are very laborious and their difficulty increases together with the increase of degree of network complexity. The aim of this paper is to present a proposition of an application of two methods: reference nodes and fractal dimension, for estimation of certainty of water delivery though complex distribution networks. Exemplary calculation presented in the paper, were conducted for 6 different models and real water supply networks. The conducted calculations indicated that reference nodes method has a limitation to maximum 6 looped networks. Fractal dimension method doesn't have such limitation. The proved in the paper relationship between fractal dimension value and number of minimal efficiency sets paths indicates that this method can be used for complex networks estimation.
Applied Water Science
The most important goal of every water distribution system is to deliver water to the consumers i... more The most important goal of every water distribution system is to deliver water to the consumers in the demand and time determined by its users. However, not all water usages require the potable water quality. One of the technical solutions enabling water recycling and its reuse is a dual installation system. Dual installations recycle rain wastewater or grey water from bathtubs, showers and sinks and further reuse it for irrigation or toilet flushing. The profitability of a dual installation system is highly dependent on the water price, which tends to vary significantly according to the location. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the profitability of dual installation systems in exemplary hotel building hypothetically located in 10 different European countries. The profitability was determined on the basis of multi-criteria decision analysis performed for two installation variants. The investment was evaluated in terms of technical, economic and environmental aspects. As a r...