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Papers by MaHom Somboonwong
Annals of The Association of American Geographers, 2005
The Dayton Peace Accords brought the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina to an end but left ethnonation... more The Dayton Peace Accords brought the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina to an end but left ethnonationalism undefeated and the country divided. The Accords legitimized the wartime entity Republika Srpska, created by ethnic cleansing, yet offered the possibility of reversing ethnic cleansing with Annex VII, which declared the right of those displaced to return to their prewar homes. Implementing Annex VII across ethnonationalistdominated localities was a struggle of power, capacity, and law over the control of place in postwar Bosnia. This article examines the localized geopolitics of wartime displacement and postwar returns in two contrasting Bosnian counties, Zvornik in eastern Bosnia, and Jajce in central Bosnia. Based on extensive fieldwork in both places, the article documents how the Bosnian wars radically transformed the demographic character and cultural landscape of both places. The postwar effort to implement Annex VII developed as a struggle over place between entrenched local ethnonationalists, multiple international agencies, and displaced persons. In the years following the war, ethnonationalist forces were largely successful in blocking ''minority returns.'' In response, the international community had, by 1999, imposed a legal system upon Bosnia's entities that facilitated returns and developed the local capacity to allow returns to (re)take place. Power tilted from localized ethnonationalists to localized internationals, and ethnically cleansed Bosnian places began to see more and more minority returns. Bosnian places, however, will never be as they were before the war. Bosnia remains a broken country.
Journal of Genocide Research, 2006
... In a moving image by Tarik Samarah, a mother of Srebrenica, her face and body tilted away fro... more ... In a moving image by Tarik Samarah, a mother of Srebrenica, her face and body tilted away from the viewer, gazes at a poster advertising the exhibition “Anne Frank ... 23 Robert J. Donia and John VA Fine, Jr., Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Tradition Betrayed (London: Hurst, 1994). ...
Religion and Justice in the War over Bosnia, 1996
Religion, History, and Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina Michael Sells " It's tragic, it&#... more Religion, History, and Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina Michael Sells " It's tragic, it's terrible," bemoaned President Clinton, in a June 1995 interview with Larry King." But their enmities go back five hundred years, some would say almost a thousand years."(Larry King Live, ...
Journal of the American Academy of …, 1997
From 1992 to 1995 the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina experienced a war of genocidal proportions b... more From 1992 to 1995 the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina experienced a war of genocidal proportions between the Bosnian Serbs, the Bosnian Croats, and the Bosnian Muslims. The international Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia has indicted Dr. Radovan Karadzic--former President of the Bosnian Serb Republic, psychiatrist, and poet--as a suspected war criminal for his role in war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. Karadzic remains enigmatic and poorly understood. Psychological profiling highlights in Karadzic's case the complex coalescence of the psychology of a genocide perpetrator with that of a charismatic narcissistic political leader. Such a profile may possess usefulness in forensic psychiatric investigations and legal proceedings.
Homicide Studies, 2011
The purpose of this article is to use Lonnie Athens' violentization theory to explain the Bosnian... more The purpose of this article is to use Lonnie Athens' violentization theory to explain the Bosnian and Rwandan genocides. These two case studies are used to compare and contrast how the brutalization, defiance, violent dominance engagements, and virulency stages emerged prior to and during the genocides. Using published texts such as interviews with perpetrators, human rights reports, and court transcripts, qualitative content analysis is employed to test the fit between violentization theory and the two case studies. The results demonstrate that violentization theory is consistent with the data and provides an explanation of how the genocides developed and were enacted. Similarities and differences between Rwanda and Bosnia are described to explain how the perpetrators went through the violentization process, and an additional stage is added to illustrate extreme violence. Suggestions for further research using this model are provided.
Theoretical Criminology, 1999
Comparative Studies in Religion and Society MARK JUERGENSMEYER, editor 1. Redemptive Encounters: ... more Comparative Studies in Religion and Society MARK JUERGENSMEYER, editor 1. Redemptive Encounters: Three Modern Styles in the Hindu Tradition, by Lawrence Babb 2. Saints and Virtues, edited by John Stratton Hawley 3. Utopias in Conflict: Religion and Nationalism in ...
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1998
Bosnian survivors of "ethnic cleansing. " Twenty four refugees underwent systematic, trauma-focus... more Bosnian survivors of "ethnic cleansing. " Twenty four refugees underwent systematic, trauma-focused, research assessments, including the SCID-DES interview. Overall, this group of Bosnian survivors had been severely traumatized as a result of the Serbian nationalists' genocide. Howeveq no subject met diagnostic criteria for DES. The SCID-DES yields far lower rates of trauma-related personality change in Bosnian survivors of genocide than in adult survivors of prolonged early life traumas. Therefore, the DES construct may have better application to prolonged, intelpersonal, early life traumas than to the prolonged, communal traumas of genocide. ~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~
Annals of The Association of American Geographers, 2005
The Dayton Peace Accords brought the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina to an end but left ethnonation... more The Dayton Peace Accords brought the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina to an end but left ethnonationalism undefeated and the country divided. The Accords legitimized the wartime entity Republika Srpska, created by ethnic cleansing, yet offered the possibility of reversing ethnic cleansing with Annex VII, which declared the right of those displaced to return to their prewar homes. Implementing Annex VII across ethnonationalistdominated localities was a struggle of power, capacity, and law over the control of place in postwar Bosnia. This article examines the localized geopolitics of wartime displacement and postwar returns in two contrasting Bosnian counties, Zvornik in eastern Bosnia, and Jajce in central Bosnia. Based on extensive fieldwork in both places, the article documents how the Bosnian wars radically transformed the demographic character and cultural landscape of both places. The postwar effort to implement Annex VII developed as a struggle over place between entrenched local ethnonationalists, multiple international agencies, and displaced persons. In the years following the war, ethnonationalist forces were largely successful in blocking ''minority returns.'' In response, the international community had, by 1999, imposed a legal system upon Bosnia's entities that facilitated returns and developed the local capacity to allow returns to (re)take place. Power tilted from localized ethnonationalists to localized internationals, and ethnically cleansed Bosnian places began to see more and more minority returns. Bosnian places, however, will never be as they were before the war. Bosnia remains a broken country.
Journal of Genocide Research, 2006
... In a moving image by Tarik Samarah, a mother of Srebrenica, her face and body tilted away fro... more ... In a moving image by Tarik Samarah, a mother of Srebrenica, her face and body tilted away from the viewer, gazes at a poster advertising the exhibition “Anne Frank ... 23 Robert J. Donia and John VA Fine, Jr., Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Tradition Betrayed (London: Hurst, 1994). ...
Religion and Justice in the War over Bosnia, 1996
Religion, History, and Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina Michael Sells " It's tragic, it&#... more Religion, History, and Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina Michael Sells " It's tragic, it's terrible," bemoaned President Clinton, in a June 1995 interview with Larry King." But their enmities go back five hundred years, some would say almost a thousand years."(Larry King Live, ...
Journal of the American Academy of …, 1997
From 1992 to 1995 the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina experienced a war of genocidal proportions b... more From 1992 to 1995 the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina experienced a war of genocidal proportions between the Bosnian Serbs, the Bosnian Croats, and the Bosnian Muslims. The international Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia has indicted Dr. Radovan Karadzic--former President of the Bosnian Serb Republic, psychiatrist, and poet--as a suspected war criminal for his role in war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. Karadzic remains enigmatic and poorly understood. Psychological profiling highlights in Karadzic's case the complex coalescence of the psychology of a genocide perpetrator with that of a charismatic narcissistic political leader. Such a profile may possess usefulness in forensic psychiatric investigations and legal proceedings.
Homicide Studies, 2011
The purpose of this article is to use Lonnie Athens' violentization theory to explain the Bosnian... more The purpose of this article is to use Lonnie Athens' violentization theory to explain the Bosnian and Rwandan genocides. These two case studies are used to compare and contrast how the brutalization, defiance, violent dominance engagements, and virulency stages emerged prior to and during the genocides. Using published texts such as interviews with perpetrators, human rights reports, and court transcripts, qualitative content analysis is employed to test the fit between violentization theory and the two case studies. The results demonstrate that violentization theory is consistent with the data and provides an explanation of how the genocides developed and were enacted. Similarities and differences between Rwanda and Bosnia are described to explain how the perpetrators went through the violentization process, and an additional stage is added to illustrate extreme violence. Suggestions for further research using this model are provided.
Theoretical Criminology, 1999
Comparative Studies in Religion and Society MARK JUERGENSMEYER, editor 1. Redemptive Encounters: ... more Comparative Studies in Religion and Society MARK JUERGENSMEYER, editor 1. Redemptive Encounters: Three Modern Styles in the Hindu Tradition, by Lawrence Babb 2. Saints and Virtues, edited by John Stratton Hawley 3. Utopias in Conflict: Religion and Nationalism in ...
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1998
Bosnian survivors of "ethnic cleansing. " Twenty four refugees underwent systematic, trauma-focus... more Bosnian survivors of "ethnic cleansing. " Twenty four refugees underwent systematic, trauma-focused, research assessments, including the SCID-DES interview. Overall, this group of Bosnian survivors had been severely traumatized as a result of the Serbian nationalists' genocide. Howeveq no subject met diagnostic criteria for DES. The SCID-DES yields far lower rates of trauma-related personality change in Bosnian survivors of genocide than in adult survivors of prolonged early life traumas. Therefore, the DES construct may have better application to prolonged, intelpersonal, early life traumas than to the prolonged, communal traumas of genocide. ~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~