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Papers by Madhuram Krishnamurthy
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
Background: Our objective was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Acacia nilotica, Aegle ma... more Background: Our objective was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Acacia nilotica, Aegle marmelos herbal extracts against Enterococcus faecalis- an invitro study. Methods: The extraction of Acacia nilotica bark powder and Aegle marmelos leaf powder was done with following three solvents (Ethanol, methanol and acetone) keeping vancomycin as a positive control. Then the study groups were assigned as follows: group I: Acacia nilotica, group II: Aegle marmelos, group III: Combination of Acacia nilotica and Aegle marmelos, group IV: vancomycin. Preparation of the E. feacalis inoculum with the help of Mueller Hinton Broth. Antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated by agar well diffusion assay to determine the zone of inhibition and Minimum inhibitory concentration was evaluated. Results: Statistical analysis was performed by using one-way analysis of variance and compared by the Mann-Whitney test using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 20.0. No zone...
IP Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics
This case report describes the non - surgical management of a large periapical lesion using Metap... more This case report describes the non - surgical management of a large periapical lesion using Metapex as a intracanal dressing and root canal therapy. Periapical lesions usually develop in non-vital teeth as a result of chronic aggression by the pathogenic microorganisms into the root canal which may appear as radiolucent in periapical radiographs. Treatment of such lesions usually varies from non-surgical and surgical means depending on the individual. In the era of minimally invasive, dentistry, non-surgical endodontic approach has been highly recommended in the periapical healing. This case report shows the healing of large periapical lesion using metapex as intracanal medicament at various time intervals followed by root canal therapy.
Journal of Conservative Dentistry
IP Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics
Human dental pulp is a highly dynamic tissue that plays major roles in the defense against pathog... more Human dental pulp is a highly dynamic tissue that plays major roles in the defense against pathogens and during tissue injury. However, the efficiency of these mechanisms during dental pulp inflammation (pulpitis) varies due to anatomical and physiological restrictions. Uncontrolled progressive unresolved inflammation can lead to pulp tissue necrosis and subsequent apical periodontitis or it can develop into chronic inflammation and become a silent killer causing bone destruction. Considering the cause & effect model, the decision to perform pulp extirpation and endodontic treatment is justifiable only by the lack of therapeutic tools that limit the immune/inflammatory process. The resolution of acute inflammation is necessary to avoid the development of chronic inflammation and to promote repair or regeneration. This active process is orchestrated by Specialized Pro-resolving lipid Mediators (SPMs), which include several families of distinct local mediators (lipoxins, resolvins, pr...
Journal of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics
Both clinicians and patients care about pain and factors that influence pain perception. In the C... more Both clinicians and patients care about pain and factors that influence pain perception. In the Chengalpattu population, there is a lack of data on patient's impressions on RCT. The goal of this pilot study is to look into adult patient's perceptions in the Chengalpattu area and see how they alter after therapy. The impact of demographic factors on anxiety and discomfort was also investigated. Two hundred and fifty patients were surveyed, with 270 (95%) completing both the pre-and posttreatment surveys. Patient anxieties, anxiousness, and anticipated or experienced pain were identified using modified Visual Analog Scales and multiple choice questions. The most common pretreatment concerns were future maintenance (46%) and pain (17%). Eighty-two percent of patients said they had anticipation of pain, whereas 7% said they had pain throughout therapy. Results suggest that anticipated pain is bigger than pain experienced during treatment, and that after the treatment, anxiety for future RCT was significantly reduced.
NVEO - NATURAL VOLATILES & ESSENTIAL OILS Journal | NVEO, Nov 20, 2021
The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice, 2018
World Journal of Dentistry
To assess and compare the cytotoxicity of different root canal irrigants, namely 25% aqueous neem... more To assess and compare the cytotoxicity of different root canal irrigants, namely 25% aqueous neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), 25% aqueous Nigella sativa extract (black seed) and 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Dulbecco modified Eagle's medium containing glutamine, fetal bovine serum, and antibiotics were used to culture human periodontal ligament cells. After trypsinization, 1 × 10 5 cell suspension was seeded in 24 well culture plates with 100 µL of culture medium. Then 10 µl of each irrigant was added to the wells, sealed, and incubated in an oven at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO 2 and 95% humidity. Cytotoxicity was assessed at 1, 3, 6, and 24 hours by evaluating the cell viability using the trypan blue assay. A microscope was used for counting viable cells and subjected to statistical analysis. 25% aqueous Neem leaf extract was the most cytotoxic irrigant tested, followed by 2% CHX, while 25% aqueous N. sativa extract was the least cytotoxic irrigant tested. 25% aqueous N. sativa extract and 3% NaOCl solutions were significantly less toxic than 25% aqueous Neem leaf extract solution and cytotoxicity of 2% chlorhexidine was significantly more than 25% aqueous N. sativa extract and 3% NaOCl at all periods. Considering this encouraging in vitro data, herbal extracts could be an alternative root canal irrigant with the most negligible toxicity compared to conventional root canal irrigants, with undesirable effects.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International
Aim: To evaluate the clinical success of Calcium Hydroxide (CH), Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)... more Aim: To evaluate the clinical success of Calcium Hydroxide (CH), Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine as pulp capping materials for Direct pulp capping in carious molars. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six molars of thirty-six patients with deep caries lesions, diagnosed with reversible pulpitis were subjected to direct pulp capping treatment. They were randomly divided into three groups, Biodentine (12 teeth) or MTA group (12 teeth) or CH group (12teeth). Simple randomization of three was employed to allocate the treatment materials. Patients were recalled at one, three and six months to evaluate the clinical success of the treatment outcome. Results: In clinical trial/study, the pulp capping materials gave different success rate, 91.67% success in the Biodentine group, 75% success in the MTA group and 41.67% success in Calcium Hydroxide group. Conclusion: In our study the materials tested at 1 month, 3 month and 6-month follow-up, Calcium Silicate materials are better th...
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International
Nigella sativa (kalonji) has been used since ancient times as a nutritional supplement and for tr... more Nigella sativa (kalonji) has been used since ancient times as a nutritional supplement and for treating various infections and chronic ailments. As pathogens become resistant to most drugs, kalonji can be used as an alternative compound in modern medicines. The use of herbal extracts as endodontic irrigants might be beneficial as a part of a growing trend to seek natural remedies for dental treatment. Aim: To compare the antibacterial potency of Aqueous Nigella sativa extract, Aqueous Neem leaf extract, and 3% Sodium Hypochlorite. Materials and Methods: Test solutions were tested against E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) to check for their Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by double dilution method and Kill time to measure their antimicrobial potency to be used as an intracanal irrigant. Results: The study's limitations show that Aqueous Nigella sativa extract has a better antimicrobial effect than Aqueous Neem leaf extract and 3% Sodium Hypochlorite solution against E. faecalis.
Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry
Objective: Anaphylaxis is one of the local anesthetic dental emergencies that lead to morbidity a... more Objective: Anaphylaxis is one of the local anesthetic dental emergencies that lead to morbidity and mortality. Hence, this study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of dental practitioners in Chennai toward managing anaphylaxis in patients who are given local anesthesia. Participants and methods: Seventeen questions were formulated regarding anaphylaxis reactions and its treatment. The questions were given to a random selection of dentists practicing in private clinics in Chennai. Results: Two hundred dentists responded to the questionnaire. The results indicated that the majority of the participants had knowledge of one or more symptoms relating to anaphylaxis. However, none of the participants demonstrated that they knew about all symptoms relating to anaphylaxis. The results also did not vary with age. Only 62% of the dentists surveyed were equipped with emergency kits in their clinic. Conclusion: The present study has revealed the lack of knowledge among dentists in Chennai in relation to anaphylactic reactions and its management. Knowledge of practicing dentists in this area can be increased by providing continuing education programs consisting of workshops and hands-on courses.
The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice
Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare the antibacterial activity of a self-etching pri... more Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare the antibacterial activity of a self-etching primer containing antibacterial monomer methacryloyloxydodecylpyridinium bromide (MDPB) (Clearfil protect bond) with a conventional self-etching primer without MDPB (Clearfil SE bond) against Streptococcus mutans and the effect of incorporation of MDPB on the tensile bond strength of the experimental self-etching primer (Clearfil protect bond). Materials and methods: The antibacterial activity of the selfetching primers was assessed using agar disk diffusion method and the diameters of the zones of inhibition were measured and ranked. For tensile bond strength testing, 20 noncarious human molars were selected and randomly divided into two groups comprising 10 teeth in each group. Group I specimens were treated with Clearfil SE bond (without MDPB). Group II specimens were treated with Clearfil protect bond (with MDPB). Composite material was placed incrementally and cured for 40 seconds in all the specimens. Tensile bond strength was estimated using the Instron Universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Results: The addition of MDPB into a self-etching primer exerts potential antibacterial effect against S. mutans. The tensile bond strength of MDPB containing self-etching primer was slightly lower than that of the conventional self-etching Clearfil protect bond primer, but the difference was not statistically significant.
Journal of oral and maxillofacial pathology : JOMFP, 2018
Fusion and gemination are developmental anomalies which are quite similar to each other but can b... more Fusion and gemination are developmental anomalies which are quite similar to each other but can be distinguished from each other if properly assessed. Fusion and gemination have been described as a result of developmental anomalies of dental tissues. The exact etiology is still unknown, but a genetic predisposition is suggested. This article highlights the importance of clinical and radiographic correlation in arriving at a definitive diagnosis.
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
Background: Our objective was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Acacia nilotica, Aegle ma... more Background: Our objective was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Acacia nilotica, Aegle marmelos herbal extracts against Enterococcus faecalis- an invitro study. Methods: The extraction of Acacia nilotica bark powder and Aegle marmelos leaf powder was done with following three solvents (Ethanol, methanol and acetone) keeping vancomycin as a positive control. Then the study groups were assigned as follows: group I: Acacia nilotica, group II: Aegle marmelos, group III: Combination of Acacia nilotica and Aegle marmelos, group IV: vancomycin. Preparation of the E. feacalis inoculum with the help of Mueller Hinton Broth. Antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated by agar well diffusion assay to determine the zone of inhibition and Minimum inhibitory concentration was evaluated. Results: Statistical analysis was performed by using one-way analysis of variance and compared by the Mann-Whitney test using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 20.0. No zone...
IP Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics
This case report describes the non - surgical management of a large periapical lesion using Metap... more This case report describes the non - surgical management of a large periapical lesion using Metapex as a intracanal dressing and root canal therapy. Periapical lesions usually develop in non-vital teeth as a result of chronic aggression by the pathogenic microorganisms into the root canal which may appear as radiolucent in periapical radiographs. Treatment of such lesions usually varies from non-surgical and surgical means depending on the individual. In the era of minimally invasive, dentistry, non-surgical endodontic approach has been highly recommended in the periapical healing. This case report shows the healing of large periapical lesion using metapex as intracanal medicament at various time intervals followed by root canal therapy.
Journal of Conservative Dentistry
IP Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics
Human dental pulp is a highly dynamic tissue that plays major roles in the defense against pathog... more Human dental pulp is a highly dynamic tissue that plays major roles in the defense against pathogens and during tissue injury. However, the efficiency of these mechanisms during dental pulp inflammation (pulpitis) varies due to anatomical and physiological restrictions. Uncontrolled progressive unresolved inflammation can lead to pulp tissue necrosis and subsequent apical periodontitis or it can develop into chronic inflammation and become a silent killer causing bone destruction. Considering the cause & effect model, the decision to perform pulp extirpation and endodontic treatment is justifiable only by the lack of therapeutic tools that limit the immune/inflammatory process. The resolution of acute inflammation is necessary to avoid the development of chronic inflammation and to promote repair or regeneration. This active process is orchestrated by Specialized Pro-resolving lipid Mediators (SPMs), which include several families of distinct local mediators (lipoxins, resolvins, pr...
Journal of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics
Both clinicians and patients care about pain and factors that influence pain perception. In the C... more Both clinicians and patients care about pain and factors that influence pain perception. In the Chengalpattu population, there is a lack of data on patient's impressions on RCT. The goal of this pilot study is to look into adult patient's perceptions in the Chengalpattu area and see how they alter after therapy. The impact of demographic factors on anxiety and discomfort was also investigated. Two hundred and fifty patients were surveyed, with 270 (95%) completing both the pre-and posttreatment surveys. Patient anxieties, anxiousness, and anticipated or experienced pain were identified using modified Visual Analog Scales and multiple choice questions. The most common pretreatment concerns were future maintenance (46%) and pain (17%). Eighty-two percent of patients said they had anticipation of pain, whereas 7% said they had pain throughout therapy. Results suggest that anticipated pain is bigger than pain experienced during treatment, and that after the treatment, anxiety for future RCT was significantly reduced.
NVEO - NATURAL VOLATILES & ESSENTIAL OILS Journal | NVEO, Nov 20, 2021
The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice, 2018
World Journal of Dentistry
To assess and compare the cytotoxicity of different root canal irrigants, namely 25% aqueous neem... more To assess and compare the cytotoxicity of different root canal irrigants, namely 25% aqueous neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), 25% aqueous Nigella sativa extract (black seed) and 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Dulbecco modified Eagle's medium containing glutamine, fetal bovine serum, and antibiotics were used to culture human periodontal ligament cells. After trypsinization, 1 × 10 5 cell suspension was seeded in 24 well culture plates with 100 µL of culture medium. Then 10 µl of each irrigant was added to the wells, sealed, and incubated in an oven at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO 2 and 95% humidity. Cytotoxicity was assessed at 1, 3, 6, and 24 hours by evaluating the cell viability using the trypan blue assay. A microscope was used for counting viable cells and subjected to statistical analysis. 25% aqueous Neem leaf extract was the most cytotoxic irrigant tested, followed by 2% CHX, while 25% aqueous N. sativa extract was the least cytotoxic irrigant tested. 25% aqueous N. sativa extract and 3% NaOCl solutions were significantly less toxic than 25% aqueous Neem leaf extract solution and cytotoxicity of 2% chlorhexidine was significantly more than 25% aqueous N. sativa extract and 3% NaOCl at all periods. Considering this encouraging in vitro data, herbal extracts could be an alternative root canal irrigant with the most negligible toxicity compared to conventional root canal irrigants, with undesirable effects.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International
Aim: To evaluate the clinical success of Calcium Hydroxide (CH), Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)... more Aim: To evaluate the clinical success of Calcium Hydroxide (CH), Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine as pulp capping materials for Direct pulp capping in carious molars. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six molars of thirty-six patients with deep caries lesions, diagnosed with reversible pulpitis were subjected to direct pulp capping treatment. They were randomly divided into three groups, Biodentine (12 teeth) or MTA group (12 teeth) or CH group (12teeth). Simple randomization of three was employed to allocate the treatment materials. Patients were recalled at one, three and six months to evaluate the clinical success of the treatment outcome. Results: In clinical trial/study, the pulp capping materials gave different success rate, 91.67% success in the Biodentine group, 75% success in the MTA group and 41.67% success in Calcium Hydroxide group. Conclusion: In our study the materials tested at 1 month, 3 month and 6-month follow-up, Calcium Silicate materials are better th...
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International
Nigella sativa (kalonji) has been used since ancient times as a nutritional supplement and for tr... more Nigella sativa (kalonji) has been used since ancient times as a nutritional supplement and for treating various infections and chronic ailments. As pathogens become resistant to most drugs, kalonji can be used as an alternative compound in modern medicines. The use of herbal extracts as endodontic irrigants might be beneficial as a part of a growing trend to seek natural remedies for dental treatment. Aim: To compare the antibacterial potency of Aqueous Nigella sativa extract, Aqueous Neem leaf extract, and 3% Sodium Hypochlorite. Materials and Methods: Test solutions were tested against E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) to check for their Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by double dilution method and Kill time to measure their antimicrobial potency to be used as an intracanal irrigant. Results: The study's limitations show that Aqueous Nigella sativa extract has a better antimicrobial effect than Aqueous Neem leaf extract and 3% Sodium Hypochlorite solution against E. faecalis.
Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry
Objective: Anaphylaxis is one of the local anesthetic dental emergencies that lead to morbidity a... more Objective: Anaphylaxis is one of the local anesthetic dental emergencies that lead to morbidity and mortality. Hence, this study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of dental practitioners in Chennai toward managing anaphylaxis in patients who are given local anesthesia. Participants and methods: Seventeen questions were formulated regarding anaphylaxis reactions and its treatment. The questions were given to a random selection of dentists practicing in private clinics in Chennai. Results: Two hundred dentists responded to the questionnaire. The results indicated that the majority of the participants had knowledge of one or more symptoms relating to anaphylaxis. However, none of the participants demonstrated that they knew about all symptoms relating to anaphylaxis. The results also did not vary with age. Only 62% of the dentists surveyed were equipped with emergency kits in their clinic. Conclusion: The present study has revealed the lack of knowledge among dentists in Chennai in relation to anaphylactic reactions and its management. Knowledge of practicing dentists in this area can be increased by providing continuing education programs consisting of workshops and hands-on courses.
The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice
Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare the antibacterial activity of a self-etching pri... more Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare the antibacterial activity of a self-etching primer containing antibacterial monomer methacryloyloxydodecylpyridinium bromide (MDPB) (Clearfil protect bond) with a conventional self-etching primer without MDPB (Clearfil SE bond) against Streptococcus mutans and the effect of incorporation of MDPB on the tensile bond strength of the experimental self-etching primer (Clearfil protect bond). Materials and methods: The antibacterial activity of the selfetching primers was assessed using agar disk diffusion method and the diameters of the zones of inhibition were measured and ranked. For tensile bond strength testing, 20 noncarious human molars were selected and randomly divided into two groups comprising 10 teeth in each group. Group I specimens were treated with Clearfil SE bond (without MDPB). Group II specimens were treated with Clearfil protect bond (with MDPB). Composite material was placed incrementally and cured for 40 seconds in all the specimens. Tensile bond strength was estimated using the Instron Universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Results: The addition of MDPB into a self-etching primer exerts potential antibacterial effect against S. mutans. The tensile bond strength of MDPB containing self-etching primer was slightly lower than that of the conventional self-etching Clearfil protect bond primer, but the difference was not statistically significant.
Journal of oral and maxillofacial pathology : JOMFP, 2018
Fusion and gemination are developmental anomalies which are quite similar to each other but can b... more Fusion and gemination are developmental anomalies which are quite similar to each other but can be distinguished from each other if properly assessed. Fusion and gemination have been described as a result of developmental anomalies of dental tissues. The exact etiology is still unknown, but a genetic predisposition is suggested. This article highlights the importance of clinical and radiographic correlation in arriving at a definitive diagnosis.