Maengeon Park - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Maengeon Park

The Geodo mine area, had been developed for Fe and Cu ores since 1963 and abandoned in recent dec... more The Geodo mine area, had been developed for Fe and Cu ores since 1963 and abandoned in recent decades, is located in the central part of the Taebaeksan mineralized district. This area comprises of the Jangsan, Myobong, Pungchon, Hwajeol, Dongjeom, and Dumugol Formations in ascending stratigraphic order. These Formations were intruded by the Cretaceous Eopyeong granitoids that appears to produce the Geodo skarn. Their compositions are relatively oxidized quartz monzodiorite to granodiorite (magnetite series, ). Mineralizations related skarn deposit occur in the Myobong, Pungchon, and Hwajeol Formations. The proximal skarn is zoned from andraditic garnet () predominant adjacent to the Eopyeong granitoids to diopsidic pyroxene () predominant away from the one. The differential proportion of garnet and pyroxene is generated by water/rock ratio and their source, such as magmatic and meteoric water. This is useful tool for assessment the overall oxidation state of the entire skarn system. Gold occurs in proximal red to brownish garnet skarn, and genetically associated with Bi- and Te-bearing minerals. Skarn deposit developed in the Geodo mine area is considered as oxidized Au skarn category, based on chemical composition of the Eopyeong granitoids, zonation of skarn, and gold occurrences. Garnet-rich skarn zone will be the main target for exploration of gold in the study area. However, it is needed to the detailed survey on vertical zonation of this area as well as lateral zonation. The result of this survey would provide an important basis for the exploration of the skarn Au deposit in the Geodo mine area.

The Landsat and ASTER data have been used in mineralogical and lithological studies, and they hav... more The Landsat and ASTER data have been used in mineralogical and lithological studies, and they have also proved to be useful tool in the initial steps for mineral exploration throughout Nevada mining district, US. Huge pyrophyllite quarry mines, including Jungang, Samsung, Kyeongju, and Naenam located in the southeastern part of Gyeongsang Basin. The geology of study area consists mainly of Cretaceous volcanic rocks, which belong into Cretaceous Hayang and Jindong Group. They were intruded by Bulgugsa granites, so called Sannae-Eonyang granites. To extraction of Ratio model for pyrophyllite deposits, tuffaceous rock and pyrophyllite ores from the Jungang mine used in reflectance spectral analysis and these results were re-sampled to Landsat and ASTER bandpass. As a result of these processes, the pyrophyllite ores spectral features show strong reflectance at band 5, whereas strong absorption at band 7 in Landsat data. In the ASTER data, the pyrophyllite ores spectral features show strong absorption at band 5 and 8, whereas strong reflectance at band 4 and 7. Based on these spectral features, as a result of application of model to hydrothermal alteration zone and other exposed sites, the DN values of two different areas are 1.94 and 1.19 to 1.49, respectively. The differences values between pyrophyllite deposits and concrete-barren area are 0.472 and 0.399 for model, 0.452 and 0.371 for OHIb model, 0.365 and 0.311 for PAK model, respectively. Thus, and model proposed from this study proved to be more useful tool for the extraction of pyrophyllite deposits relative to previous models.

The characteristics of the mineralization and geology in the northern Mt. Taebaek mining district... more The characteristics of the mineralization and geology in the northern Mt. Taebaek mining district are found to be similar with those reported from Nevada district where the Carlin-type gold deposit occurs characteristically as repeated metallic ore deposits in space and time. Though two spots of hs and several spots of Sb anomalies were recognized in the Yeongweol area, they have no relationship with any metalliferous mineralization. On the other hand, two spots of As anomaly in the Jeongseon area have shown to be related with metalliferous ore deposits (mainly Ag-Au), and they are closely associated with Sb anomaly. Some elements of altered limestones in the study such as Au, Ag, As, Sb, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Mo area are closely associated together, and are more enriched in the Jeongseon area than in the Yeongweol area. In particular, Sb and As which may reflect the occurrence of the Carlin-type gold deposit are highly enriched. However, the base metals such af Zn and Pb are highly varia...

This study aims to evaluate the mechanical-chemical stability of used coal ash blocks, for improv... more This study aims to evaluate the mechanical-chemical stability of used coal ash blocks, for improving fishing grounds. The surface of weathered ash blocks in seawater showed a decrease in the Ca and an increase in the Mg contents, compared to that of fresh blocks. This result reflects the substitution of Ca by Mg in seawater. The compressive strengths of ash blocks submerged into seawater during 12 months ranged from 235.23 to ; this is higher than the standard strength of wave-absorbing blocks( that are used for harbor construction. In addition, the compressive strength of ash blocks tends to increase with increasing installation time in seawater. The result of leaching experiments on coal ash blocks by Korean Standard Leaching Test(KSLT) method showed that leached concentrations of most metals except Cr(that leached up to 50 ppb, approaching standard concentration) do not exceed the seawater quality standards. A long-term(112 days) heavy metal leaching test to analyze seawater with...

The distribution characteristics of heavy metals for surface sediments in east oceanic dumping ar... more The distribution characteristics of heavy metals for surface sediments in east oceanic dumping area (EDA) and west oceanic dumping area (WDA) are evaluated by grain sizes, minerals, sedimentation rates and compositions of heavy metals. The mean grain sizes in EDA and WDA range from to and to , respectively. These are mostly belonging to the M (mud) type. Minerals in the surface sediments consist of illite with chlorite, smectite, and kaolinite. Sedimentation rates estimated by method in EDA and WDA are 1.11 mm/yr1.73 mm/yr and 1.87 mm/yr, respectively. According to the interrelationship, concentrations of Ni, Cu, Cr, and Zn are closely associated with mean grain size, Al, and Fe, whereas concentrations of Cd and Pb are poorly associated with ones. The enrichment factors of these elements are higher than 1.5, suggesting that the concentrations of Cd and Pb in the surface sediments are affected by anthropogenic sources. The -class numbers of Cd and Pb in the surface sediments are most...

Ore Geology Reviews, 2005

Epithermal precious-metal mineralization in the Korean Peninsula mainly occurred along NNE-trendi... more Epithermal precious-metal mineralization in the Korean Peninsula mainly occurred along NNE-trending major strikeslip fault systems that are associated commonly with formation of pull-apart basins and major volcanic activity during the Cretaceous. Sedimentation in the basins was initiated in the Hauterivian and continued into the Albian, whereas much of the volcanism occurred sporadically from ca. 110 to 50 Ma, with a major episode between ca. 90 and 70 Ma. Epithermal Au-Ag mineralization in Korea took place between approximately 100 and 70 Ma, overlapping with the shallow magmatic activity. Styles of epithermal Au-Ag deposits in Korea include those of the Mugeug-type found in sediment-dominant basins in the central portion, and the Haenam-type in volcanic-dominant basins in the southwest. Epithermal Au-Ag deposits associated with the volcanic-dominant basins in the southern Korea generally formed at very shallow crustal levels (b0.5 kbar) and relatively low temperatures (b300 8C) from fluids containing large components of less-evolved meteoric waters than those associated with sediment-dominant basins. Orthogonal subduction following oblique subduction of the Izanagi Plate along the Pacific continental margin during the Cretaceous probably represents a major control of magmatism and associated Au-Ag mineralization in the Korean Peninsula. In the Early Cretaceous, the left-lateral strike-slip movements due to the northward (oblique) subduction of the plate resulted in the Gongju-Eumseong and Yeongdong-Gwangju fault systems. Late Cretaceous calc-alkaline volcanic activity and associated calderarelated fractures related to an orthogonal convergence that postdates the NNE-trending strike-slip movements may play an important role in the formation of epithermal Au-Ag deposits. Simultaneously with, or soon after heating related to magmatism, continued movement of strike-slip faults may also have been critical to the ore-forming process, leading to

Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2001

As ore grades drop at today’s large mines, and environmental regulations for waste discharges inc... more As ore grades drop at today’s large mines, and environmental regulations for waste discharges increase, economics drives new recovery innovations. This paper describes some technological advances in the recovery processes for copper, gold, silver, lead and zinc. It does not discuss pyrometallurgy. Korea, like many nations with industrial economies, consumes large amounts of these metals, and is dependent on overseas

Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2012

Groundwaters from areas of granitic bedrock in Daejeon, Eonyang and Yeongcheon in South Korea mai... more Groundwaters from areas of granitic bedrock in Daejeon, Eonyang and Yeongcheon in South Korea mainly belong to Ca-HCO 3 and Na-HCO 3 groundwater types according to their chemical composition, with fewer examples of the Ca-(Cl + SO 4) and Na-(Cl + SO 4) types. To explain the hydrogeochemical evolution of these groundwaters during deep circulation in granitic rocks, we performed reaction path modeling. The results show that the hydrochemical type of groundwater progressively evolves from an initial Ca-Cl type (rainwater) to a final Na-HCO 3 type (of deep groundwater), through an intermediate Ca-HCO 3 type. The reaction path model agrees well with the clay mineralogy of the granites. As the reaction between rainwater and granitic rock progresses, the activity of hydrogen ion decreases (i.e., pH increases) and the concentrations of cations are controlled by the dissolution of major rock-forming minerals, followed by the precipitation and dissolution of secondary minerals, according to the pH. The continuous reaction with granite causes the formation of secondary minerals in the following sequence: gibbsite plus hematite, Mn-oxide, kaolinite, chalcedony, chlorite, muscovite (a proxy for illite here), calcite, laumontite, prehnite, and finally analcime. Silica minerals are predominant in abundance among the minerals formed through the granite-water reactions. The results of this study can provide geochemical information for the preliminary site characterization for high-level nuclear waste disposal at depth in granitic rocks in South Korea and elsewhere.

Geosciences Journal, 2009

We attempted to evaluate variations in the properties of sediments at a waste disposal site in th... more We attempted to evaluate variations in the properties of sediments at a waste disposal site in the Yellow Sea resulting from the last 17 years of ocean dumping. The comparison between the affected surface sediment by ocean dumping and unaffected bottom sediment properties revealed that the mean grain size, Loss on ignition (LOI), and mineralogy were only slightly influenced by the ocean dumping, while some stations in the study area exhibited a heavy metal anomaly. Enrichment of heavy metals also has influenced inflow of waste since 1994 and rapidly increased after 1999, and the heavy metals in the surface sediment were controlled by anthropogenic sources such as ocean dumping, while the heavy metals in the bottom sediment were controlled by the weathering process. Also, Metal enrichment in the study area may have been caused by ocean dumping, because the time of heavy metal enrichment corresponds to the increasing time of ocean dumping. Furthermore, enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index suggested that the concentrations of heavy metals besides Cd and Pb were not significant, but the sediment accumulated after 1994 at some sites exhibited Pb and Cd anomalies.

Economic Geology, 1986

... DANNY M. RYE, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, PO Box 6666, New Haven, ... more ... DANNY M. RYE, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, PO Box 6666, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 AND MAENG-EON PARK Department of Geology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic Of Korea Abstract ...

Economic Geology, 1984

The Sambo lead-zinc deposits are composed of fissure-filling quartz-barite veins within Proterozo... more The Sambo lead-zinc deposits are composed of fissure-filling quartz-barite veins within Proterozoic biotite schist which has been intruded by granite and granodiorite stocks. K-Ar dates of biotite and muscovite from the intrusions are 177 + or - 4 and 164 + or - 3 m.y., suggesting a Jurassic age for Pb-Zn-Ba mineralization. This age is in agreement with data for metallogenic epochs in Korea. Ba-rich Pb-Zn deposits are related to a Jurassic-Early Cretaceous epoch, whereas Ba-poor Pb-Zn deposits are generally related to Late Cretaceous-Tertiary igneous activity. Mineralization at Sambo consists of three distinct stages of quartz-barite veins (I, II, and III) which were separated in time by tectonic fracturing and brecciation events. Ore textures of Stage II suggest rhythmic deposition. Five successive mineralization cycles of Stage II, each with up to seven nearly monomineralic bands, are recognized. Fluid inclusion data suggest that each stage evolved from early high temperatures (near 300 degrees C) to later lower temperatures (less than 200 degrees C). Sulfur isotope and fluid inclusion evidence indicates that galena, sphalerite, and barite were deposited at temperatures near 160 degrees to 265 degrees C from solutions with salinities ranging from 2 to 17 equivalent weight percent NaCl. Fluid inclusion evidence of boiling suggests pressures of less than 100 bars during portions of stage II mineralization. This pressure corresponds to depths at the time of mineralization of between 500 and 1,250 m.--Modified journal abstract.

Antarctic Science, 1995

A fossil hydrothermal system on Barton Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica, formed a series... more A fossil hydrothermal system on Barton Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica, formed a series of lead-zinc- and pyrite + native sulphur-bearing epithermal quartz ± calcite veins, filling fault-related fractures in hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks of Eocene age. The lead-zinc veins occur within argillic hydrothermal alteration zones, whereas the pyrite + native sulphur veins are found within advanced argillic alteration zones. Fluid inclusion data indicate that the vein formation occurred at temperatures between about 125° and 370°C (sphalerite deposition formed at 123–211°C) from fluids with salinities of 0.5–4.6 wt.% eq. NaCl. Equilibrium thermodynamic interpretation of mineral assemblages indicates that the deposition of native sulphur in the upper and central portions of the hydrothermal system was a result of the mixing of condensates of ascending magmatic gases and meteoric water giving rise to fluids which had lower pH (<3.5) and higher fugacities of oxygen and sul...

Objectives : This study was carried out to characterize the 'Kaolinitum' used as mineral ... more Objectives : This study was carried out to characterize the 'Kaolinitum' used as mineral medicine before and after physical and chemical manipulation. Methods : The mineralogy of the original raw kaolinitumes with different localities was identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. The concentrations of major, minor and trace elements of samples, furthermore, measured by the X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). In order to understand the variety of kaolinitum after thermal treatment, the differential thermal analysis (DTA) and the thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) were carried out. Results : According to the result of X-ray diffraction analysis, the kaolinitumes are composed ofcalcite, alunite and quartz. Si and Al are the major ions and heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, As, Ni and Cu are included in the kaolinitumes as trace ions. The concentration of these metals in the samples decreased after physical and chemic...

The Geodo mine area, had been developed for Fe and Cu ores since 1963 and abandoned in recent dec... more The Geodo mine area, had been developed for Fe and Cu ores since 1963 and abandoned in recent decades, is located in the central part of the Taebaeksan mineralized district. This area comprises of the Jangsan, Myobong, Pungchon, Hwajeol, Dongjeom, and Dumugol Formations in ascending stratigraphic order. These Formations were intruded by the Cretaceous Eopyeong granitoids that appears to produce the Geodo skarn. Their compositions are relatively oxidized quartz monzodiorite to granodiorite (magnetite series, ). Mineralizations related skarn deposit occur in the Myobong, Pungchon, and Hwajeol Formations. The proximal skarn is zoned from andraditic garnet () predominant adjacent to the Eopyeong granitoids to diopsidic pyroxene () predominant away from the one. The differential proportion of garnet and pyroxene is generated by water/rock ratio and their source, such as magmatic and meteoric water. This is useful tool for assessment the overall oxidation state of the entire skarn system. Gold occurs in proximal red to brownish garnet skarn, and genetically associated with Bi- and Te-bearing minerals. Skarn deposit developed in the Geodo mine area is considered as oxidized Au skarn category, based on chemical composition of the Eopyeong granitoids, zonation of skarn, and gold occurrences. Garnet-rich skarn zone will be the main target for exploration of gold in the study area. However, it is needed to the detailed survey on vertical zonation of this area as well as lateral zonation. The result of this survey would provide an important basis for the exploration of the skarn Au deposit in the Geodo mine area.

The Landsat and ASTER data have been used in mineralogical and lithological studies, and they hav... more The Landsat and ASTER data have been used in mineralogical and lithological studies, and they have also proved to be useful tool in the initial steps for mineral exploration throughout Nevada mining district, US. Huge pyrophyllite quarry mines, including Jungang, Samsung, Kyeongju, and Naenam located in the southeastern part of Gyeongsang Basin. The geology of study area consists mainly of Cretaceous volcanic rocks, which belong into Cretaceous Hayang and Jindong Group. They were intruded by Bulgugsa granites, so called Sannae-Eonyang granites. To extraction of Ratio model for pyrophyllite deposits, tuffaceous rock and pyrophyllite ores from the Jungang mine used in reflectance spectral analysis and these results were re-sampled to Landsat and ASTER bandpass. As a result of these processes, the pyrophyllite ores spectral features show strong reflectance at band 5, whereas strong absorption at band 7 in Landsat data. In the ASTER data, the pyrophyllite ores spectral features show strong absorption at band 5 and 8, whereas strong reflectance at band 4 and 7. Based on these spectral features, as a result of application of model to hydrothermal alteration zone and other exposed sites, the DN values of two different areas are 1.94 and 1.19 to 1.49, respectively. The differences values between pyrophyllite deposits and concrete-barren area are 0.472 and 0.399 for model, 0.452 and 0.371 for OHIb model, 0.365 and 0.311 for PAK model, respectively. Thus, and model proposed from this study proved to be more useful tool for the extraction of pyrophyllite deposits relative to previous models.

The characteristics of the mineralization and geology in the northern Mt. Taebaek mining district... more The characteristics of the mineralization and geology in the northern Mt. Taebaek mining district are found to be similar with those reported from Nevada district where the Carlin-type gold deposit occurs characteristically as repeated metallic ore deposits in space and time. Though two spots of hs and several spots of Sb anomalies were recognized in the Yeongweol area, they have no relationship with any metalliferous mineralization. On the other hand, two spots of As anomaly in the Jeongseon area have shown to be related with metalliferous ore deposits (mainly Ag-Au), and they are closely associated with Sb anomaly. Some elements of altered limestones in the study such as Au, Ag, As, Sb, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Mo area are closely associated together, and are more enriched in the Jeongseon area than in the Yeongweol area. In particular, Sb and As which may reflect the occurrence of the Carlin-type gold deposit are highly enriched. However, the base metals such af Zn and Pb are highly varia...

This study aims to evaluate the mechanical-chemical stability of used coal ash blocks, for improv... more This study aims to evaluate the mechanical-chemical stability of used coal ash blocks, for improving fishing grounds. The surface of weathered ash blocks in seawater showed a decrease in the Ca and an increase in the Mg contents, compared to that of fresh blocks. This result reflects the substitution of Ca by Mg in seawater. The compressive strengths of ash blocks submerged into seawater during 12 months ranged from 235.23 to ; this is higher than the standard strength of wave-absorbing blocks( that are used for harbor construction. In addition, the compressive strength of ash blocks tends to increase with increasing installation time in seawater. The result of leaching experiments on coal ash blocks by Korean Standard Leaching Test(KSLT) method showed that leached concentrations of most metals except Cr(that leached up to 50 ppb, approaching standard concentration) do not exceed the seawater quality standards. A long-term(112 days) heavy metal leaching test to analyze seawater with...

The distribution characteristics of heavy metals for surface sediments in east oceanic dumping ar... more The distribution characteristics of heavy metals for surface sediments in east oceanic dumping area (EDA) and west oceanic dumping area (WDA) are evaluated by grain sizes, minerals, sedimentation rates and compositions of heavy metals. The mean grain sizes in EDA and WDA range from to and to , respectively. These are mostly belonging to the M (mud) type. Minerals in the surface sediments consist of illite with chlorite, smectite, and kaolinite. Sedimentation rates estimated by method in EDA and WDA are 1.11 mm/yr1.73 mm/yr and 1.87 mm/yr, respectively. According to the interrelationship, concentrations of Ni, Cu, Cr, and Zn are closely associated with mean grain size, Al, and Fe, whereas concentrations of Cd and Pb are poorly associated with ones. The enrichment factors of these elements are higher than 1.5, suggesting that the concentrations of Cd and Pb in the surface sediments are affected by anthropogenic sources. The -class numbers of Cd and Pb in the surface sediments are most...

Ore Geology Reviews, 2005

Epithermal precious-metal mineralization in the Korean Peninsula mainly occurred along NNE-trendi... more Epithermal precious-metal mineralization in the Korean Peninsula mainly occurred along NNE-trending major strikeslip fault systems that are associated commonly with formation of pull-apart basins and major volcanic activity during the Cretaceous. Sedimentation in the basins was initiated in the Hauterivian and continued into the Albian, whereas much of the volcanism occurred sporadically from ca. 110 to 50 Ma, with a major episode between ca. 90 and 70 Ma. Epithermal Au-Ag mineralization in Korea took place between approximately 100 and 70 Ma, overlapping with the shallow magmatic activity. Styles of epithermal Au-Ag deposits in Korea include those of the Mugeug-type found in sediment-dominant basins in the central portion, and the Haenam-type in volcanic-dominant basins in the southwest. Epithermal Au-Ag deposits associated with the volcanic-dominant basins in the southern Korea generally formed at very shallow crustal levels (b0.5 kbar) and relatively low temperatures (b300 8C) from fluids containing large components of less-evolved meteoric waters than those associated with sediment-dominant basins. Orthogonal subduction following oblique subduction of the Izanagi Plate along the Pacific continental margin during the Cretaceous probably represents a major control of magmatism and associated Au-Ag mineralization in the Korean Peninsula. In the Early Cretaceous, the left-lateral strike-slip movements due to the northward (oblique) subduction of the plate resulted in the Gongju-Eumseong and Yeongdong-Gwangju fault systems. Late Cretaceous calc-alkaline volcanic activity and associated calderarelated fractures related to an orthogonal convergence that postdates the NNE-trending strike-slip movements may play an important role in the formation of epithermal Au-Ag deposits. Simultaneously with, or soon after heating related to magmatism, continued movement of strike-slip faults may also have been critical to the ore-forming process, leading to

Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2001

As ore grades drop at today’s large mines, and environmental regulations for waste discharges inc... more As ore grades drop at today’s large mines, and environmental regulations for waste discharges increase, economics drives new recovery innovations. This paper describes some technological advances in the recovery processes for copper, gold, silver, lead and zinc. It does not discuss pyrometallurgy. Korea, like many nations with industrial economies, consumes large amounts of these metals, and is dependent on overseas

Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2012

Groundwaters from areas of granitic bedrock in Daejeon, Eonyang and Yeongcheon in South Korea mai... more Groundwaters from areas of granitic bedrock in Daejeon, Eonyang and Yeongcheon in South Korea mainly belong to Ca-HCO 3 and Na-HCO 3 groundwater types according to their chemical composition, with fewer examples of the Ca-(Cl + SO 4) and Na-(Cl + SO 4) types. To explain the hydrogeochemical evolution of these groundwaters during deep circulation in granitic rocks, we performed reaction path modeling. The results show that the hydrochemical type of groundwater progressively evolves from an initial Ca-Cl type (rainwater) to a final Na-HCO 3 type (of deep groundwater), through an intermediate Ca-HCO 3 type. The reaction path model agrees well with the clay mineralogy of the granites. As the reaction between rainwater and granitic rock progresses, the activity of hydrogen ion decreases (i.e., pH increases) and the concentrations of cations are controlled by the dissolution of major rock-forming minerals, followed by the precipitation and dissolution of secondary minerals, according to the pH. The continuous reaction with granite causes the formation of secondary minerals in the following sequence: gibbsite plus hematite, Mn-oxide, kaolinite, chalcedony, chlorite, muscovite (a proxy for illite here), calcite, laumontite, prehnite, and finally analcime. Silica minerals are predominant in abundance among the minerals formed through the granite-water reactions. The results of this study can provide geochemical information for the preliminary site characterization for high-level nuclear waste disposal at depth in granitic rocks in South Korea and elsewhere.

Geosciences Journal, 2009

We attempted to evaluate variations in the properties of sediments at a waste disposal site in th... more We attempted to evaluate variations in the properties of sediments at a waste disposal site in the Yellow Sea resulting from the last 17 years of ocean dumping. The comparison between the affected surface sediment by ocean dumping and unaffected bottom sediment properties revealed that the mean grain size, Loss on ignition (LOI), and mineralogy were only slightly influenced by the ocean dumping, while some stations in the study area exhibited a heavy metal anomaly. Enrichment of heavy metals also has influenced inflow of waste since 1994 and rapidly increased after 1999, and the heavy metals in the surface sediment were controlled by anthropogenic sources such as ocean dumping, while the heavy metals in the bottom sediment were controlled by the weathering process. Also, Metal enrichment in the study area may have been caused by ocean dumping, because the time of heavy metal enrichment corresponds to the increasing time of ocean dumping. Furthermore, enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index suggested that the concentrations of heavy metals besides Cd and Pb were not significant, but the sediment accumulated after 1994 at some sites exhibited Pb and Cd anomalies.

Economic Geology, 1986

... DANNY M. RYE, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, PO Box 6666, New Haven, ... more ... DANNY M. RYE, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, PO Box 6666, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 AND MAENG-EON PARK Department of Geology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic Of Korea Abstract ...

Economic Geology, 1984

The Sambo lead-zinc deposits are composed of fissure-filling quartz-barite veins within Proterozo... more The Sambo lead-zinc deposits are composed of fissure-filling quartz-barite veins within Proterozoic biotite schist which has been intruded by granite and granodiorite stocks. K-Ar dates of biotite and muscovite from the intrusions are 177 + or - 4 and 164 + or - 3 m.y., suggesting a Jurassic age for Pb-Zn-Ba mineralization. This age is in agreement with data for metallogenic epochs in Korea. Ba-rich Pb-Zn deposits are related to a Jurassic-Early Cretaceous epoch, whereas Ba-poor Pb-Zn deposits are generally related to Late Cretaceous-Tertiary igneous activity. Mineralization at Sambo consists of three distinct stages of quartz-barite veins (I, II, and III) which were separated in time by tectonic fracturing and brecciation events. Ore textures of Stage II suggest rhythmic deposition. Five successive mineralization cycles of Stage II, each with up to seven nearly monomineralic bands, are recognized. Fluid inclusion data suggest that each stage evolved from early high temperatures (near 300 degrees C) to later lower temperatures (less than 200 degrees C). Sulfur isotope and fluid inclusion evidence indicates that galena, sphalerite, and barite were deposited at temperatures near 160 degrees to 265 degrees C from solutions with salinities ranging from 2 to 17 equivalent weight percent NaCl. Fluid inclusion evidence of boiling suggests pressures of less than 100 bars during portions of stage II mineralization. This pressure corresponds to depths at the time of mineralization of between 500 and 1,250 m.--Modified journal abstract.

Antarctic Science, 1995

A fossil hydrothermal system on Barton Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica, formed a series... more A fossil hydrothermal system on Barton Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica, formed a series of lead-zinc- and pyrite + native sulphur-bearing epithermal quartz ± calcite veins, filling fault-related fractures in hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks of Eocene age. The lead-zinc veins occur within argillic hydrothermal alteration zones, whereas the pyrite + native sulphur veins are found within advanced argillic alteration zones. Fluid inclusion data indicate that the vein formation occurred at temperatures between about 125° and 370°C (sphalerite deposition formed at 123–211°C) from fluids with salinities of 0.5–4.6 wt.% eq. NaCl. Equilibrium thermodynamic interpretation of mineral assemblages indicates that the deposition of native sulphur in the upper and central portions of the hydrothermal system was a result of the mixing of condensates of ascending magmatic gases and meteoric water giving rise to fluids which had lower pH (<3.5) and higher fugacities of oxygen and sul...

Objectives : This study was carried out to characterize the 'Kaolinitum' used as mineral ... more Objectives : This study was carried out to characterize the 'Kaolinitum' used as mineral medicine before and after physical and chemical manipulation. Methods : The mineralogy of the original raw kaolinitumes with different localities was identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. The concentrations of major, minor and trace elements of samples, furthermore, measured by the X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). In order to understand the variety of kaolinitum after thermal treatment, the differential thermal analysis (DTA) and the thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) were carried out. Results : According to the result of X-ray diffraction analysis, the kaolinitumes are composed ofcalcite, alunite and quartz. Si and Al are the major ions and heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, As, Ni and Cu are included in the kaolinitumes as trace ions. The concentration of these metals in the samples decreased after physical and chemic...