Magda Fahmy - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Magda Fahmy
Egyptian Journal of Psychiatry
Introduction Comorbidity between substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders has been excessi... more Introduction Comorbidity between substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders has been excessively documented in adults while rarely been investigated in adolescents. Aim The study investigated the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities among adolescent patients with substance-use disorder attending psychiatric health facilities in Suez Canal region. Patients and methods It was a cross-sectional study conducted on 120 adolescent patients aged 13–19 with substance-use disorder attending psychiatric health facilities in Suez Canal region. Data were collected using comprehensive psychiatric history, Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, complete physical and neurological examination, and urine toxicology screen. Results Most of the study-sample participants were polysubstance abusers (89.1%). Cannabis was the commonest substance abused (90.8%). More than half of the patients (53.3%) had psychiatric comorbidity with onset before the abuse of the substance, 27.5% had psychiatric comorbidity after abusing the substance, and 19.2% had no psychiatric comorbidity. Major depressive disorder was the most prevalent disorder (40.8%) among the patients, followed by conduct disorder (38.3%). Conclusion Depression and conduct disorder are the most common psychiatric disorders among adolescent patients with substance-use disorder.
The Arab Journal of Psychiatry
Egyptian Journal of Psychiatry, 2017
Background Executive functions are defined as the higher-level cognitive functions that are neces... more Background Executive functions are defined as the higher-level cognitive functions that are necessary to plan and execute goal-directed behaviors and may include cognitive flexibility, creativity, planning ability, abstract thinking, concept formation, and response inhibition. Recently, it has been shown that those with schizophrenia, as well as those with bipolar disorder, exhibit deficits in executive functions relative to controls. Executive function capability is an important predictor of the treatment, prognosis, and functional outcomes of these disorders. Patients and methods This cross-sectional study was carried out in Suez Canal University Outpatient Psychiatric Clinic. It included 60 patients with bipolar disorder type 1 (male and female). All studied patients were subjected to assessment of the manic symptoms using the total scores of Young’s Mania Rating Scale and the depressive symptoms using the total scores of the Hamilton Depression Rating scale by researcher. Assessment of cognitive functions was carried out by an expert psychologist using the Wechsler Adult intelligence Scale, Wechsler Memory Scale-III-Revised Hayling Sentence Completion Test, Trail Making Test, and the Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test. Result The results showed worsening in the executive function associated with manic than with depressive symptoms. Conclusion Manic symptoms had a significant effect on cognitive functions.
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, 2016
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of suicidal thoughts and suicidal probability among poly-sub... more OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of suicidal thoughts and suicidal probability among poly-substance abusers in Saudi population, and to examine the relation between dual diagnosis and suicidal thoughts. STUDY DESIGN Case control study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Al-Baha Psychiatric Hospital, Saudi Arabia, from May 2011 to June 2012. METHODOLOGY Participants were 239 subjects, aged 18 - 45 years. We reviewed 122 individuals who fulfilled the DSM-IV-TR criteria of substance abuse for two or more substances, and their data were compared with that collected from 117 control persons. RESULTS Suicidal cases were highly present among poly-substance abusers 64.75%. Amphetamine and cannabis were the most abused substances, (87.7% and 70.49%, respectively). Astatistically significant association with suicidality was found with longer duration of substance abuse (p < 0.001), using alcohol (p=0.001), amphetamine (p=0.007), volatile substances (p=0.034), presence of comorbid psychiatric ...
Middle East Current Psychiatry, 2021
Background Cognitive symptoms are one of the core symptoms of depressive disorders with a bearing... more Background Cognitive symptoms are one of the core symptoms of depressive disorders with a bearing effect on functional outcomes. Cognitive symptoms, including poor concentration and difficulty making decisions, are one of the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder. This study was designed to evaluate cognitive deficits in a sample of adult patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) in remission. A cross-sectional study was done on 60 patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of MDD in remission state. In addition, 60 normal subjects with matched age, sex, and educational level were compared with the patients group. Participants in both patients and control groups were subjected to clinical assessment using Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview plus (MINI-plus), assessment of cognitive functions using Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) short form, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Results There were statistically significant differences between...
Middle East Current Psychiatry, 2018
Background Epilepsy and sleep disorders are considered by many to be common bedfellows. Sleep dis... more Background Epilepsy and sleep disorders are considered by many to be common bedfellows. Sleep disorders frequently coexist in patients with epilepsy. Studies showed that sleep disturbances in children can precipitate to irritability; cognitive impairment, especially memory functions; and symptoms similar to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Objective This work was carried out to assess sleep in school-aged children with epilepsy using sleep assessment questionnaire and abnormal behavior in those children. Patients and methods A case–control study was conducted to include 30 children with epilepsy, who were selected from the attendants of the neuropsychiatry outpatient clinic in Suez Canal University Hospital, along with an equal number (30 participants) of age-matched and sex-matched students as a control group. Case and control groups were subjected to psychiatric, neurological, and physical assessment; routine laboratory investigations; review of electroencephalogram and brain computerized tomography; and psychological testing scales [The Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire and Vanderbilt assessment (parent informant)]. An informed written consent was taken from parents of each child included in the study, and verbal consent was taken from each child. Results There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in morning wake-up and daytime sleepiness, snoring during sleep, some items of attention deficit and conduct behaviors, and scholastic achievement. Conclusion Continuous assessment of sleep and behavior in children with epilepsy is important to exclude problems that can affect their life.
The Arab Journal of Psychiatry, 2017
Middle East Current Psychiatry, 2017
Background Schizophrenia is associated with an increased risk for violence in the community, whic... more Background Schizophrenia is associated with an increased risk for violence in the community, which persists with increasing age, and is found in both the male and the female population. Objectives The present study aimed to assess the correlation between aggressive behavior and sociodemographic characteristics in a sample of patients with schizophrenia at a psychiatry outpatients' clinic and compare the results with those of normal controls. Patients and methods The Arabic version of the Modified Overt Aggressive Scale was used to assess aggression in 30 patients with schizophrenia who attended the psychiatric outpatient clinic in Suez Canal University Hospital and in 30 patients who served as a control group. Results All patients showed variable degrees of aggression, and there was a negative correlation between age and aggression. Women were more aggressive than men. Aggression is more common in unmarried patients and directly correlated to educational level and adherence to treatment. Conclusion All patients showed variable degrees of aggression. There were many factors related to this aggression, including the patient age, sex, marital status, educational level, and adherence to treatment.
The Arab Journal of Psychiatry, 2015
Egyptian Journal of Psychiatry, 2015
Background Suicidal behavior among substance abusers is common. Despite increasing knowledge abou... more Background Suicidal behavior among substance abusers is common. Despite increasing knowledge about substance abuse and suicidal behavior, we lack sufficient knowledge about the characteristic features of suicidal substance abusers. Objective This study aimed to examine the associative characteristics of suicidal thoughts among polysubstance abusers. Materials and methods This was a case-control comparative study on 239 individuals between 18 and 45 years of age. We reviewed 122 individuals who fulfilled the DSM-IV-TR criteria of substance abuse for two or more substances, and their data were compared with that collected from 117 control persons. Detailed demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of the participants were collected. They were administered a semistructured psychiatric interview and examination, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (Ham-A) on almost the 10th day after admission (after detoxification). Results Suicidal cases formed 64.75% of the polysubstance abusers in our study. The mean score of Ham-A was 13.71 ± 6.31 for suicidal polydrug abusers, which was significantly the highest among the groups; 24.1 and 6.3% of the suicidal cases experienced mild to moderate and moderate to severe anxiety, respectively, whereas the remaining experienced mild symptoms. Suicidal cases attained significantly higher scores on the psychoticism and lie scale of EPQ in this study. Conclusion A statistically significant relation was found between the suicidality in polysubstance abusers and a high level of anxiety as assessed by the Ham-A scale and personality traits related to psychoticism and the lie scale on EPQ.
The Arab Journal of Psychiatry, 2014
Egyptian Journal of Psychiatry, 2014
Background Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the best-researched... more Background Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the best-researched disorders in medicine, to our knowledge, there are no existing clinical studies on ADHD in Kuwait. This is the first study on ADHD in the state of Kuwait. Aim of the work The main aim of this study was to describe the clinical profile, frequency, sociodemographics, and impairments seen in patients with ADHD subtypes in a clinic-referred sample of school-aged children with ADHD in Kuwait. Patients and methods The sample consisted of 70 patients recruited from the child psychiatric outpatient clinic of the Kuwait Centre of Mental Health. The included patients had to fulfill the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. - text revision criteria - for ADHD and were between the ages of 6 and 15 years; patients of both sexes, Kuwaitis or expats, from all socioeconomic and educational backgrounds were included. All participants were initially screened using the Vanderbilt ADHD parent and teacher diagnostic rating scale and then subjected to a semistructured interview to verify the diagnosis of ADHD and apply the exclusion criteria. Wechsler Intelligence scale III was applied to rule out cases of intellectual disability (IQ score ≤70). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI-KID) was performed to rule out cases with autism spectrum disorders and psychosis. Results This study showed that 71.4% of patients were male and 28.6% were female. The mean age of the patients was 10.2 (2.6) years. The most prevalent ADHD subtype was the ADHD-combined subtype (65.7%), followed by the ADHD-predominantly inattentive subtype (20%) and the ADHD-hyperactive impulsive subtype (14.3%). The ADHD-inattentive subtype was significantly more common among female patients and adolescents. The ADHD-hyperactive impulsive subtype was significantly more common among male patients and younger children. The ADHD-inattentive subtype showed a significantly older age of onset and presentation compared with the other two subtypes. In all, 51.4% of patients had a history of perinatal problems and 70% had a family history of ADHD. Patients in the sample were highly impaired functioning at both home and school; 90% failed to complete their homework, 68.6% disrupted classrooms, 12.9% were on probation or had been dismissed from school, 25.7% repeated a school grade, and 72.9% of patients had problematic relations with family members or peers. Conclusion The ADHD-combined type is the most prevalent subtype. The older mean age at presentation to the clinic compared with the mean age in similar studies may point to the critical lack of public awareness regarding ADHD or reluctance to refer children to the only psychiatric hospital in Kuwait. They suffer from impairments in many aspects of their lives that warrant attention in screening, management, and planning for service delivery as well.
Middle East Current Psychiatry, 2011
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Results According to the Hamilton Depression Scale, 62.2% were ... more Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Results According to the Hamilton Depression Scale, 62.2% were estimated to have mild, moderate, and severe depression. Half of the patients (48.7%) were estimated to have low levels of folic acid, with nine of them (24.3%) were having low normal values. There was significant association between severe depression and low folic acid level (< 3.5). Longer duration of the disease was found to be associated with lower folic acid levels and higher depression scale score with significant difference. There was no significant association between received drugs and the severity of depression or low serum folic acid. Conclusion Depression was higher in patients with refractory epilepsy. Low serum folic acid was considered as a risk factor for depression and its severity in patients with refractory epilepsy, particularly in patients receiving polytherapy.
Middle East Current Psychiatry, 2011
Materials and methods: Thirty newly diagnosed nonmedicated depressed patients were recruited from... more Materials and methods: Thirty newly diagnosed nonmedicated depressed patients were recruited from the outpatient and inpatient departments of the Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University Hospitals, in the period May to November 2008. All patients were diagnosed according to ...
Primary Care Psychiatry, 2002
... Correspondence to Professor Ahmed M. Okasha, World Psychiatric Association, 3, Shawarby Stree... more ... Correspondence to Professor Ahmed M. Okasha, World Psychiatric Association, 3, Shawarby Street, Kasr El Nil, Cairo, Egypt Received 2002; accepted as revised 8 April 2002 Keywords: General practitioner, Mental health, Primary health care, Psychiatric training ABSTRACT ...
Egyptian Journal of Psychiatry
Introduction Comorbidity between substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders has been excessi... more Introduction Comorbidity between substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders has been excessively documented in adults while rarely been investigated in adolescents. Aim The study investigated the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities among adolescent patients with substance-use disorder attending psychiatric health facilities in Suez Canal region. Patients and methods It was a cross-sectional study conducted on 120 adolescent patients aged 13–19 with substance-use disorder attending psychiatric health facilities in Suez Canal region. Data were collected using comprehensive psychiatric history, Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, complete physical and neurological examination, and urine toxicology screen. Results Most of the study-sample participants were polysubstance abusers (89.1%). Cannabis was the commonest substance abused (90.8%). More than half of the patients (53.3%) had psychiatric comorbidity with onset before the abuse of the substance, 27.5% had psychiatric comorbidity after abusing the substance, and 19.2% had no psychiatric comorbidity. Major depressive disorder was the most prevalent disorder (40.8%) among the patients, followed by conduct disorder (38.3%). Conclusion Depression and conduct disorder are the most common psychiatric disorders among adolescent patients with substance-use disorder.
The Arab Journal of Psychiatry
Egyptian Journal of Psychiatry, 2017
Background Executive functions are defined as the higher-level cognitive functions that are neces... more Background Executive functions are defined as the higher-level cognitive functions that are necessary to plan and execute goal-directed behaviors and may include cognitive flexibility, creativity, planning ability, abstract thinking, concept formation, and response inhibition. Recently, it has been shown that those with schizophrenia, as well as those with bipolar disorder, exhibit deficits in executive functions relative to controls. Executive function capability is an important predictor of the treatment, prognosis, and functional outcomes of these disorders. Patients and methods This cross-sectional study was carried out in Suez Canal University Outpatient Psychiatric Clinic. It included 60 patients with bipolar disorder type 1 (male and female). All studied patients were subjected to assessment of the manic symptoms using the total scores of Young’s Mania Rating Scale and the depressive symptoms using the total scores of the Hamilton Depression Rating scale by researcher. Assessment of cognitive functions was carried out by an expert psychologist using the Wechsler Adult intelligence Scale, Wechsler Memory Scale-III-Revised Hayling Sentence Completion Test, Trail Making Test, and the Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test. Result The results showed worsening in the executive function associated with manic than with depressive symptoms. Conclusion Manic symptoms had a significant effect on cognitive functions.
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, 2016
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of suicidal thoughts and suicidal probability among poly-sub... more OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of suicidal thoughts and suicidal probability among poly-substance abusers in Saudi population, and to examine the relation between dual diagnosis and suicidal thoughts. STUDY DESIGN Case control study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Al-Baha Psychiatric Hospital, Saudi Arabia, from May 2011 to June 2012. METHODOLOGY Participants were 239 subjects, aged 18 - 45 years. We reviewed 122 individuals who fulfilled the DSM-IV-TR criteria of substance abuse for two or more substances, and their data were compared with that collected from 117 control persons. RESULTS Suicidal cases were highly present among poly-substance abusers 64.75%. Amphetamine and cannabis were the most abused substances, (87.7% and 70.49%, respectively). Astatistically significant association with suicidality was found with longer duration of substance abuse (p < 0.001), using alcohol (p=0.001), amphetamine (p=0.007), volatile substances (p=0.034), presence of comorbid psychiatric ...
Middle East Current Psychiatry, 2021
Background Cognitive symptoms are one of the core symptoms of depressive disorders with a bearing... more Background Cognitive symptoms are one of the core symptoms of depressive disorders with a bearing effect on functional outcomes. Cognitive symptoms, including poor concentration and difficulty making decisions, are one of the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder. This study was designed to evaluate cognitive deficits in a sample of adult patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) in remission. A cross-sectional study was done on 60 patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of MDD in remission state. In addition, 60 normal subjects with matched age, sex, and educational level were compared with the patients group. Participants in both patients and control groups were subjected to clinical assessment using Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview plus (MINI-plus), assessment of cognitive functions using Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) short form, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Results There were statistically significant differences between...
Middle East Current Psychiatry, 2018
Background Epilepsy and sleep disorders are considered by many to be common bedfellows. Sleep dis... more Background Epilepsy and sleep disorders are considered by many to be common bedfellows. Sleep disorders frequently coexist in patients with epilepsy. Studies showed that sleep disturbances in children can precipitate to irritability; cognitive impairment, especially memory functions; and symptoms similar to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Objective This work was carried out to assess sleep in school-aged children with epilepsy using sleep assessment questionnaire and abnormal behavior in those children. Patients and methods A case–control study was conducted to include 30 children with epilepsy, who were selected from the attendants of the neuropsychiatry outpatient clinic in Suez Canal University Hospital, along with an equal number (30 participants) of age-matched and sex-matched students as a control group. Case and control groups were subjected to psychiatric, neurological, and physical assessment; routine laboratory investigations; review of electroencephalogram and brain computerized tomography; and psychological testing scales [The Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire and Vanderbilt assessment (parent informant)]. An informed written consent was taken from parents of each child included in the study, and verbal consent was taken from each child. Results There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in morning wake-up and daytime sleepiness, snoring during sleep, some items of attention deficit and conduct behaviors, and scholastic achievement. Conclusion Continuous assessment of sleep and behavior in children with epilepsy is important to exclude problems that can affect their life.
The Arab Journal of Psychiatry, 2017
Middle East Current Psychiatry, 2017
Background Schizophrenia is associated with an increased risk for violence in the community, whic... more Background Schizophrenia is associated with an increased risk for violence in the community, which persists with increasing age, and is found in both the male and the female population. Objectives The present study aimed to assess the correlation between aggressive behavior and sociodemographic characteristics in a sample of patients with schizophrenia at a psychiatry outpatients' clinic and compare the results with those of normal controls. Patients and methods The Arabic version of the Modified Overt Aggressive Scale was used to assess aggression in 30 patients with schizophrenia who attended the psychiatric outpatient clinic in Suez Canal University Hospital and in 30 patients who served as a control group. Results All patients showed variable degrees of aggression, and there was a negative correlation between age and aggression. Women were more aggressive than men. Aggression is more common in unmarried patients and directly correlated to educational level and adherence to treatment. Conclusion All patients showed variable degrees of aggression. There were many factors related to this aggression, including the patient age, sex, marital status, educational level, and adherence to treatment.
The Arab Journal of Psychiatry, 2015
Egyptian Journal of Psychiatry, 2015
Background Suicidal behavior among substance abusers is common. Despite increasing knowledge abou... more Background Suicidal behavior among substance abusers is common. Despite increasing knowledge about substance abuse and suicidal behavior, we lack sufficient knowledge about the characteristic features of suicidal substance abusers. Objective This study aimed to examine the associative characteristics of suicidal thoughts among polysubstance abusers. Materials and methods This was a case-control comparative study on 239 individuals between 18 and 45 years of age. We reviewed 122 individuals who fulfilled the DSM-IV-TR criteria of substance abuse for two or more substances, and their data were compared with that collected from 117 control persons. Detailed demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of the participants were collected. They were administered a semistructured psychiatric interview and examination, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (Ham-A) on almost the 10th day after admission (after detoxification). Results Suicidal cases formed 64.75% of the polysubstance abusers in our study. The mean score of Ham-A was 13.71 ± 6.31 for suicidal polydrug abusers, which was significantly the highest among the groups; 24.1 and 6.3% of the suicidal cases experienced mild to moderate and moderate to severe anxiety, respectively, whereas the remaining experienced mild symptoms. Suicidal cases attained significantly higher scores on the psychoticism and lie scale of EPQ in this study. Conclusion A statistically significant relation was found between the suicidality in polysubstance abusers and a high level of anxiety as assessed by the Ham-A scale and personality traits related to psychoticism and the lie scale on EPQ.
The Arab Journal of Psychiatry, 2014
Egyptian Journal of Psychiatry, 2014
Background Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the best-researched... more Background Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the best-researched disorders in medicine, to our knowledge, there are no existing clinical studies on ADHD in Kuwait. This is the first study on ADHD in the state of Kuwait. Aim of the work The main aim of this study was to describe the clinical profile, frequency, sociodemographics, and impairments seen in patients with ADHD subtypes in a clinic-referred sample of school-aged children with ADHD in Kuwait. Patients and methods The sample consisted of 70 patients recruited from the child psychiatric outpatient clinic of the Kuwait Centre of Mental Health. The included patients had to fulfill the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. - text revision criteria - for ADHD and were between the ages of 6 and 15 years; patients of both sexes, Kuwaitis or expats, from all socioeconomic and educational backgrounds were included. All participants were initially screened using the Vanderbilt ADHD parent and teacher diagnostic rating scale and then subjected to a semistructured interview to verify the diagnosis of ADHD and apply the exclusion criteria. Wechsler Intelligence scale III was applied to rule out cases of intellectual disability (IQ score ≤70). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI-KID) was performed to rule out cases with autism spectrum disorders and psychosis. Results This study showed that 71.4% of patients were male and 28.6% were female. The mean age of the patients was 10.2 (2.6) years. The most prevalent ADHD subtype was the ADHD-combined subtype (65.7%), followed by the ADHD-predominantly inattentive subtype (20%) and the ADHD-hyperactive impulsive subtype (14.3%). The ADHD-inattentive subtype was significantly more common among female patients and adolescents. The ADHD-hyperactive impulsive subtype was significantly more common among male patients and younger children. The ADHD-inattentive subtype showed a significantly older age of onset and presentation compared with the other two subtypes. In all, 51.4% of patients had a history of perinatal problems and 70% had a family history of ADHD. Patients in the sample were highly impaired functioning at both home and school; 90% failed to complete their homework, 68.6% disrupted classrooms, 12.9% were on probation or had been dismissed from school, 25.7% repeated a school grade, and 72.9% of patients had problematic relations with family members or peers. Conclusion The ADHD-combined type is the most prevalent subtype. The older mean age at presentation to the clinic compared with the mean age in similar studies may point to the critical lack of public awareness regarding ADHD or reluctance to refer children to the only psychiatric hospital in Kuwait. They suffer from impairments in many aspects of their lives that warrant attention in screening, management, and planning for service delivery as well.
Middle East Current Psychiatry, 2011
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Results According to the Hamilton Depression Scale, 62.2% were ... more Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Results According to the Hamilton Depression Scale, 62.2% were estimated to have mild, moderate, and severe depression. Half of the patients (48.7%) were estimated to have low levels of folic acid, with nine of them (24.3%) were having low normal values. There was significant association between severe depression and low folic acid level (< 3.5). Longer duration of the disease was found to be associated with lower folic acid levels and higher depression scale score with significant difference. There was no significant association between received drugs and the severity of depression or low serum folic acid. Conclusion Depression was higher in patients with refractory epilepsy. Low serum folic acid was considered as a risk factor for depression and its severity in patients with refractory epilepsy, particularly in patients receiving polytherapy.
Middle East Current Psychiatry, 2011
Materials and methods: Thirty newly diagnosed nonmedicated depressed patients were recruited from... more Materials and methods: Thirty newly diagnosed nonmedicated depressed patients were recruited from the outpatient and inpatient departments of the Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University Hospitals, in the period May to November 2008. All patients were diagnosed according to ...
Primary Care Psychiatry, 2002
... Correspondence to Professor Ahmed M. Okasha, World Psychiatric Association, 3, Shawarby Stree... more ... Correspondence to Professor Ahmed M. Okasha, World Psychiatric Association, 3, Shawarby Street, Kasr El Nil, Cairo, Egypt Received 2002; accepted as revised 8 April 2002 Keywords: General practitioner, Mental health, Primary health care, Psychiatric training ABSTRACT ...