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Papers by Mahalakshmi Venugopalan

Research paper thumbnail of The Effect of a Circuit Training Program on Functional Performance in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy - A Quasi-experimental Pilot Study

International Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (IJHRS), 2015

Background: There is a plethora of literature with some conflicting findings on the effects of im... more Background: There is a plethora of literature with some conflicting findings on the effects of implementing strength and/or aerobic (fitness) training to improve motor function of children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). Purpose: This aim of the study was to investigate the effects of a circuit training regimen on static and dynamic motor function of children diagnosed to have spastic CP. Materials and Methods: This is a pilot quasi-experimental study on children with spastic CP (aged 6-11 y; 7 males and 3 females) who underwent a circuit exercise training program (combined endurance and strength training) for 6 weeks. Changes in static (standing) and dynamic (jumping, running, walking) motor function were assessed by dimensions D and E of the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) scale, respectively. In addition, walking capacity was also assessed using the 30 s walk test. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to compare pre-vs. post-intervention scores. Results: There was an increase in static and dynamic motor function scores in the GMFM scale of children with spastic CP by 9 % (p = 0.005). An increase of 18.5 cm was found in the walking distance following intervention (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Circuit training used in the current study might increase standing as well as jumping, walking, and running abilities of children with spastic CP. However, randomized clinical trials are warranted to confirm these findings.

Research paper thumbnail of Down syndrome-A narrative review with a focus on anatomical features

Clinical Anatomy, 2015

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common aneuploidy of chromosome 21, characterized by the presence ... more Down syndrome (DS) is the most common aneuploidy of chromosome 21, characterized by the presence of an extra copy of that chromosome (trisomy 21). Children with DS present with an abnormal phenotype, which is attributed to a loss of genetic balance or an excess dose of chromosome 21 genes. In recent years, advances in prenatal screening and diagnostic tests have aided in the early diagnosis and appropriate management of fetuses with DS. A myriad of clinical symptoms resulting from cognitive, physical, and physiological impairments caused by aberrations in various systems of the body occur in DS. However, despite these impairments, which range from trivial to fatal manifestations, the survival rate of individuals with DS has increased dramatically from less than 50% during the mid-1990s to 95% in the early 2000s, with a median life expectancy of 60 years reported recently. The aim of this narrative review is to review and summarize the etiopathology, prenatal screening and diagnostic tests, prognosis, clinical manifestations in various body systems, and comorbidities associated with DS.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on labour pain relief among primigravida and multigravida mothers

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feb 19, 2017

Background: TENS by neuro-physiological means seems to help in relieving labour pain. Most of the... more Background: TENS by neuro-physiological means seems to help in relieving labour pain. Most of the pregnant women are not aware of the coping strategies for labour pain. As a result they tend to be restless and stress themselves by shouting or screaming due to pain. By using TENS, women in labour can save their energy without stressing themselves and make use of the saved energy for pushing the fetus during the second stage of labour. The objective was to analyze the effect of TENS on relieving labour pain among the postnatal mothers who had used TENS to cope up with the labour pain. Methods: Data collected from 1041 women [Primipara (n=702) and Multipara (n=339)] who used TENS to cope up pain throughout the labour was used for this retrospective study. Results: 88% of women had vaginal delivery and only 12% of women had cesarean section. More than 50% of both primiparous and multiparous women who had normal and vacuum assisted vaginal delivery experienced excellent pain relief using TENS. Almost 40 % of both primiparous and multiparous women who had forceps delivery and lower segment cesarean section experienced excellent pain relief using TENS. Except 2% of women with normal vaginal delivery, none of them stated that there was no relief of pain using TENS. Conclusions: TENS had a very good effect in coping up the labour pain and could be used during the first and second stages of labour.

Research paper thumbnail of The Effect of a Circuit Training Program on Functional Performance in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy - A Quasi-experimental Pilot Study

International Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (IJHRS), 2015

Background: There is a plethora of literature with some conflicting findings on the effects of im... more Background: There is a plethora of literature with some conflicting findings on the effects of implementing strength and/or aerobic (fitness) training to improve motor function of children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). Purpose: This aim of the study was to investigate the effects of a circuit training regimen on static and dynamic motor function of children diagnosed to have spastic CP. Materials and Methods: This is a pilot quasi-experimental study on children with spastic CP (aged 6-11 y; 7 males and 3 females) who underwent a circuit exercise training program (combined endurance and strength training) for 6 weeks. Changes in static (standing) and dynamic (jumping, running, walking) motor function were assessed by dimensions D and E of the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) scale, respectively. In addition, walking capacity was also assessed using the 30 s walk test. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to compare pre- vs. post-intervention scores. Results: There was an increase in static and dynamic motor function scores in the GMFM scale of children with spastic CP by 9 % (p = 0.005). An increase of 18.5 cm was found in the walking distance following intervention (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Circuit training used in the current study might increase standing as well as jumping, walking, and running abilities of children with spastic CP. However, randomized clinical trials are warranted to confirm these findings.

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of factors affecting students academic performance and measures to improve performance in the subject Biomechanics

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on labour pain relief among primigravida and multigravida mothers

International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology

Background: TENS by neuro-physiological means seems to help in relieving labour pain. Most of the... more Background: TENS by neuro-physiological means seems to help in relieving labour pain. Most of the pregnant women are not aware of the coping strategies for labour pain. As a result they tend to be restless and stress themselves by shouting or screaming due to pain. By using TENS, women in labour can save their energy without stressing themselves and make use of the saved energy for pushing the fetus during the second stage of labour. The objective was to analyze the effect of TENS on relieving labour pain among the postnatal mothers who had used TENS to cope up with the labour pain.Methods: Data collected from 1041 women [Primipara (n=702) and Multipara (n=339)] who used TENS to cope up pain throughout the labour was used for this retrospective study.Results: 88% of women had vaginal delivery and only 12% of women had cesarean section. More than 50% of both primiparous and multiparous women who had normal and vacuum assisted vaginal delivery experienced excellent pain relief using T...

Research paper thumbnail of The Effect of a Circuit Training Program on Functional Performance in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy - A Quasi-experimental Pilot Study

International Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (IJHRS), 2015

Background: There is a plethora of literature with some conflicting findings on the effects of im... more Background: There is a plethora of literature with some conflicting findings on the effects of implementing strength and/or aerobic (fitness) training to improve motor function of children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). Purpose: This aim of the study was to investigate the effects of a circuit training regimen on static and dynamic motor function of children diagnosed to have spastic CP. Materials and Methods: This is a pilot quasi-experimental study on children with spastic CP (aged 6-11 y; 7 males and 3 females) who underwent a circuit exercise training program (combined endurance and strength training) for 6 weeks. Changes in static (standing) and dynamic (jumping, running, walking) motor function were assessed by dimensions D and E of the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) scale, respectively. In addition, walking capacity was also assessed using the 30 s walk test. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to compare pre-vs. post-intervention scores. Results: There was an increase in static and dynamic motor function scores in the GMFM scale of children with spastic CP by 9 % (p = 0.005). An increase of 18.5 cm was found in the walking distance following intervention (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Circuit training used in the current study might increase standing as well as jumping, walking, and running abilities of children with spastic CP. However, randomized clinical trials are warranted to confirm these findings.

Research paper thumbnail of Down syndrome-A narrative review with a focus on anatomical features

Clinical Anatomy, 2015

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common aneuploidy of chromosome 21, characterized by the presence ... more Down syndrome (DS) is the most common aneuploidy of chromosome 21, characterized by the presence of an extra copy of that chromosome (trisomy 21). Children with DS present with an abnormal phenotype, which is attributed to a loss of genetic balance or an excess dose of chromosome 21 genes. In recent years, advances in prenatal screening and diagnostic tests have aided in the early diagnosis and appropriate management of fetuses with DS. A myriad of clinical symptoms resulting from cognitive, physical, and physiological impairments caused by aberrations in various systems of the body occur in DS. However, despite these impairments, which range from trivial to fatal manifestations, the survival rate of individuals with DS has increased dramatically from less than 50% during the mid-1990s to 95% in the early 2000s, with a median life expectancy of 60 years reported recently. The aim of this narrative review is to review and summarize the etiopathology, prenatal screening and diagnostic tests, prognosis, clinical manifestations in various body systems, and comorbidities associated with DS.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on labour pain relief among primigravida and multigravida mothers

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feb 19, 2017

Background: TENS by neuro-physiological means seems to help in relieving labour pain. Most of the... more Background: TENS by neuro-physiological means seems to help in relieving labour pain. Most of the pregnant women are not aware of the coping strategies for labour pain. As a result they tend to be restless and stress themselves by shouting or screaming due to pain. By using TENS, women in labour can save their energy without stressing themselves and make use of the saved energy for pushing the fetus during the second stage of labour. The objective was to analyze the effect of TENS on relieving labour pain among the postnatal mothers who had used TENS to cope up with the labour pain. Methods: Data collected from 1041 women [Primipara (n=702) and Multipara (n=339)] who used TENS to cope up pain throughout the labour was used for this retrospective study. Results: 88% of women had vaginal delivery and only 12% of women had cesarean section. More than 50% of both primiparous and multiparous women who had normal and vacuum assisted vaginal delivery experienced excellent pain relief using TENS. Almost 40 % of both primiparous and multiparous women who had forceps delivery and lower segment cesarean section experienced excellent pain relief using TENS. Except 2% of women with normal vaginal delivery, none of them stated that there was no relief of pain using TENS. Conclusions: TENS had a very good effect in coping up the labour pain and could be used during the first and second stages of labour.

Research paper thumbnail of The Effect of a Circuit Training Program on Functional Performance in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy - A Quasi-experimental Pilot Study

International Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (IJHRS), 2015

Background: There is a plethora of literature with some conflicting findings on the effects of im... more Background: There is a plethora of literature with some conflicting findings on the effects of implementing strength and/or aerobic (fitness) training to improve motor function of children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). Purpose: This aim of the study was to investigate the effects of a circuit training regimen on static and dynamic motor function of children diagnosed to have spastic CP. Materials and Methods: This is a pilot quasi-experimental study on children with spastic CP (aged 6-11 y; 7 males and 3 females) who underwent a circuit exercise training program (combined endurance and strength training) for 6 weeks. Changes in static (standing) and dynamic (jumping, running, walking) motor function were assessed by dimensions D and E of the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) scale, respectively. In addition, walking capacity was also assessed using the 30 s walk test. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to compare pre- vs. post-intervention scores. Results: There was an increase in static and dynamic motor function scores in the GMFM scale of children with spastic CP by 9 % (p = 0.005). An increase of 18.5 cm was found in the walking distance following intervention (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Circuit training used in the current study might increase standing as well as jumping, walking, and running abilities of children with spastic CP. However, randomized clinical trials are warranted to confirm these findings.

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of factors affecting students academic performance and measures to improve performance in the subject Biomechanics

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on labour pain relief among primigravida and multigravida mothers

International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology

Background: TENS by neuro-physiological means seems to help in relieving labour pain. Most of the... more Background: TENS by neuro-physiological means seems to help in relieving labour pain. Most of the pregnant women are not aware of the coping strategies for labour pain. As a result they tend to be restless and stress themselves by shouting or screaming due to pain. By using TENS, women in labour can save their energy without stressing themselves and make use of the saved energy for pushing the fetus during the second stage of labour. The objective was to analyze the effect of TENS on relieving labour pain among the postnatal mothers who had used TENS to cope up with the labour pain.Methods: Data collected from 1041 women [Primipara (n=702) and Multipara (n=339)] who used TENS to cope up pain throughout the labour was used for this retrospective study.Results: 88% of women had vaginal delivery and only 12% of women had cesarean section. More than 50% of both primiparous and multiparous women who had normal and vacuum assisted vaginal delivery experienced excellent pain relief using T...