Maitham Sultan - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Maitham Sultan
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
The research aims to identify the most important environmental factors that affect some of the wa... more The research aims to identify the most important environmental factors that affect some of the water quality and sediment characteristics of the Eastern Al-Hammar marsh by evaluating their concentrations and comparing them with national and international limits. Water samples and sediments were collected from different sites of Al-Mashab Marsh within the Eastern Al-Hammar marsh during the winter and summer seasons of 2019. The sample sites included some sites affected by the oil activities within the marsh boundaries, and water samples from the Al-Badaa channel, which produces drinking water for Al-Basra Governorate. The field measurements included measurement of the (Temp., pH, TDS, EC, S%, Turb.), while the laboratory measurements included (TSS, COD, OC), and measuring of the concentrations of the heavy elements in water and sediments marsh such as (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Mg, Cd, Ni). The results showed that the water marsh is alkaline (pH more than 7) and has EC; TDS, and salinity that ...
Iraqi geological journal, Mar 31, 2024
Iraqi journal of science, 2012
The study area is located in the alluvial plain of Iraq, and specifically in the lower floodplain... more The study area is located in the alluvial plain of Iraq, and specifically in the lower floodplain of the Tigris River, and a low naturally extends to a wide area and at a shallow depth and works a source of the floods when they occur, and it receives excess water for various uses. We are using ancient and modern maps with large scales to see the shape and space boundaries Al-Hawizeh Marsh, was the work mock maps of the area through a series of satellite images of different dates and with the help of remote sensing techniques. From the comparing to Al-Hawizeh Marsh area and make an exact time map of the marsh shows that the marsh has passed through several stages. Through this research that we shows the variance in the change recharges rivers rates that feeding of the Marsh at the months, seasons and years due to the climate changes of this region, ناطلسو ديشر لو ا نوناك ،مولعلل ةيقارعلا ةلجملا 2012 دلجم ، 53 ددعلا ، 4 ةحفصلا ، 1067 1077 1068 where it was noted that the last time period had changed as a result of human intervention from the dams and barrages and canals and then launch water quotas by changing water policy, as well as the gripping desertification of this region. These factors mentioned above and the fact that Al-Hawizeh Marsh is one of the Iraqi largest marsh and is a Ramsar site with international significance, led to a large decline in the area because of decreasing of entering water and the decline of very large quantities and poor quality because of increases the salt concentration in it.
Iraqi Geological Journal
The gaseous emissions that are emitted from solid waste without treatment or investment are one o... more The gaseous emissions that are emitted from solid waste without treatment or investment are one of the problems that Baghdad suffers from, because of its environmental and health effects, both on the man, animal, or land. The research aims to study the geographical distribution and quality of waste dumps in Al-Karkh in Baghdad, and measure the concentrations of methane gas (CH₄) emitted from the waste balers and landfill in the study area, which is the basis for biogas production to determine the possibility of investing it in energy production and other purposes, and finding appropriate solutions to dispose of waste by appropriate scientific methods. The results showed that most of the waste in the study area consists of organic matter by 42%, and the concentrations of CH4 measured in the study sites during the summer and winter periods, although they did not exceed the global limits, but it can be invested in biogas production which used to produce electrical energy, due to its em...
Iraqi Geological Journal
The gaseous emissions that are emitted from solid waste without treatment or investment are one o... more The gaseous emissions that are emitted from solid waste without treatment or investment are one of the problems that Baghdad suffers from, because of its environmental and health effects, both on the man, animal, or land. The research aims to study the geographical distribution and quality of waste dumps in Al-Karkh in Baghdad, and measure the concentrations of methane gas (CH₄) emitted from the waste balers and landfill in the study area, which is the basis for biogas production to determine the possibility of investing it in energy production and other purposes, and finding appropriate solutions to dispose of waste by appropriate scientific methods. The results showed that most of the waste in the study area consists of organic matter by 42%, and the concentrations of CH4 measured in the study sites during the summer and winter periods, although they did not exceed the global limits, but it can be invested in biogas production which used to produce electrical energy, due to its em...
Natural Hazards, 2022
Urban land surface temperature (LST) is dependent on many factors, including land cover, building... more Urban land surface temperature (LST) is dependent on many factors, including land cover, building materials, urban density, and other human activities. The current study evaluated Baghdad's LST and urban heat island (UHI) changes during 1984–2020, one of the world's hottest capital cities. The study also examined the relationship between LST and various land use and land covers (LULC). The Landsat data (TM and OLI/TIRS) data were used to retrieve normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI). Results showed increases in LST in Baghdad between 1984 and 2020 due to increased urbanization, decreased green lands, and expansion of baren areas. The highest LST is associated with residential and barren areas, ranging from 46.7 to 52.7 °C, while lowest with water bodies and orchards areas, ranging between 25 and 30.4 °C. UHI effect appeared clearly in 2020 in different parts, particularly in suburban areas around Baghdad. Higher LST was observed in less vegetated areas and vice versa. The study revealed that the average maximum temperature in Baghdad increased from 40.2 °C in 1984 to 47 °C in 2020 or about 6.8 °C during 36 years. The NDVI showed a negative correlation and NDBI a positive correlation with LST. The results improved the understanding of urban LST's relation to LULC in developing an inclusive climate resilience policy and making Baghdad more sustainable to face the consequences of climate change.
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2020
In recent years, the problem of rising salinity levels in the Shatt al-Arab river in southern Ira... more In recent years, the problem of rising salinity levels in the Shatt al-Arab river in southern Iraq has been repeated, which has directly affected the living and health situation and the agricultural activity of these areas. Six sampling stations were selected along Shatt al-Arab to estimate the concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) in the river; these stations included the following: Qurna, Labani, City Centre, Kateban, Corniche, and Sihan. In addition, three Landsat-8 satellite images which were taken at the same time as collected samples also used for detecting the salinity in the river. After processing of atmospheric correction and inserted remote sensing indices, the reflectance of water extracted from satellite images was used to express the spectral characteristics of different TDS concentrations. Correlation and regression were used to obtain accurate models for detecting the salinity depending on the spectral reflectance of Landsat 8 operational land image OLI. The ...
Atmosphere, 2020
The energy sector is integral to the wellbeing of the entire Iraqi economy and will remain so wel... more The energy sector is integral to the wellbeing of the entire Iraqi economy and will remain so well into the future. In the current study, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology was used to estimate CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions from oil refining and electricity generation in Iraq for a period exceeding 25 years. From 1990, Iraq experienced two wars and an economic siege, then faced political, social, and security instability, which affected its energy production. The results showed that the CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions from the oil refining and electricity generation in Iraq experienced a sharp decline in the years 1991, 2003, and 2007 due to a decrease in the production of oil derivatives in refineries, according to political and security conditions. The total CO2 emissions from the types of fuel used in electricity generation in Iraq was approximately 14,000 Gg and 58,000 Gg in 1990 and 2017, respectively. The increase in CO2 emissions was greater than 300% ...
Applied Sciences, 2019
Marshes represent a unique ecosystem covering a large area of southern Iraq. In a major environme... more Marshes represent a unique ecosystem covering a large area of southern Iraq. In a major environmental disaster, the marshes of Iraq were drained, especially during the 1990s. Since then, droughts and the decrease in water imports from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers from Turkey and Iran have prevented them from regaining their former extent. The aim of this research is to extract the values of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for the period 1977–2017 from Landsat 2 MSS (multispectral scanner), Landsat 8 OLI (operational land imager) and Sentinel 2 MSI (multi-spectral imaging mission) satellite images and use supervised classification to quantify land and water cover change. The results from the two satellites (Landsat 2 and Landsat 8) are compared with Sentinel 2 to determine the best tool for detecting changes in land and water cover. We also assess the potential impacts of climate change through the study of the annual average maximum temperature and precipitation...
Atmosphere
The energy sector is integral to the wellbeing of the entire Iraqi economy and will remain so wel... more The energy sector is integral to the wellbeing of the entire Iraqi economy and will remain so well into the future. In the current study, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology was used to estimate CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions from oil refining and electricity generation in Iraq for a period exceeding 25 years. From 1990, Iraq experienced two wars and an economic siege, then faced political, social, and security instability, which affected its energy production. The results showed that the CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions from the oil refining and electricity generation in Iraq experienced a sharp decline in the years 1991, 2003, and 2007 due to a decrease in the production of oil derivatives in refineries, according to political and security conditions. The total CO2 emissions from the types of fuel used in electricity generation in Iraq was approximately 14,000 Gg and 58,000 Gg in 1990 and 2017, respectively. The increase in CO2 emissions was greater than 300% ...
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution
In recent years, the problem of rising salinity levels in the Shatt al-Arab river in southern Ira... more In recent years, the problem of rising salinity levels in the Shatt al-Arab river in southern Iraq has been repeated, which has directly affected the living and health situation and the agricultural activity of these areas. Six sampling stations were selected along Shatt al-Arab to estimate the concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) in the river; these stations included the following: Qurna, Labani, City Centre, Kateban, Corniche, and Sihan. In addition, three Landsat-8 satellite images which were taken at the same time as collected samples also used for detecting the salinity in the river. After processing of atmospheric correction and inserted remote sensing indices, the reflectance of water extracted from satellite images was used to express the spectral characteristics of different TDS concentrations. Correlation and regression were used to obtain accurate models for detecting the salinity depending on the spectral reflectance of Landsat 8 operational land image OLI. The ...
Applied Sciences
Marshes represent a unique ecosystem covering a large area of southern Iraq. In a major environme... more Marshes represent a unique ecosystem covering a large area of southern Iraq. In a major environmental disaster, the marshes of Iraq were drained, especially during the 1990s. Since then, droughts and the decrease in water imports from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers from Turkey and Iran have prevented them from regaining their former extent. The aim of this research is to extract the values of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for the period 1977–2017 from Landsat 2 MSS (multispectral scanner), Landsat 8 OLI (operational land imager) and Sentinel 2 MSI (multi-spectral imaging mission) satellite images and use supervised classification to quantify land and water cover change. The results from the two satellites (Landsat 2 and Landsat 8) are compared with Sentinel 2 to determine the best tool for detecting changes in land and water cover. We also assess the potential impacts of climate change through the study of the annual average maximum temperature and precipitation...
Al-Nahrain Journal of Science
This study aimed to measure the concentration of the total suspended particle (TSP) and gaseous p... more This study aimed to measure the concentration of the total suspended particle (TSP) and gaseous pollutants (CO, CO 2 , SO 2 and NO 2) that emitted from Nahrawan's brick factories and compare it to its counterparts from the village of Nahrawan. Samples from 17 sites, as well as Nahrawan village were collected in the current study. The results showed that TSP had the highest concentration (9801.7 μg/m 3), exceeding world health organization (WHO) standard in all study sites, including Nahrawan village. The results also indicated that CO concentration at most sites exceeded WHO standard. The results showed that CO 2 concentration in all the sites exceeded WHO standard (250 ppm), while the measure taken from Nahrawan village registered lower. SO 2 was not record in air of Nahrawan village, yet it formed the highest concentration (0.1 ppm) in the study area, much greater than the WHO standard (0.01 ppm). On the other hand, NO 2 assumed the highest concentration of (0.3 ppm) again, higher than WHO standard of (0.11 ppm) across all sites, except Nahrawan village. Spatial analysis was performed to generate spatial patterns of air pollutants released by bricks factories in Nahrawan region and to represent the values of wind speed. Visualization of the spatial patterns revealed that the pollutants highly concentrated in the central and southern study area and is located towards the prevailing wind.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
The research aims to identify the most important environmental factors that affect some of the wa... more The research aims to identify the most important environmental factors that affect some of the water quality and sediment characteristics of the Eastern Al-Hammar marsh by evaluating their concentrations and comparing them with national and international limits. Water samples and sediments were collected from different sites of Al-Mashab Marsh within the Eastern Al-Hammar marsh during the winter and summer seasons of 2019. The sample sites included some sites affected by the oil activities within the marsh boundaries, and water samples from the Al-Badaa channel, which produces drinking water for Al-Basra Governorate. The field measurements included measurement of the (Temp., pH, TDS, EC, S%, Turb.), while the laboratory measurements included (TSS, COD, OC), and measuring of the concentrations of the heavy elements in water and sediments marsh such as (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Mg, Cd, Ni). The results showed that the water marsh is alkaline (pH more than 7) and has EC; TDS, and salinity that ...
Iraqi geological journal, Mar 31, 2024
Iraqi journal of science, 2012
The study area is located in the alluvial plain of Iraq, and specifically in the lower floodplain... more The study area is located in the alluvial plain of Iraq, and specifically in the lower floodplain of the Tigris River, and a low naturally extends to a wide area and at a shallow depth and works a source of the floods when they occur, and it receives excess water for various uses. We are using ancient and modern maps with large scales to see the shape and space boundaries Al-Hawizeh Marsh, was the work mock maps of the area through a series of satellite images of different dates and with the help of remote sensing techniques. From the comparing to Al-Hawizeh Marsh area and make an exact time map of the marsh shows that the marsh has passed through several stages. Through this research that we shows the variance in the change recharges rivers rates that feeding of the Marsh at the months, seasons and years due to the climate changes of this region, ناطلسو ديشر لو ا نوناك ،مولعلل ةيقارعلا ةلجملا 2012 دلجم ، 53 ددعلا ، 4 ةحفصلا ، 1067 1077 1068 where it was noted that the last time period had changed as a result of human intervention from the dams and barrages and canals and then launch water quotas by changing water policy, as well as the gripping desertification of this region. These factors mentioned above and the fact that Al-Hawizeh Marsh is one of the Iraqi largest marsh and is a Ramsar site with international significance, led to a large decline in the area because of decreasing of entering water and the decline of very large quantities and poor quality because of increases the salt concentration in it.
Iraqi Geological Journal
The gaseous emissions that are emitted from solid waste without treatment or investment are one o... more The gaseous emissions that are emitted from solid waste without treatment or investment are one of the problems that Baghdad suffers from, because of its environmental and health effects, both on the man, animal, or land. The research aims to study the geographical distribution and quality of waste dumps in Al-Karkh in Baghdad, and measure the concentrations of methane gas (CH₄) emitted from the waste balers and landfill in the study area, which is the basis for biogas production to determine the possibility of investing it in energy production and other purposes, and finding appropriate solutions to dispose of waste by appropriate scientific methods. The results showed that most of the waste in the study area consists of organic matter by 42%, and the concentrations of CH4 measured in the study sites during the summer and winter periods, although they did not exceed the global limits, but it can be invested in biogas production which used to produce electrical energy, due to its em...
Iraqi Geological Journal
The gaseous emissions that are emitted from solid waste without treatment or investment are one o... more The gaseous emissions that are emitted from solid waste without treatment or investment are one of the problems that Baghdad suffers from, because of its environmental and health effects, both on the man, animal, or land. The research aims to study the geographical distribution and quality of waste dumps in Al-Karkh in Baghdad, and measure the concentrations of methane gas (CH₄) emitted from the waste balers and landfill in the study area, which is the basis for biogas production to determine the possibility of investing it in energy production and other purposes, and finding appropriate solutions to dispose of waste by appropriate scientific methods. The results showed that most of the waste in the study area consists of organic matter by 42%, and the concentrations of CH4 measured in the study sites during the summer and winter periods, although they did not exceed the global limits, but it can be invested in biogas production which used to produce electrical energy, due to its em...
Natural Hazards, 2022
Urban land surface temperature (LST) is dependent on many factors, including land cover, building... more Urban land surface temperature (LST) is dependent on many factors, including land cover, building materials, urban density, and other human activities. The current study evaluated Baghdad's LST and urban heat island (UHI) changes during 1984–2020, one of the world's hottest capital cities. The study also examined the relationship between LST and various land use and land covers (LULC). The Landsat data (TM and OLI/TIRS) data were used to retrieve normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI). Results showed increases in LST in Baghdad between 1984 and 2020 due to increased urbanization, decreased green lands, and expansion of baren areas. The highest LST is associated with residential and barren areas, ranging from 46.7 to 52.7 °C, while lowest with water bodies and orchards areas, ranging between 25 and 30.4 °C. UHI effect appeared clearly in 2020 in different parts, particularly in suburban areas around Baghdad. Higher LST was observed in less vegetated areas and vice versa. The study revealed that the average maximum temperature in Baghdad increased from 40.2 °C in 1984 to 47 °C in 2020 or about 6.8 °C during 36 years. The NDVI showed a negative correlation and NDBI a positive correlation with LST. The results improved the understanding of urban LST's relation to LULC in developing an inclusive climate resilience policy and making Baghdad more sustainable to face the consequences of climate change.
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2020
In recent years, the problem of rising salinity levels in the Shatt al-Arab river in southern Ira... more In recent years, the problem of rising salinity levels in the Shatt al-Arab river in southern Iraq has been repeated, which has directly affected the living and health situation and the agricultural activity of these areas. Six sampling stations were selected along Shatt al-Arab to estimate the concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) in the river; these stations included the following: Qurna, Labani, City Centre, Kateban, Corniche, and Sihan. In addition, three Landsat-8 satellite images which were taken at the same time as collected samples also used for detecting the salinity in the river. After processing of atmospheric correction and inserted remote sensing indices, the reflectance of water extracted from satellite images was used to express the spectral characteristics of different TDS concentrations. Correlation and regression were used to obtain accurate models for detecting the salinity depending on the spectral reflectance of Landsat 8 operational land image OLI. The ...
Atmosphere, 2020
The energy sector is integral to the wellbeing of the entire Iraqi economy and will remain so wel... more The energy sector is integral to the wellbeing of the entire Iraqi economy and will remain so well into the future. In the current study, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology was used to estimate CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions from oil refining and electricity generation in Iraq for a period exceeding 25 years. From 1990, Iraq experienced two wars and an economic siege, then faced political, social, and security instability, which affected its energy production. The results showed that the CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions from the oil refining and electricity generation in Iraq experienced a sharp decline in the years 1991, 2003, and 2007 due to a decrease in the production of oil derivatives in refineries, according to political and security conditions. The total CO2 emissions from the types of fuel used in electricity generation in Iraq was approximately 14,000 Gg and 58,000 Gg in 1990 and 2017, respectively. The increase in CO2 emissions was greater than 300% ...
Applied Sciences, 2019
Marshes represent a unique ecosystem covering a large area of southern Iraq. In a major environme... more Marshes represent a unique ecosystem covering a large area of southern Iraq. In a major environmental disaster, the marshes of Iraq were drained, especially during the 1990s. Since then, droughts and the decrease in water imports from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers from Turkey and Iran have prevented them from regaining their former extent. The aim of this research is to extract the values of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for the period 1977–2017 from Landsat 2 MSS (multispectral scanner), Landsat 8 OLI (operational land imager) and Sentinel 2 MSI (multi-spectral imaging mission) satellite images and use supervised classification to quantify land and water cover change. The results from the two satellites (Landsat 2 and Landsat 8) are compared with Sentinel 2 to determine the best tool for detecting changes in land and water cover. We also assess the potential impacts of climate change through the study of the annual average maximum temperature and precipitation...
Atmosphere
The energy sector is integral to the wellbeing of the entire Iraqi economy and will remain so wel... more The energy sector is integral to the wellbeing of the entire Iraqi economy and will remain so well into the future. In the current study, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology was used to estimate CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions from oil refining and electricity generation in Iraq for a period exceeding 25 years. From 1990, Iraq experienced two wars and an economic siege, then faced political, social, and security instability, which affected its energy production. The results showed that the CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions from the oil refining and electricity generation in Iraq experienced a sharp decline in the years 1991, 2003, and 2007 due to a decrease in the production of oil derivatives in refineries, according to political and security conditions. The total CO2 emissions from the types of fuel used in electricity generation in Iraq was approximately 14,000 Gg and 58,000 Gg in 1990 and 2017, respectively. The increase in CO2 emissions was greater than 300% ...
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution
In recent years, the problem of rising salinity levels in the Shatt al-Arab river in southern Ira... more In recent years, the problem of rising salinity levels in the Shatt al-Arab river in southern Iraq has been repeated, which has directly affected the living and health situation and the agricultural activity of these areas. Six sampling stations were selected along Shatt al-Arab to estimate the concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) in the river; these stations included the following: Qurna, Labani, City Centre, Kateban, Corniche, and Sihan. In addition, three Landsat-8 satellite images which were taken at the same time as collected samples also used for detecting the salinity in the river. After processing of atmospheric correction and inserted remote sensing indices, the reflectance of water extracted from satellite images was used to express the spectral characteristics of different TDS concentrations. Correlation and regression were used to obtain accurate models for detecting the salinity depending on the spectral reflectance of Landsat 8 operational land image OLI. The ...
Applied Sciences
Marshes represent a unique ecosystem covering a large area of southern Iraq. In a major environme... more Marshes represent a unique ecosystem covering a large area of southern Iraq. In a major environmental disaster, the marshes of Iraq were drained, especially during the 1990s. Since then, droughts and the decrease in water imports from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers from Turkey and Iran have prevented them from regaining their former extent. The aim of this research is to extract the values of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for the period 1977–2017 from Landsat 2 MSS (multispectral scanner), Landsat 8 OLI (operational land imager) and Sentinel 2 MSI (multi-spectral imaging mission) satellite images and use supervised classification to quantify land and water cover change. The results from the two satellites (Landsat 2 and Landsat 8) are compared with Sentinel 2 to determine the best tool for detecting changes in land and water cover. We also assess the potential impacts of climate change through the study of the annual average maximum temperature and precipitation...
Al-Nahrain Journal of Science
This study aimed to measure the concentration of the total suspended particle (TSP) and gaseous p... more This study aimed to measure the concentration of the total suspended particle (TSP) and gaseous pollutants (CO, CO 2 , SO 2 and NO 2) that emitted from Nahrawan's brick factories and compare it to its counterparts from the village of Nahrawan. Samples from 17 sites, as well as Nahrawan village were collected in the current study. The results showed that TSP had the highest concentration (9801.7 μg/m 3), exceeding world health organization (WHO) standard in all study sites, including Nahrawan village. The results also indicated that CO concentration at most sites exceeded WHO standard. The results showed that CO 2 concentration in all the sites exceeded WHO standard (250 ppm), while the measure taken from Nahrawan village registered lower. SO 2 was not record in air of Nahrawan village, yet it formed the highest concentration (0.1 ppm) in the study area, much greater than the WHO standard (0.01 ppm). On the other hand, NO 2 assumed the highest concentration of (0.3 ppm) again, higher than WHO standard of (0.11 ppm) across all sites, except Nahrawan village. Spatial analysis was performed to generate spatial patterns of air pollutants released by bricks factories in Nahrawan region and to represent the values of wind speed. Visualization of the spatial patterns revealed that the pollutants highly concentrated in the central and southern study area and is located towards the prevailing wind.