Makon Fardis - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Makon Fardis

Research paper thumbnail of Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology Relationship With the Five-Factor Model of Personality Developing and Evaluating the Social Axioms Survey in Eleven Countries: Its On behalf of: International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology can be found at

Based on a deductive, culturally decentered approach, new items were generated to improve the rel... more Based on a deductive, culturally decentered approach, new items were generated to improve the reliability of the original Social Axioms Survey, which measures individuals' general beliefs about the world. In Study 1, results from 11 countries support the original five-factor structure

Research paper thumbnail of Emotion regulation and the quality of romantic relationship

Given the key role that emotions play in human social relations, the way emotions are experienced... more Given the key role that emotions play in human social relations, the way emotions are experienced, regulated, and expressed is likely to affect the quality of romantic relations. This study attempted to examine the differences in romantic relationship satisfaction that might be attributable to the habitual expression of emotions and the use o f two emotion regulation strategies: emotional suppression and cognitive reappraisal. The study hypotheses were 1) individuals with higher emotional expressivity would be more satisfied with their romantic relationship, 2) if the study participants are in a relationship with a romantic partner who manifests emotions, the participants would be more satisfied with the relationship, 3) participants who suppress the experienced emotions would have lower relationship satisfaction, and 4) participants who utilize cognitive reappraisal to reframe the emotional events would have higher relationship satisfaction. Study results supported the second and third hypotheses but not the first and fourth one. Additional findings o f this study were 1) a positive correlation between age and the use o f cognitive reappraisal, 2) negative correlation between the relationship duration and use o f reappraisal, 3) the more extensive use of suppression by men as opposed to women, and 4) the negative correlation between emotional expressiveness of the two partners in a romantic relationship.

Research paper thumbnail of Social Axioms Survey--Chinese Version

Research paper thumbnail of Developing and Evaluating the Social Axioms Survey in Eleven Countries

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2011

Based on a deductive, culturally decentered approach, new items were generated to improve the rel... more Based on a deductive, culturally decentered approach, new items were generated to improve the reliability of the original Social Axioms Survey, which measures individuals’ general beliefs about the world. In Study 1, results from 11 countries support the original five-factor structure and achieve higher reliability for the axiom dimensions as measured by the new scale. Moreover, moderate but meaningful associations between axiom and Big-Five personality dimensions were found. Temporal change of social axioms at the culture level was examined and found to be moderate. In Study 2, additional new items were generated for social complexity and fate control, then assessed in Hong Kong and the United States. Reliability was further improved for both dimensions. Additionally, two subfactors of fate control were identified: fate determinism and fate alterability. Fate determinism, but not fate alterability, related positively to neuroticism. Other relationships between axiom and personality...

Research paper thumbnail of Expression and Regulation of Emotions in Romantic Relationships

Romantic relationships are extremely important in people's physical and mental well being. One of... more Romantic relationships are extremely important in people's physical and mental well being. One of the important determinants of the quality of romantic relationships is the expression and regulation of emotions. This study hypothesized that 1) expression of positive emotions is good for any relationship, 2) expression of negative emotions is good for only communal relationships, 3) expression of positive emotions is necessary alongside of negative ones to maintain a communal relationship, 4) in case negative emotions are expressed, providing explanations would help maintain the relationship, 5) suppression of emotions does not benefit communal relationship, and 6) expression of emotions correlates with a) secure attachment, b) partner's receptiveness to expression, and c) communal approach to relationship. The interactions predicted in this study were not found to be significant. The key study findings follow: 1) expression of positive and negative emotions, 2) communal orientation, 3) explanation of negative affect, 4) and general emotional expressivity correlate with higher relationship satisfaction. 5) Emotional suppression, 6) anxious attachment, and 7) higher year in school were related to lower satisfaction. Other findings suggested that 1) communal approach, 2) partner's receptiveness, and 3) female gender were related to more emotional expressivity. 4) Communal orientation was related to more and 5) avoidant attachment was related to less positive expression. 6) Secure attachment was related to less emotional suppression. Lastly, it was found that 1) secure attachment correlated with more partner's receptiveness. 2) Anxious attachment accompanied less explanations for negative affect., and, 3) older participants had more avoidant attachments. The major limitation of this study was that only one member the couple was assessed and the impact of the respondent's style and behavior on the partner as well as the dyadic factors contributing to the relationship were largely unknown.

Research paper thumbnail of Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology Relationship With the Five-Factor Model of Personality Developing and Evaluating the Social Axioms Survey in Eleven Countries: Its On behalf of: International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology can be found at

Based on a deductive, culturally decentered approach, new items were generated to improve the rel... more Based on a deductive, culturally decentered approach, new items were generated to improve the reliability of the original Social Axioms Survey, which measures individuals' general beliefs about the world. In Study 1, results from 11 countries support the original five-factor structure

Research paper thumbnail of Emotion regulation and the quality of romantic relationship

Given the key role that emotions play in human social relations, the way emotions are experienced... more Given the key role that emotions play in human social relations, the way emotions are experienced, regulated, and expressed is likely to affect the quality of romantic relations. This study attempted to examine the differences in romantic relationship satisfaction that might be attributable to the habitual expression of emotions and the use o f two emotion regulation strategies: emotional suppression and cognitive reappraisal. The study hypotheses were 1) individuals with higher emotional expressivity would be more satisfied with their romantic relationship, 2) if the study participants are in a relationship with a romantic partner who manifests emotions, the participants would be more satisfied with the relationship, 3) participants who suppress the experienced emotions would have lower relationship satisfaction, and 4) participants who utilize cognitive reappraisal to reframe the emotional events would have higher relationship satisfaction. Study results supported the second and third hypotheses but not the first and fourth one. Additional findings o f this study were 1) a positive correlation between age and the use o f cognitive reappraisal, 2) negative correlation between the relationship duration and use o f reappraisal, 3) the more extensive use of suppression by men as opposed to women, and 4) the negative correlation between emotional expressiveness of the two partners in a romantic relationship.

Research paper thumbnail of Social Axioms Survey--Chinese Version

Research paper thumbnail of Developing and Evaluating the Social Axioms Survey in Eleven Countries

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2011

Based on a deductive, culturally decentered approach, new items were generated to improve the rel... more Based on a deductive, culturally decentered approach, new items were generated to improve the reliability of the original Social Axioms Survey, which measures individuals’ general beliefs about the world. In Study 1, results from 11 countries support the original five-factor structure and achieve higher reliability for the axiom dimensions as measured by the new scale. Moreover, moderate but meaningful associations between axiom and Big-Five personality dimensions were found. Temporal change of social axioms at the culture level was examined and found to be moderate. In Study 2, additional new items were generated for social complexity and fate control, then assessed in Hong Kong and the United States. Reliability was further improved for both dimensions. Additionally, two subfactors of fate control were identified: fate determinism and fate alterability. Fate determinism, but not fate alterability, related positively to neuroticism. Other relationships between axiom and personality...

Research paper thumbnail of Expression and Regulation of Emotions in Romantic Relationships

Romantic relationships are extremely important in people's physical and mental well being. One of... more Romantic relationships are extremely important in people's physical and mental well being. One of the important determinants of the quality of romantic relationships is the expression and regulation of emotions. This study hypothesized that 1) expression of positive emotions is good for any relationship, 2) expression of negative emotions is good for only communal relationships, 3) expression of positive emotions is necessary alongside of negative ones to maintain a communal relationship, 4) in case negative emotions are expressed, providing explanations would help maintain the relationship, 5) suppression of emotions does not benefit communal relationship, and 6) expression of emotions correlates with a) secure attachment, b) partner's receptiveness to expression, and c) communal approach to relationship. The interactions predicted in this study were not found to be significant. The key study findings follow: 1) expression of positive and negative emotions, 2) communal orientation, 3) explanation of negative affect, 4) and general emotional expressivity correlate with higher relationship satisfaction. 5) Emotional suppression, 6) anxious attachment, and 7) higher year in school were related to lower satisfaction. Other findings suggested that 1) communal approach, 2) partner's receptiveness, and 3) female gender were related to more emotional expressivity. 4) Communal orientation was related to more and 5) avoidant attachment was related to less positive expression. 6) Secure attachment was related to less emotional suppression. Lastly, it was found that 1) secure attachment correlated with more partner's receptiveness. 2) Anxious attachment accompanied less explanations for negative affect., and, 3) older participants had more avoidant attachments. The major limitation of this study was that only one member the couple was assessed and the impact of the respondent's style and behavior on the partner as well as the dyadic factors contributing to the relationship were largely unknown.