Makoto Tokuda - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Makoto Tokuda

Research paper thumbnail of Descriptions of two new species of Platygaster Latreille that attack gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) with notes on their biology (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae)

ZooKeys, May 3, 2018

Platygaster ingeniosus Matsuo & Yamagishi, sp. n. and P. urniphila Matsuo & Yamagishi, sp. n. (Hy... more Platygaster ingeniosus Matsuo & Yamagishi, sp. n. and P. urniphila Matsuo & Yamagishi, sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) are described from Japan. The former species is an egg-larval solitary parasitoid of Masakimyia pustulae Yukawa and Sunose (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). The latter species is an egg-larval gregarious parasitoid of Rhopalomyia longitubifex (Shinji) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae).

Research paper thumbnail of Genetic and ecological differences between Asphondylia yushimai and the ivy gall midge, Asphondylia sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), with a new distribution record of the former from Hokkaido and South Korea

Genetic and ecological differences between Asphondylia yushimai and the ivy gall midge, Asphondylia sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), with a new distribution record of the former from Hokkaido and South Korea

Applied Entomology and Zoology, Jun 1, 2018

Research paper thumbnail of Geographical and annual variations in the proportion of extended diapausing individuals ofIlliciomyia yukawai(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) with reference to an adaptive significance of its bimodal emergence pattern

Entomological Science, Jun 20, 2016

Illiciomyia yukawai (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) induces leaf galls on Illicium anisatum (Schisandrac... more Illiciomyia yukawai (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) induces leaf galls on Illicium anisatum (Schisandraceae) and exhibits 1-year (yr) and 2-yr type life history patterns. Geographical and annual variations in the proportion of 2-yr to 1-yr type individuals of I. yukawai were studied from 1977 to 1994 and in 2008, 2009 and 2014. An analysis of geographical variation at 13 different census fields indicated that the proportion of 2-yr type individuals significantly increased with the decrease of mean annual temperature reflected by altitudinal and latitudinal gradients. However, a multiple regression analysis indicated that the annual variation in the proportion was not correlated with temperature, gall density, abundance of host resources or parasitism by hymenopteran parasitoids. Thus, we eliminated the effects of these external factors that have been thought to determine the annual variation. We need to take alternative intrinsic factors, instead of external factors, into consideration to explain the annual variation. The fall of galled leaves occasionally caused a higher mortality of 2-yr type individuals than those of 1-yr type. Nevertheless, 2-yr type individuals exist. We considered that the existence of 2-yr type individuals of I. yukawai has an adaptive significance to diversify risks against catastrophic events such as the serious shortage of host buds and high percentage of parasitism that happen more frequently than the high mortality caused by the fall of galled leaves.

Research paper thumbnail of Insect galls found on Miyakejima and Hachijojima, the Izu Islands, Tokyo, Japan

ESAKIA, 2012

Cecidomyiid and other insect galls were surveyed from 2009 to 2011 on Miyakejima and Hachijojima,... more Cecidomyiid and other insect galls were surveyed from 2009 to 2011 on Miyakejima and Hachijojima, the Izu Islands, Tokyo, Japan. We found 18 and 21 sorts of cecidomyiid gall on Miyakejima and Hachijojima, respectively. Among them, leaf gall or necrosis on Machilus thunbergii (Lauraceae), leaf gall on Styrax japonica var. kotoensis (Styracaceae), and stem gall on Artemisia indica var. maximowiczii (Asteraceae) were newly discovered in this study. Stem gall induced on Castanopsis sieboldii (Fagaceae) was previously recorded only from Okinawa Island, but we revealed that it is distributed also on the Izu Islands. Furthermore, eight sorts of cecidomyiid gall were newly found from the Izu Islands, six sorts were from Miyakejima, and six sorts were from Hachijojima. As a supplementary result, two gall midge species newly found on Mikurajima Island were also reported in this study. Leaf gall induced by Trioza cinnamomi and Trioza nigra (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) was new to Miyakejima, and leaf gall induced by Liothrips kuwanai (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) and stem gall induced by Ornatalcides trifidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were new to Hachijojima. Then petiole gall induced by Paratephritis fukaii (Diptera: Tephritidae) was recorded for the first time from Miyakejima and Hachijojima.

Research paper thumbnail of Distribution of Asteralobia Gall Midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Causing Axillary Bud Galls on Ilex Species (Aquifoliaceae) in Japan

ESAKIA, 2002

Werevised and analyzed distributional information on two nominal and some unidentified Japanese A... more Werevised and analyzed distributional information on two nominal and some unidentified Japanese Asteralobia species that produce axillary bud galls on Ilex species (Aquifoliaceae). Galls on I. maximowicziana are newly recorded from the Southwest Islands. Galls produced by respective Asteralobia species were collected from most ofthe distribution range oftheir host plants, whilst those on I. Integra and on I. goshiensis were not found in some localities within the distribution range ofthe host plants. A wide and common distribution range of Asteralobia sasakii on I. crenata, I. crenata var. paludosa, and I. maximowicziana suggested a high dispersal ability ofthe species. Distribution patterns of Asteralobia soyogo on I. chinensis, I. integra, and I. pedunculosa indicated a possible host plant preference by the gall midge. An unidentified gall midge associated with I. warburgi is widely distributed in the Southwest Islands and gall dissection data as to age structure indicated that the gall midge might be different from A.sasakii.

Research paper thumbnail of Speciation

Biology of Gall Midges, 2021

Most gall-inducing cecidomyiids are associated closely with particular plant taxa. Many examples ... more Most gall-inducing cecidomyiids are associated closely with particular plant taxa. Many examples of species radiation on a single or a few plant genera are known for mono-or oligophagous cecidomyiid genera. In the light of these examples, we consider that gall midges have diversified on a particular plant taxon under various sympatric conditions in addition to allopatric speciation. In this chapter, we show some of possible mechanisms leading to non-allopatric speciation. First, we demonstrate two case studies of mistaken oviposition. Then we refer to plant polyploidy, gall shape polymorphism including a geographic mosaic of coevolution, host range expansion, sexual isolation, ecological divergence, and host race formation. We also review two examples of allopatric speciation.

Research paper thumbnail of A taxonomic revision and molecular phylogeny of the eastern Palearctic species of the genera Schizomyia Kieffer and Asteralobia Kovalev (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini), with descriptions of five new species of Schizomyia from Japan

ZooKeys, 2018

The genusAsteralobia(Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini, Schizomyiina) was erected by Kovalev ... more The genusAsteralobia(Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini, Schizomyiina) was erected by Kovalev (1964) based on the presence of constrictions on the cylindrical male flagellomeres. In the present study, we examine the morphological features ofAsteralobiaandSchizomyiaand found that the male flagellomeres are constricted also inSchizomyiagaliorum, the type species ofSchizomyia. Because no further characters clearly separatingAsteralobiafromSchizomyiawere observed, we synonymizeAsteralobiaunderSchizomyia. Molecular phylogenetic analysis strongly supports our taxonomic treatment. We describe five new species ofSchizomyiafrom Japan,S.achyranthesaeElsayed & Tokuda,sp. n.,S.diplocyclosaeElsayed & Tokuda,sp. n.,S.castanopsisaeElsayed & Tokuda,sp. n.,S.usubaiElsayed & Tokuda,sp. n., andS.paederiaeElsayed & Tokuda,sp. n., and redescribe three species,S.galiorumKieffer,S.patriniaeShinji, andS.asterisKovalev. A taxonomic key to the JapaneseSchizomyiaspecies is provided.

Research paper thumbnail of Distribution of Asphondylia Gall Midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Japan

ESAKIA, 2002

Either summeror winter hosts have been knownfor the Japanese multivoltine gall midges ofthe genus... more Either summeror winter hosts have been knownfor the Japanese multivoltine gall midges ofthe genus Asphondylia. Werenew the distribution records of these gall midges based on more recent and detailed collecting data that have been accumulated since Yukawa & Masuda (1996). Distributional information of each Asphondylia gall midge is quite important to combine gall midges utilizing summerhosts with those utilizing winter hosts, because host alternation by the gall midges has been suspected. The distributional information indicated two possible combinations between spring-summer and autumn-winter gall midges.

Research paper thumbnail of Dispersal of the Common Cutworm, Spodoptera litura, Monitored by Searchlight Trap and Relationship with Occurrence of Soybean Leaf Damage

Insects, 2020

The common cutworm, Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major pest of soybe... more The common cutworm, Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major pest of soybean. Pheromone traps are used to monitor male adults, but the catch peaks do not always predict leaf damage in soybean fields. Thus, there is no accurate means of forecasting soybean damage, and insecticide is applied on the basis of farmers’ observations of actual damage in fields. To understand the occurrence of soybean leaf damage, the dispersal of S. litura in a soybean field in southwestern Japan was preliminarily investigated using a searchlight trap in comparison to a pheromone trap at one location, from August to mid-October in 2016–2018. To determine the relationship between pest arrival and crop damage, trap catch numbers and the number of soybean leaves damaged by 1st-instar larvae were examined by separately comparing raw numbers and cumulative numbers. The raw catch numbers of the two trap types in August and September 2016 and 2018 preceded subsequent damage peaks by an aver...

Research paper thumbnail of A Method of Sex Discrimination for Adults of the Olive Weevil, Pimelocerus perforatus（Coleoptera: Curculionidae）

Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 2019

The olive weevil, Pimelocerus perforatus Roelofs Coleoptera: Curculionidae , is a serious pest of... more The olive weevil, Pimelocerus perforatus Roelofs Coleoptera: Curculionidae , is a serious pest of olive cultivation in Japan. Although male and female adults of weevils are generally very similar, we established a simple method for discriminating the sex of olive weevil adults based on external morphology. We found that the first through fourth abdominal ventrites of the females were longer than those of the males, while the fifth abdominal ventrite was shorter. Moreover, the length of the lateral margin of the second abdominal ventrite was markedly different between the sexes. As a result, the ratio of the medial length of the fifth abdominal ventrite to the lateral margin length of the second abdominal ventrite was distinct between the sexes in both wild and laboratory-reared populations of P. perforatus, i.e., the ratio was larger than 0.60-0.65 in females but smaller in males. In addition to this characteristic, the structure of the medial part of the first abdominal ventrite differed between the sexes: it was depressed in the middle in males but inflated in the middle in females. Based on these morphological differences, males and females of the olive weevil were successively discriminated from each other.

Research paper thumbnail of Phenological specialisation of two ant-dispersed sedges in relation to requirements for qualitative and quantitative dispersal effectiveness

Ecological Research, 2017

Synchronisation of fruiting phenology with disperser activities is an important component of plan... more Synchronisation of fruiting phenology with disperser activities is an important component of plant adaptation to seed dispersal mutualisms. Although most previous studies have exclusively evaluated the effects of fruiting phenology on seed removal rate, seed dispersal effectiveness is determined by both the number of dispersed seeds (quantitative effectiveness) and the probability of a dispersed seed becomes an adults (qualitative effectiveness). Therefore, the adaptive significance of fruiting phenology should be assessed for both components of dispersal effectiveness. This study investigates the adaptive significance of fruiting phenology for two ant-dispersed sedges, Carex lanceolata and C. tristachya. Because C. lanceolata is known to require a longer seed dispersal distance than C. tristachya, we hypothesized that C. lanceolata produces seeds when high qualitative dispersal effectiveness can be achieved, while C. tristachya bears seeds when seed disperser ants are abundant to give priority to quantitative dispersal effectiveness. Field observations of ant activity around the sedges revealed that the relative abundance of ant species with the longest seed dispersal distance, Formica japonica, was higher during the fruiting period of C. lanceolata than in that of C. tristachya, which is consistent with the requirement of C. lanceolata to achieve high qualitative effectiveness. In addition, our fruiting manipulation experiment revealed that C. tristachya fruits when the overall seed removal rate is high, resulting in high quantitative effectiveness. Overall, our results support the idea that variations in both qualitative and quantitative dispersal effectiveness should be considered to understand the adaptive significance of fruiting phenology in animal-dispersed plants.

Research paper thumbnail of Geographic variation in photoperiodic response for the induction of pupal diapause in the Aristolochia-feeding butterfly Atrophaneura alcinous

Applied Entomology and Zoology, 2005

The photoperiodic response curve for pupal diapause induction of the butterfly Atrophaneura alcin... more The photoperiodic response curve for pupal diapause induction of the butterfly Atrophaneura alcinous was determined in several temperate and subtropical populations of the Japan Archipelago at 20°C, using Aristolocia debilis leaves as larval food. Altitude and host plant use also differed among them. For the temperate populations of Kiire, Kashihara, Fuchu, Yokosuka and Yamagata, the critical photoperiod increased with latitude, and the subtropical Ishigaki population showed the shortest critical photoperiod. Further, a change in the shape of photoperiodic response curve, but no shift in the critical photoperiod, was found in a mountain population of Kiire, giving a high incidence of diapause in long photoperiods. These results are discussed in relation to latitude, altitude, and host plant.

Research paper thumbnail of Ecological divergence among morphologically and genetically related Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), with new life history data for three congeners including the Alpinia fruit gall midge

Entomological Science, 2019

Ecological data is crucial for determining the degree of reproductive isolation among closely rel... more Ecological data is crucial for determining the degree of reproductive isolation among closely related species, and in identifying the factors that have produced this divergence. We studied life history traits for three Asphondylia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) species that induce fruit galls either on Alpinia, Ligustrum or Aucuba, and we compared the traits with those published for three other closely related Japanese Asphondylia species. We found that the six species were significantly differentiated in important life history traits, such as host range, voltinism, lower developmental threshold temperature, thermal constant and diapausing season. The data indicate that divergence in the assessed life history traits evolves before morphological divergence, and such ecological divergence could strengthen isolating barriers among the taxa. We present scenarios on how host range expansion, host plant shift and host organ shift for galling initiate the early stages of speciation. We also highlight the importance of ecological data in identifying cryptic species. Specifically, we confirm that Alpinia intermedia (Zingiberaceae) is not an autumn-spring host of the soybean pod gall midge Asphondylia yushimai based on many differences in the life history traits between the Alpinia fruit gall midge Asphondylia sp. and A. yushimai.

Research paper thumbnail of Two new species of Schizomyia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Japan, with an updated key to larval, pupal and adult Schizomyia in Japan

Zootaxa, 2019

Two new species of Schizomyia Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Asphondyliini: Schizomyiina) are r... more Two new species of Schizomyia Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Asphondyliini: Schizomyiina) are reported from Japan. Schizomyia broussonetiae Elsayed & Tokuda n. sp. forms hairy globular leaf galls on the paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. (Moraceae) and S. uechiae Elsayed and Tokuda n. sp. induces red flower bud galls on the porcelain berry Ampelopsis glandulosa var. brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Momiy. (Vitaceae). Morphological features of larvae, pupae and adults of the new species are described, illustrated and compared in detail to several other Schizomyia species. An updated taxonomic key to known Japanese species of Schizomyia is provided.

Research paper thumbnail of Key-factors and key-stages that determine the leaf longevity of an evergreen broad-leaved tree, Neolitsea sericea (Lauraceae) at different growing sites in southern Japan

Key-factors and key-stages that determine the leaf longevity of an evergreen broad-leaved tree, Neolitsea sericea (Lauraceae) at different growing sites in southern Japan

Ecological Research, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Geographical and annual variations in the proportion of extended diapausing individuals ofIlliciomyia yukawai(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) with reference to an adaptive significance of its bimodal emergence pattern

Entomological Science, 2016

Illiciomyia yukawai (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) induces leaf galls on Illicium anisatum (Schisandrac... more Illiciomyia yukawai (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) induces leaf galls on Illicium anisatum (Schisandraceae) and exhibits 1-year (yr) and 2-yr type life history patterns. Geographical and annual variations in the proportion of 2-yr to 1-yr type individuals of I. yukawai were studied from 1977 to 1994 and in 2008, 2009 and 2014. An analysis of geographical variation at 13 different census fields indicated that the proportion of 2-yr type individuals significantly increased with the decrease of mean annual temperature reflected by altitudinal and latitudinal gradients. However, a multiple regression analysis indicated that the annual variation in the proportion was not correlated with temperature, gall density, abundance of host resources or parasitism by hymenopteran parasitoids. Thus, we eliminated the effects of these external factors that have been thought to determine the annual variation. We need to take alternative intrinsic factors, instead of external factors, into consideration to explain the annual variation. The fall of galled leaves occasionally caused a higher mortality of 2-yr type individuals than those of 1-yr type. Nevertheless, 2-yr type individuals exist. We considered that the existence of 2-yr type individuals of I. yukawai has an adaptive significance to diversify risks against catastrophic events such as the serious shortage of host buds and high percentage of parasitism that happen more frequently than the high mortality caused by the fall of galled leaves.

Research paper thumbnail of Terrestrial arthropods broadly possess endogenous phytohormones auxin and cytokinins

Scientific Reports, 2022

Some herbivorous insects possess the ability to synthesize phytohormones and are considered to us... more Some herbivorous insects possess the ability to synthesize phytohormones and are considered to use them for manipulating their host plants, but how these insects acquired the ability remains unclear. We investigated endogenous levels of auxin (IAA) and cytokinins (iP and tZ), including their ribosides (iPR and tZR), in various terrestrial arthropod taxa. Surprisingly, IAA was detected in all arthropods analysed. In contrast, tZ and/or tZR was detected only in some taxa. Endogenous levels of IAA were not significantly different among groups with different feeding habits, but gall inducers possessed significantly higher levels of iPR, tZ and tZR. Ancestral state reconstruction of the ability to synthesize tZ and tZR revealed that the trait has only been acquired in taxa containing gall inducers. Our results strongly suggest critical role of the cytokinin synthetic ability in the evolution of gall-inducing habit and IAA has some function in arthropods.

Research paper thumbnail of Histological and quantitative image analyses of rice gall formed by orange leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Histological and quantitative image analyses of rice gall formed by orange leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

The orange leafhopper, Cicadulina bipunctata (Melichar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is an insect p... more The orange leafhopper, Cicadulina bipunctata (Melichar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is an insect pest of various Poaceae plants. Feeding by this leafhopper species induces growth suppression and gall formation, which is characterized by severe swelling of leaf veins, named wallaby ear symptoms. In this study, we performed histological analysis of the cell differentiation in the galled leaves of rice seedlings and devised a new method to quantify the degree of gall formation. In the histological study, abnormal vascular cell patterning and differentiation were observed in the galled leaves. Morphological changes during gall formation were quantitatively evaluated through image analysis.

Research paper thumbnail of Road preference of ants in a Japanese warm temperate forest and its implications for the regeneration of myrmecochorous sedges

Road preference of ants in a Japanese warm temperate forest and its implications for the regeneration of myrmecochorous sedges

Ecological Research, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Orange Leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata Feeding Induces Gall Formation Nitrogen Dependently and Regulates Gibberellin Signaling

Orange leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata feeding induces wallaby ear symptoms, namely growth suppr... more Orange leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata feeding induces wallaby ear symptoms, namely growth suppression and gall formation characterized by severe swelling of leaf veins, on various Poaceae, thereby leading to low crop yields. Here, we investigated the development of wallaby ear symptoms on rice seedlings due to C. bipunctata feeding. After confirming that C. bipunctata feeding induces growth suppression and gall formation on rice seedlings, we further demonstrated that gall formation score decreased with decreasing levels of nitrogen in the medium and that C. bipunctata feeding induces the expression levels of nitrogen transporter genes. These gene expression changes may participate in the nutrient accumulation observed in galled tissues and in gall formation. In addition, these expression changes should induce growth promotion but the inhibition of gibberellin signaling by C. bipunctata feeding might be the reason why growth is suppressed. Treatment with plant growth regulators di...

Research paper thumbnail of Descriptions of two new species of Platygaster Latreille that attack gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) with notes on their biology (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae)

ZooKeys, May 3, 2018

Platygaster ingeniosus Matsuo & Yamagishi, sp. n. and P. urniphila Matsuo & Yamagishi, sp. n. (Hy... more Platygaster ingeniosus Matsuo & Yamagishi, sp. n. and P. urniphila Matsuo & Yamagishi, sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) are described from Japan. The former species is an egg-larval solitary parasitoid of Masakimyia pustulae Yukawa and Sunose (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). The latter species is an egg-larval gregarious parasitoid of Rhopalomyia longitubifex (Shinji) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae).

Research paper thumbnail of Genetic and ecological differences between Asphondylia yushimai and the ivy gall midge, Asphondylia sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), with a new distribution record of the former from Hokkaido and South Korea

Genetic and ecological differences between Asphondylia yushimai and the ivy gall midge, Asphondylia sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), with a new distribution record of the former from Hokkaido and South Korea

Applied Entomology and Zoology, Jun 1, 2018

Research paper thumbnail of Geographical and annual variations in the proportion of extended diapausing individuals ofIlliciomyia yukawai(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) with reference to an adaptive significance of its bimodal emergence pattern

Entomological Science, Jun 20, 2016

Illiciomyia yukawai (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) induces leaf galls on Illicium anisatum (Schisandrac... more Illiciomyia yukawai (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) induces leaf galls on Illicium anisatum (Schisandraceae) and exhibits 1-year (yr) and 2-yr type life history patterns. Geographical and annual variations in the proportion of 2-yr to 1-yr type individuals of I. yukawai were studied from 1977 to 1994 and in 2008, 2009 and 2014. An analysis of geographical variation at 13 different census fields indicated that the proportion of 2-yr type individuals significantly increased with the decrease of mean annual temperature reflected by altitudinal and latitudinal gradients. However, a multiple regression analysis indicated that the annual variation in the proportion was not correlated with temperature, gall density, abundance of host resources or parasitism by hymenopteran parasitoids. Thus, we eliminated the effects of these external factors that have been thought to determine the annual variation. We need to take alternative intrinsic factors, instead of external factors, into consideration to explain the annual variation. The fall of galled leaves occasionally caused a higher mortality of 2-yr type individuals than those of 1-yr type. Nevertheless, 2-yr type individuals exist. We considered that the existence of 2-yr type individuals of I. yukawai has an adaptive significance to diversify risks against catastrophic events such as the serious shortage of host buds and high percentage of parasitism that happen more frequently than the high mortality caused by the fall of galled leaves.

Research paper thumbnail of Insect galls found on Miyakejima and Hachijojima, the Izu Islands, Tokyo, Japan

ESAKIA, 2012

Cecidomyiid and other insect galls were surveyed from 2009 to 2011 on Miyakejima and Hachijojima,... more Cecidomyiid and other insect galls were surveyed from 2009 to 2011 on Miyakejima and Hachijojima, the Izu Islands, Tokyo, Japan. We found 18 and 21 sorts of cecidomyiid gall on Miyakejima and Hachijojima, respectively. Among them, leaf gall or necrosis on Machilus thunbergii (Lauraceae), leaf gall on Styrax japonica var. kotoensis (Styracaceae), and stem gall on Artemisia indica var. maximowiczii (Asteraceae) were newly discovered in this study. Stem gall induced on Castanopsis sieboldii (Fagaceae) was previously recorded only from Okinawa Island, but we revealed that it is distributed also on the Izu Islands. Furthermore, eight sorts of cecidomyiid gall were newly found from the Izu Islands, six sorts were from Miyakejima, and six sorts were from Hachijojima. As a supplementary result, two gall midge species newly found on Mikurajima Island were also reported in this study. Leaf gall induced by Trioza cinnamomi and Trioza nigra (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) was new to Miyakejima, and leaf gall induced by Liothrips kuwanai (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) and stem gall induced by Ornatalcides trifidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were new to Hachijojima. Then petiole gall induced by Paratephritis fukaii (Diptera: Tephritidae) was recorded for the first time from Miyakejima and Hachijojima.

Research paper thumbnail of Distribution of Asteralobia Gall Midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Causing Axillary Bud Galls on Ilex Species (Aquifoliaceae) in Japan

ESAKIA, 2002

Werevised and analyzed distributional information on two nominal and some unidentified Japanese A... more Werevised and analyzed distributional information on two nominal and some unidentified Japanese Asteralobia species that produce axillary bud galls on Ilex species (Aquifoliaceae). Galls on I. maximowicziana are newly recorded from the Southwest Islands. Galls produced by respective Asteralobia species were collected from most ofthe distribution range oftheir host plants, whilst those on I. Integra and on I. goshiensis were not found in some localities within the distribution range ofthe host plants. A wide and common distribution range of Asteralobia sasakii on I. crenata, I. crenata var. paludosa, and I. maximowicziana suggested a high dispersal ability ofthe species. Distribution patterns of Asteralobia soyogo on I. chinensis, I. integra, and I. pedunculosa indicated a possible host plant preference by the gall midge. An unidentified gall midge associated with I. warburgi is widely distributed in the Southwest Islands and gall dissection data as to age structure indicated that the gall midge might be different from A.sasakii.

Research paper thumbnail of Speciation

Biology of Gall Midges, 2021

Most gall-inducing cecidomyiids are associated closely with particular plant taxa. Many examples ... more Most gall-inducing cecidomyiids are associated closely with particular plant taxa. Many examples of species radiation on a single or a few plant genera are known for mono-or oligophagous cecidomyiid genera. In the light of these examples, we consider that gall midges have diversified on a particular plant taxon under various sympatric conditions in addition to allopatric speciation. In this chapter, we show some of possible mechanisms leading to non-allopatric speciation. First, we demonstrate two case studies of mistaken oviposition. Then we refer to plant polyploidy, gall shape polymorphism including a geographic mosaic of coevolution, host range expansion, sexual isolation, ecological divergence, and host race formation. We also review two examples of allopatric speciation.

Research paper thumbnail of A taxonomic revision and molecular phylogeny of the eastern Palearctic species of the genera Schizomyia Kieffer and Asteralobia Kovalev (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini), with descriptions of five new species of Schizomyia from Japan

ZooKeys, 2018

The genusAsteralobia(Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini, Schizomyiina) was erected by Kovalev ... more The genusAsteralobia(Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini, Schizomyiina) was erected by Kovalev (1964) based on the presence of constrictions on the cylindrical male flagellomeres. In the present study, we examine the morphological features ofAsteralobiaandSchizomyiaand found that the male flagellomeres are constricted also inSchizomyiagaliorum, the type species ofSchizomyia. Because no further characters clearly separatingAsteralobiafromSchizomyiawere observed, we synonymizeAsteralobiaunderSchizomyia. Molecular phylogenetic analysis strongly supports our taxonomic treatment. We describe five new species ofSchizomyiafrom Japan,S.achyranthesaeElsayed & Tokuda,sp. n.,S.diplocyclosaeElsayed & Tokuda,sp. n.,S.castanopsisaeElsayed & Tokuda,sp. n.,S.usubaiElsayed & Tokuda,sp. n., andS.paederiaeElsayed & Tokuda,sp. n., and redescribe three species,S.galiorumKieffer,S.patriniaeShinji, andS.asterisKovalev. A taxonomic key to the JapaneseSchizomyiaspecies is provided.

Research paper thumbnail of Distribution of Asphondylia Gall Midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Japan

ESAKIA, 2002

Either summeror winter hosts have been knownfor the Japanese multivoltine gall midges ofthe genus... more Either summeror winter hosts have been knownfor the Japanese multivoltine gall midges ofthe genus Asphondylia. Werenew the distribution records of these gall midges based on more recent and detailed collecting data that have been accumulated since Yukawa & Masuda (1996). Distributional information of each Asphondylia gall midge is quite important to combine gall midges utilizing summerhosts with those utilizing winter hosts, because host alternation by the gall midges has been suspected. The distributional information indicated two possible combinations between spring-summer and autumn-winter gall midges.

Research paper thumbnail of Dispersal of the Common Cutworm, Spodoptera litura, Monitored by Searchlight Trap and Relationship with Occurrence of Soybean Leaf Damage

Insects, 2020

The common cutworm, Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major pest of soybe... more The common cutworm, Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major pest of soybean. Pheromone traps are used to monitor male adults, but the catch peaks do not always predict leaf damage in soybean fields. Thus, there is no accurate means of forecasting soybean damage, and insecticide is applied on the basis of farmers’ observations of actual damage in fields. To understand the occurrence of soybean leaf damage, the dispersal of S. litura in a soybean field in southwestern Japan was preliminarily investigated using a searchlight trap in comparison to a pheromone trap at one location, from August to mid-October in 2016–2018. To determine the relationship between pest arrival and crop damage, trap catch numbers and the number of soybean leaves damaged by 1st-instar larvae were examined by separately comparing raw numbers and cumulative numbers. The raw catch numbers of the two trap types in August and September 2016 and 2018 preceded subsequent damage peaks by an aver...

Research paper thumbnail of A Method of Sex Discrimination for Adults of the Olive Weevil, Pimelocerus perforatus（Coleoptera: Curculionidae）

Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 2019

The olive weevil, Pimelocerus perforatus Roelofs Coleoptera: Curculionidae , is a serious pest of... more The olive weevil, Pimelocerus perforatus Roelofs Coleoptera: Curculionidae , is a serious pest of olive cultivation in Japan. Although male and female adults of weevils are generally very similar, we established a simple method for discriminating the sex of olive weevil adults based on external morphology. We found that the first through fourth abdominal ventrites of the females were longer than those of the males, while the fifth abdominal ventrite was shorter. Moreover, the length of the lateral margin of the second abdominal ventrite was markedly different between the sexes. As a result, the ratio of the medial length of the fifth abdominal ventrite to the lateral margin length of the second abdominal ventrite was distinct between the sexes in both wild and laboratory-reared populations of P. perforatus, i.e., the ratio was larger than 0.60-0.65 in females but smaller in males. In addition to this characteristic, the structure of the medial part of the first abdominal ventrite differed between the sexes: it was depressed in the middle in males but inflated in the middle in females. Based on these morphological differences, males and females of the olive weevil were successively discriminated from each other.

Research paper thumbnail of Phenological specialisation of two ant-dispersed sedges in relation to requirements for qualitative and quantitative dispersal effectiveness

Ecological Research, 2017

Synchronisation of fruiting phenology with disperser activities is an important component of plan... more Synchronisation of fruiting phenology with disperser activities is an important component of plant adaptation to seed dispersal mutualisms. Although most previous studies have exclusively evaluated the effects of fruiting phenology on seed removal rate, seed dispersal effectiveness is determined by both the number of dispersed seeds (quantitative effectiveness) and the probability of a dispersed seed becomes an adults (qualitative effectiveness). Therefore, the adaptive significance of fruiting phenology should be assessed for both components of dispersal effectiveness. This study investigates the adaptive significance of fruiting phenology for two ant-dispersed sedges, Carex lanceolata and C. tristachya. Because C. lanceolata is known to require a longer seed dispersal distance than C. tristachya, we hypothesized that C. lanceolata produces seeds when high qualitative dispersal effectiveness can be achieved, while C. tristachya bears seeds when seed disperser ants are abundant to give priority to quantitative dispersal effectiveness. Field observations of ant activity around the sedges revealed that the relative abundance of ant species with the longest seed dispersal distance, Formica japonica, was higher during the fruiting period of C. lanceolata than in that of C. tristachya, which is consistent with the requirement of C. lanceolata to achieve high qualitative effectiveness. In addition, our fruiting manipulation experiment revealed that C. tristachya fruits when the overall seed removal rate is high, resulting in high quantitative effectiveness. Overall, our results support the idea that variations in both qualitative and quantitative dispersal effectiveness should be considered to understand the adaptive significance of fruiting phenology in animal-dispersed plants.

Research paper thumbnail of Geographic variation in photoperiodic response for the induction of pupal diapause in the Aristolochia-feeding butterfly Atrophaneura alcinous

Applied Entomology and Zoology, 2005

The photoperiodic response curve for pupal diapause induction of the butterfly Atrophaneura alcin... more The photoperiodic response curve for pupal diapause induction of the butterfly Atrophaneura alcinous was determined in several temperate and subtropical populations of the Japan Archipelago at 20°C, using Aristolocia debilis leaves as larval food. Altitude and host plant use also differed among them. For the temperate populations of Kiire, Kashihara, Fuchu, Yokosuka and Yamagata, the critical photoperiod increased with latitude, and the subtropical Ishigaki population showed the shortest critical photoperiod. Further, a change in the shape of photoperiodic response curve, but no shift in the critical photoperiod, was found in a mountain population of Kiire, giving a high incidence of diapause in long photoperiods. These results are discussed in relation to latitude, altitude, and host plant.

Research paper thumbnail of Ecological divergence among morphologically and genetically related Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), with new life history data for three congeners including the Alpinia fruit gall midge

Entomological Science, 2019

Ecological data is crucial for determining the degree of reproductive isolation among closely rel... more Ecological data is crucial for determining the degree of reproductive isolation among closely related species, and in identifying the factors that have produced this divergence. We studied life history traits for three Asphondylia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) species that induce fruit galls either on Alpinia, Ligustrum or Aucuba, and we compared the traits with those published for three other closely related Japanese Asphondylia species. We found that the six species were significantly differentiated in important life history traits, such as host range, voltinism, lower developmental threshold temperature, thermal constant and diapausing season. The data indicate that divergence in the assessed life history traits evolves before morphological divergence, and such ecological divergence could strengthen isolating barriers among the taxa. We present scenarios on how host range expansion, host plant shift and host organ shift for galling initiate the early stages of speciation. We also highlight the importance of ecological data in identifying cryptic species. Specifically, we confirm that Alpinia intermedia (Zingiberaceae) is not an autumn-spring host of the soybean pod gall midge Asphondylia yushimai based on many differences in the life history traits between the Alpinia fruit gall midge Asphondylia sp. and A. yushimai.

Research paper thumbnail of Two new species of Schizomyia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Japan, with an updated key to larval, pupal and adult Schizomyia in Japan

Zootaxa, 2019

Two new species of Schizomyia Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Asphondyliini: Schizomyiina) are r... more Two new species of Schizomyia Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Asphondyliini: Schizomyiina) are reported from Japan. Schizomyia broussonetiae Elsayed & Tokuda n. sp. forms hairy globular leaf galls on the paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. (Moraceae) and S. uechiae Elsayed and Tokuda n. sp. induces red flower bud galls on the porcelain berry Ampelopsis glandulosa var. brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Momiy. (Vitaceae). Morphological features of larvae, pupae and adults of the new species are described, illustrated and compared in detail to several other Schizomyia species. An updated taxonomic key to known Japanese species of Schizomyia is provided.

Research paper thumbnail of Key-factors and key-stages that determine the leaf longevity of an evergreen broad-leaved tree, Neolitsea sericea (Lauraceae) at different growing sites in southern Japan

Key-factors and key-stages that determine the leaf longevity of an evergreen broad-leaved tree, Neolitsea sericea (Lauraceae) at different growing sites in southern Japan

Ecological Research, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Geographical and annual variations in the proportion of extended diapausing individuals ofIlliciomyia yukawai(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) with reference to an adaptive significance of its bimodal emergence pattern

Entomological Science, 2016

Illiciomyia yukawai (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) induces leaf galls on Illicium anisatum (Schisandrac... more Illiciomyia yukawai (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) induces leaf galls on Illicium anisatum (Schisandraceae) and exhibits 1-year (yr) and 2-yr type life history patterns. Geographical and annual variations in the proportion of 2-yr to 1-yr type individuals of I. yukawai were studied from 1977 to 1994 and in 2008, 2009 and 2014. An analysis of geographical variation at 13 different census fields indicated that the proportion of 2-yr type individuals significantly increased with the decrease of mean annual temperature reflected by altitudinal and latitudinal gradients. However, a multiple regression analysis indicated that the annual variation in the proportion was not correlated with temperature, gall density, abundance of host resources or parasitism by hymenopteran parasitoids. Thus, we eliminated the effects of these external factors that have been thought to determine the annual variation. We need to take alternative intrinsic factors, instead of external factors, into consideration to explain the annual variation. The fall of galled leaves occasionally caused a higher mortality of 2-yr type individuals than those of 1-yr type. Nevertheless, 2-yr type individuals exist. We considered that the existence of 2-yr type individuals of I. yukawai has an adaptive significance to diversify risks against catastrophic events such as the serious shortage of host buds and high percentage of parasitism that happen more frequently than the high mortality caused by the fall of galled leaves.

Research paper thumbnail of Terrestrial arthropods broadly possess endogenous phytohormones auxin and cytokinins

Scientific Reports, 2022

Some herbivorous insects possess the ability to synthesize phytohormones and are considered to us... more Some herbivorous insects possess the ability to synthesize phytohormones and are considered to use them for manipulating their host plants, but how these insects acquired the ability remains unclear. We investigated endogenous levels of auxin (IAA) and cytokinins (iP and tZ), including their ribosides (iPR and tZR), in various terrestrial arthropod taxa. Surprisingly, IAA was detected in all arthropods analysed. In contrast, tZ and/or tZR was detected only in some taxa. Endogenous levels of IAA were not significantly different among groups with different feeding habits, but gall inducers possessed significantly higher levels of iPR, tZ and tZR. Ancestral state reconstruction of the ability to synthesize tZ and tZR revealed that the trait has only been acquired in taxa containing gall inducers. Our results strongly suggest critical role of the cytokinin synthetic ability in the evolution of gall-inducing habit and IAA has some function in arthropods.

Research paper thumbnail of Histological and quantitative image analyses of rice gall formed by orange leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Histological and quantitative image analyses of rice gall formed by orange leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

The orange leafhopper, Cicadulina bipunctata (Melichar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is an insect p... more The orange leafhopper, Cicadulina bipunctata (Melichar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is an insect pest of various Poaceae plants. Feeding by this leafhopper species induces growth suppression and gall formation, which is characterized by severe swelling of leaf veins, named wallaby ear symptoms. In this study, we performed histological analysis of the cell differentiation in the galled leaves of rice seedlings and devised a new method to quantify the degree of gall formation. In the histological study, abnormal vascular cell patterning and differentiation were observed in the galled leaves. Morphological changes during gall formation were quantitatively evaluated through image analysis.

Research paper thumbnail of Road preference of ants in a Japanese warm temperate forest and its implications for the regeneration of myrmecochorous sedges

Road preference of ants in a Japanese warm temperate forest and its implications for the regeneration of myrmecochorous sedges

Ecological Research, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Orange Leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata Feeding Induces Gall Formation Nitrogen Dependently and Regulates Gibberellin Signaling

Orange leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata feeding induces wallaby ear symptoms, namely growth suppr... more Orange leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata feeding induces wallaby ear symptoms, namely growth suppression and gall formation characterized by severe swelling of leaf veins, on various Poaceae, thereby leading to low crop yields. Here, we investigated the development of wallaby ear symptoms on rice seedlings due to C. bipunctata feeding. After confirming that C. bipunctata feeding induces growth suppression and gall formation on rice seedlings, we further demonstrated that gall formation score decreased with decreasing levels of nitrogen in the medium and that C. bipunctata feeding induces the expression levels of nitrogen transporter genes. These gene expression changes may participate in the nutrient accumulation observed in galled tissues and in gall formation. In addition, these expression changes should induce growth promotion but the inhibition of gibberellin signaling by C. bipunctata feeding might be the reason why growth is suppressed. Treatment with plant growth regulators di...