Frank Mallory - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Frank Mallory

Journal of Heredity, 2009

Four ''races'' of wolves have been described in Ontario as follows: 1) Canis lupus hudsonicus inh... more Four ''races'' of wolves have been described in Ontario as follows: 1) Canis lupus hudsonicus inhabiting the subarctic tundra, 2) A race (Ontario type) of the eastern timber wolf (Canis lupus lycaon) that inhabits the boreal forests, 3) A second race (Algonquin type) of C. l. lycaon that inhabit the deciduous forests of the upper Great Lakes, and 4) A small wolf (Tweed type) in central Ontario that has been proposed to be a hybrid between the Algonquin type wolf and expanding coyotes, Canis latrans. Using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences and 8 microsatellite loci, we developed DNA profiles for 269 wolves from across Ontario. The distribution of mtDNA was predominantly coyote and the eastern wolf, Canis lycaon, in Algonquin Park and the southern Frontenac Axis with a combination of these mtDNA and gray wolf mtDNA in northern Ontario. Bayesian clustering grouped northern Ontario wolves independent of mtDNA with a second grouping of eastern and Tweed wolves from Algonquin. Individual clustering identified 3 groups represented by 1) northern Ontario wolves, 2) eastern wolves, and 3) Tweed wolves from the Frontenac Axis. Genomic representation analyses indicate that the Tweed wolves are hybrids between the coyote and the eastern wolf and represent the Ontario distribution of the eastern coyote, whereas the wolves in the upper Great Lakes region represent products of historic and/or continuing hybridization between C. lycaon and C. lupus. There was low structuring among wolves in these regions, and Algonquin suggesting a larger northern connected metapopulation with gene flow between the Ontario and Algonquin types.

Canadian Journal of Zoology, Mar 1, 2017

Understanding population structure and resource selection is essential for wildlife management an... more Understanding population structure and resource selection is essential for wildlife management and conservation. We assessed the population structure of elk (Cervus elaphus L.,1758) in central Ontario. We used fuzzy and hierarchical cluster analyses to elucidate elk population structure based on spatial data collected from 41 radio-collared elk. We assessed space use between core and satellite subpopulations with the minimum convex polygon (MCP) and fixed kernel methods. Both fuzzy and hard clustering indicated that elk in this part of Central Ontario occur in a metapopulation that includes 5 subpopulations. The largest cluster consisted of a core group containing 22 radio-collared elk located in Burwash, with several satellite subpopulations spread along a 50 km long north-south axis and a small subpopulation to the west located in Worthington. Survival rates among subpopulations were similar ranging from 0.71 to 0.83; and anthropogenic causes of mortality were predominant only in the Burwash subpopulation. Space use and density of elk differed between core and satellite subpopulations. Understanding population structure is important to develop appropriate management plans. Our results support the conclusion that metapopulation structure can be reliably assessed using spatial data.

Canadian Field-Naturalist, 2006

An adult female Black Bear was repeatedly captured and relocated as a result of nuisance behaviou... more An adult female Black Bear was repeatedly captured and relocated as a result of nuisance behaviour. The relocation distances ranged from 40 km to 389 km (mean = 152 km, n = 6). She homed successfully from all relocations, even when accompanied by young-of-the-year. Differential homing ability among bears may depend on first homing from a short relocation, facilitating subsequent responses to longer distance relocations.

Canadian Journal of Zoology, Sep 1, 2018

Wildlife railway research is highly underrepresented in science despite documented wildlife-train... more Wildlife railway research is highly underrepresented in science despite documented wildlife-train collision mortalities. Gathering baseline information is imperative to the development of effective train collision mitigation, especially for at risk or small reintroduced populations such as elk (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758) in eastern North America. We tested our hypotheses that elk-train collision rates vary in relation to railway structure and weather by using a combination of radio-telemetry and railway mortality surveys. Elk were closer to the railway in winter than in any other season. Elk-train collision sites were significantly closer to the apex of bends in the railway than random locations along the railway, and collision rates were positively related to snow depth. Railways may be perceived by elk as easy travel corridors, and deep snow likely prohibits escape from oncoming trains. This study gathered important information about an under-studied aspect of wildlife-human conflicts and provides a basis for the investigation of other species that may be affected by railways.

Rangifer, Sep 1, 2011

The Mealy Mountain caribou population of southeastern Labrador is listed as threatened. Site fide... more The Mealy Mountain caribou population of southeastern Labrador is listed as threatened. Site fidelity-the philopatric tendency of an animal to remain in or return to the same site-has often been suspected in sedentary caribou like the Mealy Mountain, but rarely has been examined. Philopatric behaviours are important because fidelity sites may then receive priority protection from human disturbance. To describe and document site fidelity for the Mealy Mountain herd, satellite telemetry data from 12 collared adult females during three years was examined. The mean distance between locations in consecutive years of tracking the individual caribou was calculated and an annual profile of site fidelity generated. This profile illustrated that the lowest inter-year distances occurred during calving, when caribou returned to within 39 km (2005-06) and 11.5 km (2006-07) of the previous year's location, and during post-calving, when the mean distance was 7.7 km (2005-06). Spring snow depths were substantially greater in 2007 and appeared to weaken calving site fidelity. This spatial information may serve as a basis for detecting anthropogenic effects on woodland caribou.

Wildlife Biology, 2020

Harvest indices are commonly used as proxies to direct population monitoring but sources of varia... more Harvest indices are commonly used as proxies to direct population monitoring but sources of variability, including harvest effort and factors influencing detectability of animals to hunters, are rarely considered. Harvest indices may further be influenced by selective harvesting with regulatory differences in harvest effort across sex and age-classes. To evaluate how sex and age-specific harvests vary as proxies of abundance under selective harvesting, we assessed harvest-abundance relationships (H-A) for moose Alces alces bulls, cows and calves across 58 wildlife management units (WMUs) in Ontario, Canada. Selective harvesting in our study area resulted in more regulated harvest of bulls and cows than calves. We therefore predicted more proportional H-A for calves than bulls and cows, with variability in H-A influenced by harvest effort, in addition to weather and landscape features that may influence moose detectability to hunters. In contrast to our expectation, we found that H-A was more proportional for adult moose than calves. Additionally, we found harvest was proportionally highest for bulls, despite greater harvest effort for calves. A positive effect of harvest effort on harvest as moose abundance increased helped to explain proportional H-A for adult moose. However, the effect of harvest effort on harvest was curvilinear at high effort levels, indicating that harvest will underestimate abundance when effort by hunters is high. Additionally, we found evidence of lower harvest in relation to abundance in WMUs with higher levels of recent disturbance from wildfire burns and clear-cuts. We demonstrate that the relationship between harvest and abundance can vary across selectively harvested sex and age-classes, while variability in H-A can be attributed to spatial variability in harvest effort and the landscape. We caution that sources of variability in H-A, both across and among sex and age-classes, should not be ignored when using harvest indices, especially for selectively harvested species.

Molecular Ecology, Oct 1, 2000

Eleven populations of wapiti (Cervus elaphus) were analysed for genetic diversity using 12 micros... more Eleven populations of wapiti (Cervus elaphus) were analysed for genetic diversity using 12 microsatellite loci. Samples were taken from Vancouver Island, British Columbia; Burwash and French River herds in Ontario; Ya Ha Tinda Ranch, Alberta; and Banff, Elk Island, Jasper, Kootenay, Riding Mountain, Yellowstone and Yoho National Parks. Overall, wapiti populations have on average three to four alleles per locus and an average expected heterozygosity that ranged from 25.75 to 52.85%. The greatest genetic distances were observed between the Vancouver population and all other populations. Using the assignment test, Roosevelt wapiti (C. e. roosevelti Merriam 1897) assigned only to the Vancouver Island population. The distance and assignment values suggest a divergence of the Roosevelt wapiti from other populations and support the subspecific status for the Vancouver Island population. No evidence was found for the existence of unique Eastern wapiti (C. e. canadensis Erxleben 1777) in the Burwash or French River herds in Ontario. The overlapping distribution of genotypes from indigenous populations from Riding Mountain, Elk Island and Yellowstone National Parks suggests that wapiti were once a continuous population before settlers decimated their numbers. The lack of differentiation between these populations raises questions about the status of Manitoban (C. e.manitobensis Millais 1915) and Rocky Mountain (C. e.nelsoni Bailey 1935) subspecies.

The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 2016

Elk (Cervus canadensis) historically inhabited southern Quebec and central Ontario, but, by the e... more Elk (Cervus canadensis) historically inhabited southern Quebec and central Ontario, but, by the early 1900s, the species was extirpated from this region. Attempts to re-establish an Elk population in Ontario during the first half of the 20th century had limited success. We reviewed historical documents, population census records, and a previous study pertaining to Elk reintroduced to Ontario in the early 1900s for clues to the cause(s) of their limited population growth. After an apparent rapid population increase in the 1940s followed by unregulated hunting during the subsequent 3 decades, Elk abundance in Ontario had not appreciably changed from 1970 to 1997, most likely because of the small founding population, unsustainable hunting, and accidental mortality. After the abolition of legal hunting in 1980, natural mortality appeared to be the main limiting factor. A limited sample of pregnancy and calf recruitment rates, body measurements, and physical condition parameters collecte...

Bulletin of the North-East Science Center, 2019

the literature indicates a continued controversy whether ungulate populations are controlled from... more the literature indicates a continued controversy whether ungulate populations are controlled from the bottom-up or the top-down and whether wolf predation is benefi cial removing sick and unfi t in-p or the top-down and whether wolf predation is beneficial removing sick and unfit individuals or detrimental, driving populations into the so-called "predator pit". a macro-ecological approach was used to address these questions supporting the following conclusions: ungulates have evolved at the biome spatial scale, late and early succession specialists occur in each biome, one is larger and one is smaller, historically wolves occurred in all North american biomes as primary predators of ungulates, wolves specialize on the most common ungulate species, wolves change morphologically in relation to the size of their primary prey, pack size changes in relation to the size of their primary prey, wolf predation can be beneficial or detrimental depending upon the numerical and size relationship between the ungulate species in the system. Climate changes such as fire, drought and insect infestation will create early successional habitat increasing early successional specialists numbers and decreasing late successional ungulate population numbers. Bottom-up and top-down forces exist in all populations where wolves occur and managers need policies that support the smaller sized ungulate in the ecosystem, if they want to maintain both species at stable or increasing population levels.

Canadian Journal of Zoology, Jun 1, 1998

By the turn of the century, North American elk, or wapiti (Cervus elaphus), had been extirpated f... more By the turn of the century, North American elk, or wapiti (Cervus elaphus), had been extirpated from all regions of the continent and two subspecies were extinct. The recovery of wapiti is largely a response to the large number of relocated Rocky Mountain (C. e. nelsoni) and Manitoban wapiti (C. e. manitobensis). A phylogenetic study was performed to determine the present genetic relationships among tule (C. e. nannodes), Roosevelt (C. e. roosevelti), Rocky Mountain, and Manitoban subspecies, using sequences from the D-loop region of the mitochondrial DNA of 28 individuals. All Roosevelt wapiti were grouped together, as were tule wapiti, which supports the classification of tule and Roosevelt subspecies. Yellowstone, Elk Island, and Riding Mountain National Parks have not introduced wapiti into their indigenous populations. When these populations were used, Manitoban wapiti were found to be monophyletic and Rocky Mountain wapiti to be paraphyletic. However, including animals from the Canadian Rocky Mountains places Rocky Mountain wapiti in clades by themselves or grouped with Manitoban wapiti. The clade containing a mixture of Manitoban and Rocky Mountain wapiti suggests that both types recently descended from a common ancestor. Hybridization or insufficient time for separation may explain the presence of the two types in the same clade. Résumé : Déjà au tournant du siècle, le Grand Cerf nord-américain, ou Wapiti (Cervus elaphus), avait été exterminé de toutes les régions du continent et deux sous-espèces étaient déjà disparues. La remontée du wapiti est en grande partie le résultat de la relocalisation d'un grand nombre d'animaux des stocks des Montagnes rocheuses (C. e. nelsoni) et du Manitoba (C. e. manitobensis). Une étude phylogénétique a été entreprise pour déterminer les relations génétiques actuelles entre les sous-espèces de tule (C. e. nannodes), de Roosevelt (C. e. roosevelti), des Montagnes Rocheuses et du Manitoba, d'après les séquences de la boucle D de l'ADN mitochondrial de 28 individus. Tous les Wapitis de Roosevelt ont été regroupés et tous les Wapitis de tule ont formé un autre groupe, ce qui confirme la validité des deux sous-espèces de tule et de Roosevelt. Il n'y a pas eu d'introduction de wapitis dans les populations indigènes des parcs nationaux de Yellowstone, Elk Island et Riding Mountain. L'étude de ces populations a permis d'établir que les populations de wapitis du Manitoba sont monophylétiques et que celles des wapitis des Montagnes Rocheuses sont paraphylétiques. Cependant, l'intégration de wapitis des Rocheuses canadiennes dans les analyses place les wapitis des Montagnes Rocheuses dans des clades isolés, ou regroupés avec des wapitis du Manitoba. Le clade qui contient un mélange de wapitis du Manitoba et des Montagnes Rocheuses reflète probablement l'évolution récente des deux types à partir d'un ancêtre commun. La présence des deux types dans le même clade peut être attribuable à l'hybridation ou au fait que le laps de temps écoulé depuis la séparation des deux taxons est encore insuffisant. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

Parasitology international, Jan 26, 2016

Opisthorchiasis caused by Opisthorchis viverrini is a major food-borne zoonosis in Greater Mekong... more Opisthorchiasis caused by Opisthorchis viverrini is a major food-borne zoonosis in Greater Mekong sub-region. Even though campaigns discouraging the consumption of raw fish have been launched to public, the disease still remains highly endemic. The unsuccessful eradication of the disease is probably because of the persistence of the parasite in animal reservoir hosts, particularly felids. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice for morbidity control of opisthorchiasis in humans and animals. However, there is no specific study on its dosage regimen for feline opisthorchiasis. Thus, the effective treatment dose of PZQ, as well as its adverse effects, was evaluated in O. viverrini infected cats. Twenty-eight infected male and female cats from the endemic area of Khon Kaen and Maha Sarakham Provinces, Thailand were enrolled in this study. Physical, hematological, blood chemical and urine examinations were analyzed, as indicators of health status, on the day before and 30days after trea...

Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 2018

Since the beginning of the HIV epidemic, more than 70 million people around the world have been i... more Since the beginning of the HIV epidemic, more than 70 million people around the world have been infected with HIV and about 50% of them have died. In 2016, globally, about 36.7 million people were living with HIV. The most common resistance to HIV infection is associated with a mutation on CCR5 co-receptors. Individuals who do not carry this natural resistance rely for survival on the antiretroviral therapy (ART) which is very costly and requires lifelong treatments. In addition to the Antiretroviral Therapy, other treatment methods are being developed. They include RNA and protein Interference methods and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant methods. A common limitation of these methods is the potential health risks on patients being treated. Gene therapy would be a more efficient and sustainable approach of fighting this disease, in the absence of a cure. Currently, the most studied option involves the modification of the CCR5 gene to prevent the entry of the virus. The editing of this gene within the host's DNA has been explored in three ways that include Zinc

Rangifer, 2005

Twenty-four reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) carcasses from male and female animals that ranged in ag... more Twenty-four reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) carcasses from male and female animals that ranged in age from calves to adults were purchased from Bering Sea Reindeer Products (BSRP), Nunivak Island, Alaska, USA. Preslaughter and abattoir procedures were observed and evaluated. Carcasses were split in half, weighed, and broke into wholesale primal cuts of chuck, rib, loin, and hindquarter. Each primal cut was weighed, boxed, and frozen. Each half carcass of primal cuts was later dissected into lean tissue, bone, and the three compartments of fat: subcutaneous, intermuscular, and peritoneal. A portion of the loin was collected from each animal in order to obtain data on pH and shear force. Sensory panel analysis was performed on loin steaks. Due to management and environmental effects, pH values were high and the meat was dark in colour. Carcasses from adult male reindeer contained significantly lower levels of fat than carcasses of adult females. Data indicated that yearling reindeer are ...

Journal of Mammalogy, 2007

Understanding limiting factors and interspecific interactions is fundamental to wildlife manageme... more Understanding limiting factors and interspecific interactions is fundamental to wildlife management and can be inferred from multiscale patterns of resource selection. We studied winter resource selection and overlap of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and translocated female elk (Cervus elaphus) over 2 winters in central Ontario, Canada. Microhabitat data were collected along 4 organism-centered spatial scales: site, trail, feeding station, and diet. Although winter conditions varied between years, white-tailed deer consistently traveled and fed in habitats with greater coniferous basal area than elk. Neither species demonstrated selection for coniferous basal area or snow depth across scales. At successively finer scales, female elk selected increased understory cover of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides). For white-tailed deer, across-scale selection of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) understory cover was exhibited when winter conditions were more severe. Dietary overlap was moderate during both winters (50-57%) and coniferous forage was more important to deer than elk. Using canonical variate analysis, a gradient from shade-intolerant hardwoods to mature coniferous vegetation was found to discriminate significantly between elk and deer habitat use at trails and feeding stations. These results indicate that deer were closely associated with conifers regardless of winter conditions and that both ungulates may have been limited by forage abundance.

Biology of Reproduction, 1980

Inseminated female collared lemmings were exposed to strange males, stud males and changes in the... more Inseminated female collared lemmings were exposed to strange males, stud males and changes in the physical environment during gestation. In addition, strange, nonpregnant females were introduced into the cages of maternal females and neonates on Days 1 and 3 postpartum. Strange males significantly reduced the incidence of pregnancy when introduced into the female's cage on Day 4 postcoitum, whereas stud males did not. Handling 3 times during gestation also significantly lim

Molecular Ecology, 2000

Journal of Heredity, 2009

Rangifer, 2003

An arboreal lichen index to be utilized in assessing woodland caribou habitat throughout northeas... more An arboreal lichen index to be utilized in assessing woodland caribou habitat throughout northeastern Ontario was developed. The "index" was comprised of 5 classes, which differentiated arboreal lichen biomass on black spruce trees, ranging from maximal quantities of arboreal lichen (class 5) to minimal amounts of arboreal lichen (class 1). This arboreal lichen index was subsequently used to estimate the biomass of arboreal lichen available to woodland caribou on lowland black spruce sites ranging in age from 1 year to 150 years post-harvest. A total of 39 sites were assessed and significant differences in arboreal lichen biomass were found, with a positive linear relationship between arboreal lichen biomass and forest age. It is proposed that the index be utilized by government and industry as a means of assessing the suitability of lowland black spruce habitat for woodland caribou in this region.

Rangifer, 1998

Locational data collected over a one year period from 10 female woodland caribou, Rangifer tarand... more Locational data collected over a one year period from 10 female woodland caribou, Rangifer tarandus caribou, collared with Argos satellite collars in northwestern Ontario, Canada were superimposed on supervised Landsat images using Geographical Information System (GIS) technology. Landscape parameters, land cover classifications, and drainage were utilized to create the basemap. Using ARCVIEW software, all digital fixes from collared caribou with information of date, time, and activity status were overlain on the basemap to facilitate a preliminary analysis of habitat use in this species. Results supported the conclusions (1) that woodland caribou in northwestern Ontario select habitats containing high to moderate conifer cover and avoided disturbed areas and shrub-rich habitats, (2) that seasonal changes in habitat utilization occurs in females of this species, and (3) that satellite telemetry technology can be employed in the boreal forest ecosystem to assess habitat utilization b...

Journal of Heredity, 2009

Canadian Journal of Zoology, Mar 1, 2017

Canadian Field-Naturalist, 2006

Canadian Journal of Zoology, Sep 1, 2018

Rangifer, Sep 1, 2011

Wildlife Biology, 2020

Molecular Ecology, Oct 1, 2000

The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 2016

Bulletin of the North-East Science Center, 2019

Canadian Journal of Zoology, Jun 1, 1998

Parasitology international, Jan 26, 2016

Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 2018

Rangifer, 2005

Journal of Mammalogy, 2007

Biology of Reproduction, 1980

Molecular Ecology, 2000

Journal of Heredity, 2009

Rangifer, 2003

Rangifer, 1998