Mamoru Kanzaki - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Mamoru Kanzaki

International journal of sustainable future for human security, Mar 15, 2017

Local communities depend on forest resources for their livelihood in Myanmar. In four different r... more Local communities depend on forest resources for their livelihood in Myanmar. In four different rainfall zones, 185 households of residents living near the remnant forests were sampled. The majority of respondents, 87% of the total surveyed, were farmers. The average annual income was 1263 USD (1USD = 1,000 MMK) However, the lowest annual income was found among landless households (664 USDyr-1). Like farmers, even the landless householders' main source of income was dependent upon agriculture. Those living in landless households were primarily agricultural wage labourers. Overall income was significantly different among the four areas, increasing with better accessibility to income options. Local communities depended upon nearby forests for firewood with an average annual consumption of about 4.9 cubic metres of stack fuelwood per household, per year. The wood was collected mainly from natural forests in wetter areas, while in the drier areas, over 50% of wood for fuel was gathered from their farm-boundary trees. The poorer farmers, landless wage labourers, with less than 2 ha of land, were likely to be dependent upon forest resources for their income. When considering rural planning options for various local communities in each of the four zones of Myanmar, realistic diversifying income sources must be factored into the forest conservation equation.

Tropics, 2013

In logged-over forests, altered light conditions with logging induce pioneer species invasion and... more In logged-over forests, altered light conditions with logging induce pioneer species invasion and reduce commercial value. In Indonesia, reduced impact logging (RIL) methods have been applied to mitigate the logging effects, and line planting of useful species has been conducted in some production forests. However, quantitative assessments of canopy openings during RIL and line planting treatment are insufficient. Line plating involves 3-m strip cutting lines. The effects of these methods on canopy openness are poorly understood. This study assessed the effects of different logging systems on light conditions using hemispherical photographs taken in plots set in primary forests, forest logged over using RIL, and forest treated with strip cutting after RIL. Photographs were also taken along strip cutting lines. The comparison of canopy openness among the three types of sites revealed that logging activities had significant effects on light condition. High levels of canopy openness were found along skid trails and logging gaps following the trails. Therefore reducing the impact on light conditions should be considered when planning skid trails. Between the logged-over forest plots with and without the strip cutting lines, there was no significant difference in the mean canopy openness. However, strip cutting treatment affected to sun fleck duration in the forest floor. It might influence to following dynamics. And there were large differences in canopy openness along each line which would cause variations in the growth of planted trees.

Southeast Asian Studies, Dec 31, 2007

Forests in Myanmar have a long history of teak (Tectona grandis Linn.) production, which can be t... more Forests in Myanmar have a long history of teak (Tectona grandis Linn.) production, which can be traced back to the age of the English rule in the nineteenth century, when forests in Myanmar were categorized into those for timber production and those for other uses. Many farmers such as the Karen people, who were swidden cultivators, inhabited the forests. Therefore, the government established the "Karen Area" in the late nineteenth century, permitting swidden cultivation (shifting cultivation) for their self consumption. Short cultivation, long fallow swidden cultivation has been continued for over ῍ῌῌ years in the areas. We surveyed fallow vegetation and total carbon and nitrogen after swidden cultivation by Karen people in the Bago mountain range and compared with those in natural teak forests under selective logging systems. We set circular plots ῎ῌ m in radius at fallow stands of various ages. Trees were identified and measured by diameter at breast height (DBH). Surface soil was sampled at ῌ῍ῑcm. The amounts of total carbon and nitrogen in soils varied among the plots, but no stand age dependency was observed. Grass and herb species such as Chromolaena odoratum and Thysanolaena maxima were dominant and comprised the maximum biomass in ῍-and ῎-year fallows. Bamboo species such as Bambusa polymorpha and Bambusa tulda rapidly recovered after grass and herb species, and the bamboo biomass in the ῑ-year fallow was nearly equivalent to that in over-ῐῌ-year fallows. Tree species recovered to nearly the same biomass level as that of bamboos in the ῍ῌ-year fallow, and further facilitated the increase in the above-ground biomass. Xylia xylocarpa was the most common tree species while species such as T. grandis might be excluded from the fallow vegetation cycle. On the whole, swidden cultivation with a short cultivation period of ῍ year and over ῍῎-year fallows maintained sufficient fallow vegetation recovery to sustain continuous swidden cultivation in the Bago mountain range.

Tropics, Jun 1, 2022

Sustainable land use through rewetting is becoming increasingly important in drained peatlands. W... more Sustainable land use through rewetting is becoming increasingly important in drained peatlands. We assessed the recovery of productivity of smallholder paludiculture using sago palm (Metroxylon sagu) in a rewetted peatland on Tebing Tinggi Island, Riau Province, Indonesia, which had been drained and burned in 2014. Stand structure and productivity of sago palms in smallholder plantations were measured in December 2016, November 2017, and March 2020. The sago stands were divided into three stands structure groups (pre-harvest stands, mid-to post-harvest stands, and growing period stands) according to gaps in the harvesting cycle, which were distributed in a mosaic pattern. Only those sago palms that had reached their maximum size were harvested, and as a result the mosaic pattern varied over time (spatial variation). The estimated harvest trunk height after rewetting was 8.9 1.5 m (mean SD), which was not significantly different from that before drainage (9.7 0.4 m). The average annual yield of sago was 26.8 trunks ha 1 , and there was large annual variation. Annual yield of paludiculture conducted after rewetting recovered to the same yield as that before drainage (26.0 trunks ha 1). Such size distribution patterns and large fluctuations in yield are characteristic of semi-traditional smallholder sago cultivation. Despite fluctuations in annual yield, harvesting only suitable individuals allows sago palms to be supplied every year. The findings obtained in this study will contribute to national and regional efforts to initiate paludiculture using sago palms.

Environmental Science, 1999

Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2020

Regeneration in the canopy gaps in medium saline zone of the Sundarbans Reserve Forest (SRF), Ban... more Regeneration in the canopy gaps in medium saline zone of the Sundarbans Reserve Forest (SRF), Bangladesh was studied to investigate either significant floristic and structural differences between canopy gaps and adjacent forest with continuous canopy. A total of eighteen plots (30 m × 20 m) with an area of 1.08 ha were sampled from six sites (three sample plots from each sites). Species richness in terms of total number of species (seedling, height b 1.5 m) in the study area was not significantly different between canopy gaps and continuous canopy, but there was still difference in floristic composition. Heritiera fomes and Excoecaria agallocha were the dominant and co-dominant seedling species in both sites but the study demonstrated that Ceriops decanrda, Aegiceras corniculatum and Phoenix paludosa were restricted only in canopy gaps whereas Bruguiera sexangula, Brownlowia tersa, Cerbera manghas and Petunga roxburghii were restricted only in continuous canopy. The study also revealed significant difference of seedling density between gaps (43,454 ha −1) and continuous canopy (28,237 ha −1). The density of H. fomes was significantly higher in canopy gaps (38,952 ha −1) than under continuous canopy (15,298 ha −1). Shannon diversity index (0.41 in gaps and 0.82 in canopy) was significantly reduced (50% of canopy) in the gaps. Our study concluded that canopy gaps enhanced colonization of H. fomes seedlings in the medium saline zone than does of floristic composition and species diversity. The study demonstrate that information on seedling dynamics in the canopy gaps may be important for management and conservation of the SRF.

Journal of Tropical Ecology, 2016

:We studied the vegetation and soil properties of a dry forest that had once been disturbed in ce... more :We studied the vegetation and soil properties of a dry forest that had once been disturbed in central Myanmar using 30 quadrats (20 × 20 m) established in 2012. For 30 species, the overall density was 706 individuals ha−1, and the basal area was 2.92 m2ha−1. The forest was a mosaic of six community types, each of which was dominated by a single species. Dominant species that were capable of resprouting accounted for 47–78% of the total density and 56–83% of the basal area of the communities. We related seven soil properties to the vegetation patterns using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The CCA results highlighted remarkable associations of species such asAcacia catechu, Dalbergia paniculata, Terminalia oliveriandMillettia multiflorawith soil texture.Acacia inopinatawas associated with a high soil pH (i.e. 9–10), andTerminalia tomentosawas associated with soil hardness. Our results indicate that secondary succession of a dry forest is not initially led by pioneer species, but instead, by superior competitors capable of resprouting, and that species distributions are primarily determined by the filtering effects of edaphic conditions. We believe that the dry-forest species retain their soil–species relationships despite heavy disturbances.

Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 2011

The species and uses of trees located in paddy fields were investigated in three villages in Cham... more The species and uses of trees located in paddy fields were investigated in three villages in Champasak Province, Lao PDR. The villages were different in their distance from Pakse City, the capital of the province, and age since foundation. A total of 71 species were recorded, and most were used by local people. The most frequent use was for fruit, firewood, and medicine, though most trees also offered shade for cattle and people. Species composition differed among villages. The youngest paddy supported more trees, remnants of the original forest, for timber. Older paddies supported fewer trees for timber but more for fruit and firewood. The introduced species increased according to the age of the paddy. Products other than timber obtained from the trees were common among villages. The significance of trees in rice cultivation in Laos was compared with that in the Satoyama landscape of Japan.

Forest Environments in the Mekong River Basin

Forest ecosystem parameters related to the amount of evapotranspiration and rain interception are... more Forest ecosystem parameters related to the amount of evapotranspiration and rain interception are key elements to successful hydrological modeling. Thus, we evalu-ated ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer) reflectance bands and optical ...